Vowel-consonant harmony, or consonant-vowel harmony, is a type of "long-distance" phonological assimilation, akin to the similar assimilatory process involving vowels, i.e. vowel harmony and the as similar assimilatory process involving consonants, i.e. consonant harmony.
Examples
Choco languages
A common process is a local harmony known as nasal harmony, in which all sounds in a given domain agree in nasality. Epena Pedee involves nasal vowels being the trigger, the direction being progressive and affecting glottals, vowels, glides, and liquids within the domain, with obstruents and the alveolar trill being the blockers. Idiosyncrasies include plosives becoming prenasalized when blocking the harmony and onset plosives becoming their corresponding nasal consonants.
Panoan languages
Chapanahua utilizes a nasal harmony system where nasals are the trigger, and the direction is right-to-left, with vowels, glides, and glottals being affected, and liquids and obstruents serving as the blockers.
Tucanoan languages
Tuyuca specializes in a nasal harmony system that is bidirectional, with no blockers at all, and voiceless obstruents being transparent.
Semitic languages
Egyptian Arabic uses emphatic harmony, where all sounds in a given domain agree in emphaticness, with emphatic consonants being limited to pharyngealized or uvularized consonants. The pharyngealized alveolars of the Egyptian dialect and a pharyngealized are the triggers, with all sounds being pharyngealized if is in a word, and the pharyngealized alveolars spreading the harmony in a bidirectional manner. High front vowels and consonants would be the blockers, and include , , , and .
The Southern Palestinian dialect involves the emphatic consonants in general(albeit limited to those within the dialect's phonology) being the triggers, and the spreading being bidirectional, with , , , and being the blockers.
Harari uses a non-local, or distant harmony system known as palatalization harmony, where the rightmost coronal consonant, aside from , is palatalized by in the second-person feminine singular non-perfective. The effect of on one consonant would affect another consonant, and so forth, via a domino effect.
Sanskrit
Sanskrit, known for its retroflex consonants compared to the languages that started using its script, uses a system known as retroflex harmony, with all the sounds in a given domain agreeing in retroflexion. The non-lateral retroflex continuants are the triggers, with intervening coronals being the blockers. Though it would seem like consonant harmony, research suggests that the tongue would remain in retroflex position, affecting the vowels as well until obstacles are met.
Northern Paman languages
Mpakwithi used a retroflex harmony system that was right-to-left and limited to the vowels, despite the retroflex rhotic being the trigger.
Salishan languages
Coeur d'Alene utilizes a non-local, or distant harmony system known as faucal harmony, in which preceding faucals are the triggers, faucals consisting of the uvular and pharyngeal consonants: , , , , , , , , , and . They do so by retracting to and to . The effect of one vowel being altered affects another vowel. This system is both local and distant, with intervening consonants unaffected.
Tungusic languages
Xibe uses a faucal harmony system with vowels altering consonants compared to Coeur d'Alene, with velars becoming uvulars in suffixes if non-high vowels appear in preceding stems.
See also
References
- Rose, Sharon; Walker, Rachel (16 September 2011), "Harmony Systems", The Handbook of Phonological Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 240–290, doi:10.1002/9781444343069.ch8, ISBN 978-1-4443-4306-9, retrieved 2025-01-18
- ^ Rose, Sharon; Walker, Rachel (16 September 2011). "Harmony Systems". The Handbook of Phonological Theory, Second Edition.
- Youseef, Islam (January 2007). "Dorsal Harmony in Cairene Arabic". Dorsal Harmony in Cairene Arabic – via ResearchGate.
- Watson, Janet C.E. (April 1999). "The Directionality of Emphasis Spread in Arabic". The Directionality of Emphasis Spread in Arabic – via ResearchGate.
- Shahin, Kimary N. (2003-01-30). Postvelar Harmony. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 225. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/cilt.225. ISBN 978-90-272-4733-9.
- Ryan, Kevin (2017-01-01). "Attenuated Spreading in Sanskrit Retroflex Harmony". Linguistic Inquiry. 48 (2): 299–340. doi:10.1162/LING_a_00244. ISSN 0024-3892.
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