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United States presidential election, 2016

← 2012 November 8, 2016 2020 →
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	TBD
Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Party Republican Democratic Home state New York New York Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine Projected electoral vote 306 232 States carried 30 + ME-02 20 + DC Popular vote 59,791,135 60,071,781 Percentage 47.5% 47.7%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states projected for Trump/Pence; Blue denotes those projected for Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. The electoral college will vote on December 19, 2016. 3 of Maine's electoral votes have been projected for Clinton/Kaine while 1 of the state's electoral votes has been projected for Trump/Pence.
President before election Barack Obama Democratic President-elect Donald Trump Republican

2016 U.S. presidential election
Timeline General election debates Parties Polling national statewide by demographics international Newspaper endorsements primary general Russian interference Russia investigation origins counter-narrative Media coverage Social media International reactions Electors Recounts Faithless electors Vote count
Republican Party
Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee VP candidate selection Convention
Democratic Party
Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide straw polls Endorsements Results Nominee VP candidate selection Convention superdelegates
Third parties
Third-party and independent candidates Libertarian Party primaries debates nominee convention Green Party primaries debates nominee convention Constitution Party primaries nominee Reform Party primaries nominee American Solidarity Party Maturen Independents McMullin
Related races
House Senate Governors
← 2012 2016 2020 →
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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th and most recent quadrennial American presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The Republican Party nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and his running mate, incumbent Governor of Indiana Mike Pence, defeated the Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and her running mate, incumbent Senator Tim Kaine. The US Elections Project estimates that 128.8 million Americans cast a ballot in 2016, out of 231 million eligible voters—a turnout rate of 55.6 percent. Trump is expected to take office as the 45th President on January 20, 2017; Mike Pence will take office as the 48th Vice President.

Voters selected presidential electors, who in turn will vote, based on the results of their jurisdiction, for a new president and vice president through the Electoral College on December 19, 2016.

The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. This nominating process was also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elected their party's presidential nominee.

Businessman and reality television personality Donald Trump became the Republican Party's presidential nominee on July 19, 2016, after defeating U.S. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, Governor of Ohio John Kasich, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio of Florida and other candidates in the Republican primary elections. Former Secretary of State and U.S. Senator from New York Hillary Clinton became the Democratic Party's presidential nominee on July 26, 2016, after defeating U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. Clinton had hoped to become the first female president of the United States.

Various third party and independent presidential candidates also ran in the election. Libertarian Party nominee and former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson had ballot access in all 50 states plus Washington D.C. representing all 538 electoral votes. Johnson won 4 million votes, the highest vote share for a third party candidate since 1996. Green Party nominee and former physician Jill Stein had ballot access in 44 states plus Washington D.C., representing 480 electoral votes. Stein won 1.2 million votes, the most for a Green nominee since 2000. Johnson and Stein (who also ran as their parties' presidential nominees in the 2012 election) appeared in major national polls. 27 other third party candidates and independents appeared on the ballot in at least one state. Independent candidate and former Chief Policy Director for the House Republican Conference Evan McMullin won 20 percent of the vote in his home state of Utah.

On November 9, 2016, at 3:00 AM Eastern time, Donald Trump secured over 270 electoral votes, the majority of the 538 electors in the electoral college required to make him the president-elect of the United States. The victory, considered unlikely by most pre-election forecasts, was characterized as an "upset" and as "shocking" by the media. The main states that secured the victory of Trump are situated in the Great Lakes/Rust Belt region, where working-class whites shifted their traditional alliance from the Democratic Party (Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984). Clinton is projected to win the popular vote. If she does, the 2016 presidential election would be the fifth election in U.S. history in which the winner of the popular vote did not become president (after the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000).

Background

Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties of the United States, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.

President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois, is ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment; his term expires at 12:00 PM EST on January 20, 2017.

2008 presidential election

In the 2008 election, Obama was elected president, defeating the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, with 53% of the popular vote and 68% of the electoral vote, succeeding two-term Republican President George W. Bush, the former Governor of Texas. Since the end of 2009, Obama's first year in office, polling companies such as Gallup have found Obama's approval ratings to be between 40–50%. Analysts such as Larry Sabato noted that Obama's approval ratings could impact the 2016 campaign, having either a positive or negative effect on Clinton's campaign.

2010 midterm elections

In the 2010 midterm elections, the Democratic Party suffered significant losses in Congress; the Republicans gained 63 seats in the House of Representatives – taking back control of the chamber in the process – and six seats in the Senate, though short of achieving a majority. As a result of the Republicans' recapture of the House after losing it to the Democrats in the 2006 midterm elections, John Boehner became the 53rd Speaker of the House of Representatives, making Obama the first President in 16 years to lose the House of Representatives in the first half of his first term, in an election that was characterized by the economy's slow recovery, and the rise of the Tea Party movement.

2012 presidential election

In the 2012 presidential election, Obama defeated former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney with 51% of the popular vote and 62% of the electoral vote. Meanwhile, despite minor losses, Republicans retained their majority of seats in the House of Representatives while Democrats increased their majority in the Senate.

Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign, with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8, two days after the 2012 election. On the same day, Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush, while a The New York Times article named Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie and New Jersey Senator Cory Booker as potential candidates.

2014 midterm elections

In the 2014 midterm elections, voter turnout was the lowest since 1942: 36% of eligible voters voted. The Republicans retained control of the House of Representatives, increasing their majority to its largest since March 4, 1929, and gained a majority in the Senate.

Republican Party

Primaries

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This article is part of a series aboutMike Pence
Political positions Electoral history Vice President of the United States Transition Tenure Trump administration Inauguration COVID-19 pandemic White House Task Force White House outbreak Capitol attack Classified documents incident Governor of Indiana 2012 election Tenure Religious Freedom Restoration Act U.S. Representative for Indiana's 2nd and 6th districts Tenure 2024 presidential campaign Primaries Vice presidential campaigns 2016 selection convention election 2020 convention election
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Seventeen major candidates entered the race starting March 23, 2015, when Senator Ted Cruz of Texas was the first to announce his candidacy: former Governor Jeb Bush of Florida, retired neurosurgeon Ben Carson of Maryland, Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey, businesswoman Carly Fiorina of California, former Governor Jim Gilmore of Virginia, Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, former Governor Mike Huckabee of Arkansas, former Governor Bobby Jindal of Louisiana, Governor John Kasich of Ohio, former Governor George Pataki of New York, Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky, former Governor Rick Perry of Texas, Senator Marco Rubio of Florida, former Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania, businessman Donald Trump of New York and Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin. This was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history.

Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box. Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1, 2016, the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas and Trump won the other seven states that voted. Failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later. On March 15, 2016, the second of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio and Trump won five primaries including Florida. Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state, but retained a large share of his delegates for the national convention, which he released to Trump.

Between March 16 and May 3, 2016, only three candidates remained in the race: Trump, Cruz and Kasich. Cruz won most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin, keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on first ballot with 1,237 delegates. Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April and he grabbed all 57 delegates in the Indiana primary of May 3, 2016. Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention, both Cruz and Kasich suspended their campaigns. Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3, 2016.

Nominees

Republican Party ticket, 2016
Donald Trump	Mike Pence
for President	for Vice President
Chairman of The Trump Organization (1971–present)	50th Governor of Indiana (2013–present)
Campaign

Other major candidates

Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus. The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings.

Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary. He, Cruz, Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary.

Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries
John Kasich	Ted Cruz	Marco Rubio	Ben Carson	Jeb Bush	Jim Gilmore	Carly Fiorina	Chris Christie
69th Governor of Ohio (2011–present)	U.S. Senator from Texas (2013–present)	U.S. Senator from Florida (2011–present)	Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital (1984–2013)	43rd Governor of Florida (1999–2007)	68th Governor of Virginia (1998–2002)	CEO of Hewlett-Packard (1999–2005)	55th Governor of New Jersey (2010–present)
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
W: May 4 4,287,479 votes	W: May 3 7,811,110 votes	W: Mar 15 3,514,124 votes	W: Mar 4 857,009 votes	W: Feb 20 286,634 votes	W: Feb 12 18,364 votes	W: Feb 10 40,577 votes	W: Feb 10 57,634 votes
Rand Paul	Rick Santorum	Mike Huckabee	George Pataki	Lindsey Graham	Bobby Jindal	Scott Walker	Rick Perry
U.S. Senator from Kentucky (2011–present)	U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (1995–2007)	44th Governor of Arkansas (1996–2007)	53rd Governor of New York (1995–2006)	U.S. Senator from South Carolina (2003–present)	55th Governor of Louisiana (2008–2016)	45th Governor of Wisconsin (2011–present)	47th Governor of Texas (2000–2015)
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
W: Feb 3 66,781 votes	W: Feb 3 16,622 votes	W: Feb 1 51,436 votes	W: December 29, 2015 2,036 votes	W: December 21, 2015 5,666 votes	W: November 17, 2015 222 votes	W: September 21, 2015 1 write-in vote in New Hampshire	W: September 11, 2015 1 write-in vote in New Hampshire

Vice presidential selection

Donald Trump turned his attention towards selecting a running mate after he became the presumptive nominee on May 4, 2016. In mid-June, Eli Stokols and Burgess Everett of Politico reported that the Trump campaign was considering New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich of Georgia, Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions, and Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin. A June 30 Washington Post report also included Senators Bob Corker of Tennessee, Richard Burr of North Carolina, Tom Cotton of Arkansas, Joni Ernst of Iowa, and Indiana Governor Mike Pence as individuals still being considered for the ticket. Trump also stated that he was considering two military generals for the position, including retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn.

In July 2016, it was reported that Trump had narrowed his list of possible running mates down to three: Christie, Gingrich, and Pence.

On July 14, 2016, several major media outlets reported that Trump had selected Pence as his running mate. Trump confirmed these reports in a message on Twitter on July 15, 2016, and formally made the announcement the following day in New York. On July 19, the second night of the 2016 Republican National Convention, Pence won the Republican vice presidential nomination by acclamation.

Democratic Party

Primaries

This article is part of a series about Hillary Clinton
Political positions Electoral history First Lady of the United States Tenure Health care plan Children's Health Insurance Program Adoption and Safe Families Act Foster Care Independence Act Vital Voices "Vast right-wing conspiracy" Save America's Treasures White House Millennium Council Hillaryland Whitewater controversy White House travel office controversy White House FBI files controversy Cattle futures controversy Response to Lewinsky scandal U.S. Senator from New York Tenure 2000 election 2006 re-election U.S. Secretary of State Tenure Foreign trips Benghazi attack Obama's foreign policy QDDR Email controversy Hillary Doctrine 2008 presidential campaign Campaign Primaries Convention Endorsements 2016 presidential campaign Campaign Primaries Convention Debates Election Vice Presidential Selection Basket of deplorables Political endorsements Non-political endorsements Celebrities Screen and stage performers Organizations Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together Honors and awards Bibliography Legal career Career in corporate governance Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas Activities after 2016 Public image
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This article is part of a series about Tim Kaine
Political positions Electoral history Mayor of Richmond Tenure Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Tenure Chair of the DNC Tenure Governor of Virginia Tenure Virginia Tech shooting U.S. Senator from Virginia Tenure Vice presidential campaign 2016 selection convention election
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Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who also served in the U.S. Senate and was the First Lady of the United States, became the first Democrat to formally launch a major candidacy for the presidency. Clinton made the announcement on April 12, 2015, via a video message. While Nationwide opinion polls in 2015 indicated that Clinton was the front-runner for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination, she faced challenges from Independent Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, who became the second major candidate when he formally announced on April 30, 2015, that he was running for the Democratic nomination. September 2015 polling numbers indicated a narrowing gap between Clinton and Sanders. On May 30, 2015, former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley was the third major candidate to enter the Democratic primary race. On June 3, 2015, Lincoln Chafee, former Independent Governor and Republican Senator of Rhode Island, became the fourth major candidate to announce his candidacy for the Democratic nomination. On July 2, 2015, former Virginia Senator Jim Webb became the fifth major Democratic candidate to announce his bid for the presidency. On September 6, 2015, former Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig became the sixth and final major Democratic candidate to enter the race.

On October 20, 2015, Webb announced his withdrawal from the Democratic primaries, and explored a potential Independent run. The next day Vice-President Joe Biden decided not to run, ending months of speculation, stating, "While I will not be a candidate, I will not be silent." On October 23, Chafee withdrew, stating that he hoped for "an end to the endless wars and the beginning of a new era for the United States and humanity." On November 2, after failing to qualify for the second DNC-sanctioned debate after adoption of a rule change negated polls which before might have necessitated his inclusion in the debate, Lessig withdrew as well, narrowing the field to Clinton, O'Malley, and Sanders.

On February 1, 2016, in an extremely close contest, Clinton won the Iowa caucuses by a margin of 0.2 points over Sanders. After winning no delegates in Iowa, O'Malley withdrew from the presidential race that day. On February 9, Sanders bounced back to win the New Hampshire primary with 60% of the vote. In the remaining two February contests, Clinton won the Nevada caucuses with 53% of the vote and scored a decisive victory in the South Carolina primary with 73% of the vote. On March 1, 11 states participated in the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries. Clinton won Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia and 504 pledged delegates, while Sanders won Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma and his home state of Vermont and 340 delegates. The following weekend, Sanders won victories in Kansas, Nebraska and Maine with 15–30-point margins, while Clinton won the Louisiana primary with 71% of the vote. On March 8, despite never having a lead in the Michigan primary, Sanders won by a small margin of 1.5 points and outperforming polls by over 19 points, while Clinton won 83% of the vote in Mississippi. On March 15, the second of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Clinton won in Florida, Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina and Ohio. Between March 22 and April 9, 2016, Sanders won six caucuses in Idaho, Utah, Alaska, Hawaii, Washington and Wyoming, as well as the Wisconsin primary, while Clinton won the Arizona primary. On April 19, Clinton won the New York primary with 58% of the vote. On April 26, in the third of four "Super Tuesday" primaries dubbed the "Acela primary," she won contests in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania, while Sanders won in Rhode Island. Over the course of May, Sanders accomplished another surprise win in the Indiana primary and also won in West Virginia and Oregon, while Clinton won the Guam caucus and Kentucky primary.

On June 4 and 5, Clinton won two victories in the Virgin Islands caucus and Puerto Rico primary. On June 6, 2016, the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates, including pledged delegates and superdelegates, to secure the nomination, becoming the first woman to ever clinch the presidential nomination of a major United States political party. On June 7, Clinton secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning primaries in California, New Jersey, New Mexico and South Dakota, while Sanders only won in Montana and North Dakota. Clinton also won the final primary in Washington, D.C. on June 14. At the conclusion of the primary process, Clinton had won 2,204 pledged delegates (54% of the total) awarded by the primary elections and caucuses, while Sanders had won 1,847 (46%). Out of the 714 unpledged delegates or "superdelegates" who were set to vote in the convention in July, Clinton received endorsements from 560 (78%), while Sanders received 47 (7%).

Although Sanders had not formally dropped out of the race, he announced on June 16, 2016, that his main goal in the coming months would be to work with Clinton to defeat Trump in the general election. On July 8, appointees from the Clinton campaign, the Sanders campaign, and the Democratic National Committee negotiated a draft of the party's platform. On July 12, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton at a rally in New Hampshire in which he appeared with Clinton. On July 22, three days before the start of the Democratic National Convention, the Clinton campaign announced that Virginia Senator Tim Kaine had been selected as her running mate. Clinton is the first female presidential candidate nominated by a major political party.

Nominees

Democratic Party ticket, 2016
Hillary Clinton	Tim Kaine
for President	for Vice President
67th U.S. Secretary of State (2009–2013)	U.S. Senator from Virginia (2013–present)
Campaign

Other major candidates

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels, or were listed in publicly published national polls. Lessig was invited to one forum, but withdrew when rules were changed which prevented him from participating in officially sanctioned debates.

Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primary.

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries
Bernie Sanders	Martin O'Malley	Lawrence Lessig	Lincoln Chafee	Jim Webb
U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present)	61st Governor of Maryland (2007–2015)	Harvard Law Professor (2009–2016)	74th Governor of Rhode Island (2011–2015)	U.S. Senator from Virginia (2007–2013)
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
LN: July 26, 2016 13,167,848 primary votes and 1,846 delegates	W: February 1, 2016 110,423 votes	W: November 2, 2015 4 write-in votes in New Hampshire	W: October 23, 2015 0 votes	W: October 20, 2015 2 write-in votes in New Hampshire

Vice presidential selection

In April 2016, the Clinton campaign began to put together a list of 15 to 20 individuals to vet for the position of running mate, even though Sanders continued to challenge Clinton in the Democratic primaries. In mid-June, the The Wall Street Journal reported that Clinton's shortlist included Representative Xavier Becerra of California, Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey, Senator Sherrod Brown of Ohio, Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julián Castro of Texas, Mayor of Los Angeles Eric Garcetti of California, Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia, Labor Secretary Tom Perez of Maryland, Representative Tim Ryan of Ohio, and Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts. Subsequent reports stated that Clinton was also considering Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, retired Admiral James Stavridis, and Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado. In discussing her potential vice presidential choice, Clinton stated that the most important attribute she looked for was the ability and experience to immediately step into the role of president.

On July 22, Clinton announced that she had chosen Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia as her running mate. The delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, which took place July 25–28, formally nominated the Democratic ticket.

Major third parties and independents

Parties in this section have obtained more than 100 thousand votes nationally and one percent of the vote in at least one state.

Libertarian Party

This article is part of a series about Gary Johnson
Political positions Electoral history Our America Initiative Governor of New Mexico 1994 election 1998 re-election Presidential campaigns 2012 Republican primaries Libertarian primaries convention election 2016 primaries convention election endorsements 2018 U.S. Senate campaign
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This article is part of a series about Bill Weld
Political ideology Electoral history Pre-governorship U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division Governor of Massachusetts Governorship 2016 vice presidential campaign Convention Election 2020 presidential campaign Primaries
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Additional Party Endorsements: Independence Party of New York

Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes

Nominees

Libertarian Party ticket, 2016
Gary Johnson	William Weld
for President	for Vice President
29th Governor of New Mexico (1995–2003)	68th Governor of Massachusetts (1991–1997)
Campaign

Green Party

This article is part of a series about Jill Stein
Political positions Green New Deal Massachusetts campaigns 2002 gubernatorial election 2006 Secretary of Commonwealth election 2010 gubernatorial election Presidential campaigns 2012 election primaries convention debates 2016 election primaries endorsements convention election recounts 2024 election primaries endorsements convention debates Political party affiliations Green-Rainbow Party Green Party of the United States
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Ballot access to 480 electoral votes (522 with write-in):

• As write-in: Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina
• Ballot access lawsuit pending: Oklahoma
• No ballot access: Nevada, South Dakota

Nominees

Green Party ticket, 2016
Jill Stein	Ajamu Baraka
for President	for Vice President
Physician from Lexington, Massachusetts	Activist from Washington, D.C.
Campaign

Evan McMullin's candidacy

Additional Party Endorsement: Independence Party of Minnesota

Ballot access to 84 electoral votes (451 with write-in):

• As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin
• No ballot access: District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming

Nathan Johnson is listed on the ballot as Evan McMullin's running mate with the intention of serving as a placeholder for Mindy Finn.

Independent ticket, 2016
Evan McMullin	Mindy Finn
for President	for Vice President
Chief policy director for the House Republican Conference (2015–2016)	President of Empowered Women
Campaign

Constitution Party

Ballot access to 207 electoral votes (451 with write-in):

• As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia
• No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma

Nominees

Constitution Party ticket, 2016
Darrell Castle	Scott Bradley
for President	for Vice President
Attorney from Memphis, Tennessee	Businessman from Utah
Campaign

Other candidates of note

Rocky De La Fuente's candidacy

Additional Party Endorsements: Reform Party

Ballot access to 147 electoral votes (305 with write-in):

• As Write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia
• Ballot access lawsuit pending: Alabama, California, Georgia, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington
• No ballot access: Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas

Nominees

American Delta Party and Reform Party ticket, 2016
Rocky De La Fuente	Michael Steinberg
for President	for Vice President
Businessman from California	Lawyer from Florida
Campaign

Laurence Kotlikoff's candidacy

Ballot access to 17 electoral votes (428 with write-in):

• On ballot: Colorado, Louisiana
  
• As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin
• No ballot access: Arkansas, DC, Delaware, Hawaii, Kansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Wyoming

Independent ticket, 2016
Laurence Kotlikoff	Edward E. Leamer
for President	for Vice President
Economics professor at Boston University	Economics professor at UCLA
Campaign

America's Party

Ballot access to 17 electoral votes (369 with write-in):

• On ballot: Colorado, Louisiana
• As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin
• No ballot access: Arkansas, California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Wyoming

Nominees

America's Party, 2016
Tom Hoefling	Steve Schulin
for President	for Vice President
Activist from Iowa	of South Carolina
Campaign

American Solidarity Party

Ballot access to 9 electoral votes (332 with write-in):

• On ballot: Colorado
• As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, California, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin
• No ballot access: Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wyoming

Nominees

Other third parties and independents

Parties and candidates in this section have attained ballot access in one or more states, but have not obtained access to the minimum number of electoral votes needed to theoretically win the election. Unless otherwise specified, individuals included in this section have either received the presidential nomination of a minor party, or are running as an independent presidential candidate.

Swing states

Presidential campaigns focus their resources on a relatively small number of competitive states, referred to as swing or battleground states. Some potential swing states are: Florida, Iowa, Nevada, North Carolina, and Ohio. Florida is the largest swing state and has been won by the overall winner every election since 1996. Ohio is another large swing state and has had a perfect bellwether record since 1964. The states regarded as competitive can fluctuate, as the polls fluctuate.

Some consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states. From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012, generally the Democratic and Republican parties start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200. The margins required to constitute a swing state are vague, however, and local factors can come into play. Left-leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative, as Trump mostly appeals to blue-collar workers. They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump's eventual nomination. Trump's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states, and his supporters often did not identify as Republican.

In Maine and Nebraska, two electors are given to whoever has the most overall votes, and the winner of each congressional district receives one electoral vote. Every other state awards all of its electoral votes to the candidate with the highest vote percentage. Media reports indicate both candidates plan to concentrate on Florida, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ohio and North Carolina, although campaigns can shift their focus as the election evolves.

Among the Republican-leaning states, potential Democratic targets include Nebraska's second congressional district, Georgia, and Arizona. Trump's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states, such as Utah, has raised the possibility they could vote for Clinton, despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees. Many analysts have asserted that Utah is not a viable Democratic destination. However recent polling has shown a surge for Evan McMullin there and a collapse of Trump's support following the Access Hollywood tape scandal.

Sites and individuals publish electoral predictions. These generally rate the race by the probability either of the two main parties wins each state. "Tossup" is generally used to indicate that neither party has an advantage, "lean" to indicate a party has a slight edge, "likely" to indicate a party has a clear advantage, and "safe" to indicate a party is heavily favored. Ratings from the Cook Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, or the Rothenberg-Gonzales Political Report are included in the table below. The state's 2014 Cook PVI and the latest swing for each state are also listed.

1. Statewide Maine race rated as Likely D
2. Statewide Nebraska race rated as Likely R

Party conventions

Constitution Party

• April 13–16, 2016: Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Libertarian Party

• May 26–30, 2016: Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando, Florida.

Republican Party

• July 18–21, 2016: Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio.

Democratic Party

• July 25–28, 2016: Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Green Party

• August 4–7, 2016: Green National Convention was held in Houston, Texas.

Campaign finance

This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission (FEC) and released in September 2016. Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees—also called PACs and SuperPACs. The sources of the numbers are the FEC and Center for Responsive Politics. Some spending totals are not available, due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline. As of September 2016, ten candidates with ballot access have filed financial reports with the FEC.

Debates

Primary election debates

General election debates

The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a non-profit organization, hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates. According to the commission's website, to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates, "... in addition to being Constitutionally eligible, candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College, and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations, using the average of those organizations' most recently publicly-reported results at the time of the determination."

The three locations chosen to host the presidential debates, and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate, were announced on September 23, 2015. The site of the first debate was originally designated as Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio; however, due to rising costs and security concerns, the debate was moved to Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.

On August 19, Trump's campaign manager confirmed that he would participate in a series of three debates. Trump had complained that two of the scheduled debates, one on September 26 and the other October 9, will have to compete for viewers with National Football League games, referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates. According to a survey by Rasmussen Reports, the majority of American voters believe that the debate moderators at the presidential debates will be helping Hillary Clinton.

The Free & Equal Elections Foundation announced plans to host an open debate among all presidential candidates who had ballot access sufficient to represent a majority of electoral votes. In October 2016 Free and Equal extended the invitation to all candidates with ballot lines representing at least 15% of the electoral vote. The nominees of the Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, Green, Constitution, Reform, and Socialism and Liberation parties, as well as independent candidate Evan McMullin, were invited to participate. The debate was held at the University of Colorado Boulder's Macky Auditorium on October 25, 2016. It was moderated by Ed Asner and Christina Tobin, with Darrell Castle, Rocky De La Fuente, and Gloria La Riva participating.

General election campaign

On October 6, NBC released a 2005 recording of Donald Trump making lewd comments about groping women. Trump apologized and called the comments "locker room talk."

On October 28th, FBI Director James Comey sent a letter to Congress revealing that the FBI was analyzing a new batch of Clinton's e-mails found on the computer of former Representative Anthony Weiner.

Newspaper endorsements

Clinton was endorsed by The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Houston Chronicle, San Jose Mercury News, Chicago Sun-Times and the New York Daily News editorial boards. Trump, who has frequently criticized the mainstream media, has not been endorsed by a major newspaper, with the Las Vegas Review-Journal his highest profile supporter. Several papers which endorsed Clinton, such as the Houston Chronicle, The Dallas Morning News, The San Diego Union-Tribune The Columbus Dispatch and the The Arizona Republic, endorsed their first Democratic candidate for many decades. USA Today, which has not endorsed any candidate since it was founded 34 years ago, broke tradition by giving an anti-endorsement against Trump, declaring him "unfit for the presidency". The Atlantic, which has been in circulation since 1857, gave Clinton its third-ever endorsement (after Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson).

Other traditionally-Republican papers, including The New Hampshire Union Leader, which had endorsed the Republican in every election for the last 100 years, the Detroit News, which had not endorsed a non-Republican in its 143 years, and the Chicago Tribune, endorsed Gary Johnson. Trump has received favorable coverage, but no explicit endorsement, from Breitbart, an alt-right news and opinion website.

Forecasting

There were many ways to try and predict the outcome of the 2016 (or any other) election. Since the advent of scientific polling in 1936, opinion polls have been a nearly universally accepted method to predict the outcome of elections throughout the world. More recently, prediction markets have been formed, starting in 1988 with Iowa Electronic Markets.

Academic scholars have constructed models of voting behavior to forecast the outcomes of elections. An early successful model which is still being used is The Keys to the White House by Allan Lichtman. Election forecasting has received greater attention from the wider public since the launch by Nate Silver of his FiveThirtyEight website in 2008. For the 2016 election, there are many competing models: FiveThirtyEight, The Upshot at The New York Times, Daily Kos, Princeton Election Consortium, Cook Political Report, Rothenberg and Gonzales, Sabato and Electoral-Vote.

Finally, PredictWise aggregates information from betting markets, opinion polls, and bookie data, and PollyVote takes a simple average of six types of inputs: prediction markets, index models, expert judgment, citizen forecasts, poll aggregators and econometric models. PollyVote's predictions of the last three presidential elections in the three months leading up to the elections were consistently within 0.9% of the two-party popular vote. In 2016, it showed a Democratic advantage of 4 to 7 percentage points since March, temporarily growing beyond that as the election approached.

These models have almost always shown a Democratic advantage (of varying sizes) ever since the nominees were confirmed. Hence the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the outcome was met with confusion by pollsters in the aftermath of the election. Data scientists singled out The New York Times' live presidential election forecast website for misleading graphing after analyst Alp Toker identified the use of pseudorandom jitter to give the impression of live fluctuations in its outcome predictions.

• Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016
• Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016

Maps

• Electoral vote cartogram
• Results by county. Red denotes counties that went to Trump; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton.
• Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.
• Results by congressional district
• Results by state, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Outcome

The election was held on November 8, 2016. Hillary Clinton cast her vote in the New York City suburb of Chappaqua, while Donald Trump voted in a Manhattan public school. Throughout the day, the election process went more smoothly than many had expected, with only a few reports of long lines, and equipment issues.

Early exit polls favored the democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. However, as polls closed and the results came in throughout the night, those exit polls and forecasts proved inaccurate as the Republican candidate performed surprisingly well in all battleground states, especially Florida, Ohio and North Carolina. Even Wisconsin and Michigan, states that were predicted to swing blue, were won by Donald Trump.

On November 9, 2016, at 3:00 AM Eastern time, Donald Trump secured over 270 electoral votes, the majority of the 538 electors in the electoral college, enough to make him the president-elect of the United States. An aide for Trump said Clinton called early Wednesday morning, conceding defeat. Clinton asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be “a successful president for all Americans.” In his victory speech Trump appealed for unity saying “it is time for us to come together as one united people" and praised Clinton who was owed “a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country.”

Note: electoral vote figures are only projected. The electoral college will vote on December 19, 2016.

The Trump victory, considered unlikely by most pre-election forecasts, was characterized as an 'upset' and as 'shocking' by the media.

At 70 years of age, Trump became the oldest person ever to be elected to a first term as president, surpassing Ronald Reagan, who was 69 years of age upon winning the 1980 election.

Along with Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Trump was born in 1946; this is the first time a single birth year has produced three presidents. Trump will become the fifth president to be born in the state of New York, after Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt; and the second president born in New York City after Theodore Roosevelt.

Trump will also become the fourth president, after James K. Polk in 1844, Woodrow Wilson in 1916 and Richard Nixon in 1968, to win an election despite losing his home state.

Trump also became the first person since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, to be elected president without having been elected to any other previous office, and the only individual to be elected president without any prior political or military experience.

For the first time since the initial contest between the Democratic and Republican parties in 1856, Democrats lead the count in popular vote victories.

Results by state

This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Electoral methods

• WTA – Winner-takes-all
• CD – Congressional district

Two states (Maine and Nebraska) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes. Results are from the Associated Press.

Close races

Red denotes states (or congressional districts that contribute an electoral vote) won by Republican Donald Trump; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton.

States where the margin of victory was under 5% (146 electoral votes):

1. Michigan, 0.27%
2. New Hampshire, 0.37%
3. Wisconsin, 0.93%
4. Pennsylvania, 1.24%
5. Florida, 1.27%
6. Minnesota, 1.46%
7. Colorado, 2.62%
8. Maine, 2.68%
9. Nevada, 2.73%
10. North Carolina, 3.77%
11. Arizona, 4.40%
12. Virginia, 4.81%

States/districts where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (78 electoral votes):

1. Georgia, 5.46%
2. Ohio, 8.55%
3. Texas, 9.11%
4. Iowa, 9.50%

Reactions

Spontaneous protests were held in many locations on November 9, 2016.

Voter demographics

Source: Data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, The Associated Press, CBSNews, CNN, Fox News and NBC News. The voter survey is based on questionnaires completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day including 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters.

See also

• History of the United States (1991–present)
• List of close election results

• 2010s
• Politics
• United States

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External links

• Presidential election process from USA.gov, the official United States Federal Government web portal
• Template:Dmoz
• 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers at the Federal Election Commission (FEC)
• Hillary Clinton's Concession Speech on YouTube