Ottomon-Iran treaties
- Peace of Amasya 1555 loss of western Armenia
- Treaty of Ferhat Pasha 1590 temporarily (till 1603) loss of Caucasus and Tabriz
- Treaty of Nasuh Pasha 1612 Borders turned back to Amasya treaty
- Treaty of Serav 1618 No border change
- Treaty of Zuhab 1639 Yerevan turned back to Iran, and Baghdad to ottomans, to somehow nowadays border was shaped.
- Treaty of Ahmet Pasha 1732 temporarily loss of lands over aras river in caucasus.
- Treaty of İstanbul (1736) 1736 Ottoman conceded Caucasus regions, capture of Kirkuk by Nader
- Treaty of Kerden 1746 Zuhab treaty borders were agreed (Nowadays border).
- Treaty of Erzurum 1823,1847 Exact border was shaped.
related
- Treaty of Constantinople (1724) 1724
- Treaty of Adrianople 1829
- Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 1913
- Armistice of Erzincan 1917
- Treaty of Batum 1918
- Trabzon Peace Conference 1918
Rights
- Iran doesn't recognize western interpretation of human right.
- Daman Kutah
- Larijani in UN
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and other government officials have compared Iran's human rights record favorably to other countries, particularly countries that have criticized Iran's record.
- A.N. replied to a question about human rights by stating that Iran has fewer prisoners than the US and "the human rights situation in Iran is relatively a good one, when compared ... with some European countries and the United States.
- A.N. commented on human rights only to say "certain powers" (unnamed) were guilty of violating it, "setting up secret prisons, abducting persons, trials and secret punishments without any regard to due process
- Islamic Republic officials have also attacked Israeli violations of Palestinian human rights.
- The legal and governing principles upon which the Islamic Republic of Iran is based differ in some respects from the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- Irans constitution article 19: Equal rights among races, ethnic groups
- It calls for gender equality (article 20), and protection of the rights of women (article 21); freedom of expression (article 23); freedom of press and communication (article 24) and freedom of association (article 27). Religious minorities "are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies."
- According Jewish journalist Roger Cohen:
Perhaps I have a bias toward facts over words, but I say the reality of Iranian civility toward Jews tells us more about Iran -- its sophistication and culture -- than all the inflammatory rhetoric. That may be because I'm a Jew and have seldom been treated with such consistent warmth as in Iran.
- Just there are 18 Synagogues in Tehran.
- Shia-Kadivar/400students
- the committee while acknowledging that teaching of minority languages and literature in schools is permitted
- Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
- Iran' judicial system was always based on Islamic law:Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.208andp.225:a loosely sewn and frequently resewn patchwork of conflicting authority in which the different and sometimes conflicting sources for Islamic law - the jurists, the actual judges, and the non-Islamic law officials of the king - disputed with each other over the scope of their jurisdictions.... some aspects of the law always remained in the hands of the mullahs ... The village mullah was the natural arbiter in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance; and the exalted jurisconsult, in order to carry out the very function for which he was exalted, gave opinions on those matters of law on which he was consulted. In between the village mullah and the jurisconsult there were mullahs with courts which, while sometimes sanctioned by the royal government, depended for their power on the prestige of the presiding mullah judge as much or more than on the government's sanction.
- Adultery stoning Indonesia:
- The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism as official religions. Article 13 of the Iranian Constitution, recognizes them as People of the Book and they are granted the right to exercise religious freedom in Iran. Five of the 270 seats in parliament are reserved for these three religions.
- According to Professor Richard Frye:Thus the mosaic of peoples living in Iran today reflects the central geographical situation of the country throughout history, frequently described as a crossroads of Eurasia. Although many languages and dialects are spoken in the country, and different forms of social life, the dominant influence of the Persian language and culture has created a solidarity complex of great strength. This was revealed in the Iran-Iraq War when Arabs of Khuzestan did not join the invaders, and earlier when Azeris did not rally to their northern cousins after World War II, when Soviet forces occupied Azerbaijan. Likewise the Baluch, Turkmen, Armenians and Kurds, although with bonds to their kinsmen on the other side of borders, are conscious of the power and richness of Persian culture and willing to participate in it.
- Article 19: All people of Iran, whatever the ethnic group or tribe to which they belong, enjoy equal rights; color, race, language, and the like, do not bestow any privilege.
- Article 15:The Official Language and script of Iran, the lingua franca of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian
- Jalal Talabani leader of the Iraqi Patriotic Union of Kurdistan said: Iran never tried to obliterate the Kurd's identity. There is a province in Iran called Kordestan province. The Iranian name their planes after the province in Iran [including Kordestan
To do
- Turki
- scholars of Khurasan
- territories and cities occupied by ottomon empire
- sistan
Libraries
Umar had a negative point of view about scientific books other than Qur'an. The two important libraries of his era, the Library of Alexandria and the Royal Library of Ctesiphon were destroyed by his order.
The great Islamic historian, Ibn Khaldun has reported about the Royal Library of Ctesiphon:
| “ | It is said that these sciences reached Greece from the Persians, when Alexander killed Darius and conquered Persia, getting access to innumerable books and sciences developed by them. And when Iran was conquered (by Muslims) and books were found there in abundance, Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas wrote to `Umar ibn al-Khattab asking his permission to have them translated for Muslims. ‘Umar wrote to him in reply that he should cast them into water, “for if what is written in those books is guidance, God has given us a better guide; and if that which is in those books is misleading, God has saved us from their evil.” Accordingly those books were cast into water or fire, and the sciences of the Iranians that were contained in them were destroyed and did not reach us. | ” |
The same thing happened to the Library of Alexandria.
ref
- Quoted by Wahid Akhtar (tr), Murtada Mutahhari-quddisa sirruh, Alleged Book Burnings in Iran and Egypt: A Study of Related Facts and Fiction, in al Tawhid vol 14, No. 1 Spring 1997.
- Alfred J. Butler, The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion, Oxford, 1902, Chapter 25, p.401 f.: "Thus speaking of the Serapeum he says, ‘Some think that these columns upheld the Porch of Aristotle, who taught philosophy here: that it was a school of learning: and that it contained the library which was burnt by `Amr on the advice of the Caliph Omar’ (Khitat, vol. i. p. 159)."
- Ed. Pococke, p.181, translation on p.114. Online Latin text and English translation here. Latin: “Quod ad libros quorum mentionem fecisti: si in illis contineatur, quod cum libro Dei conveniat, in libro Dei quod sufficiat absque illo; quod si in illis fuerit quod libro Dei repugnet, neutiquam est eo opus, jube igitur e medio tolli.” Jussit ergo Amrus Ebno’lAs dispergi eos per balnea Alexandriae, atque illis calefaciendis comburi; ita spatio semestri consumpti sunt. Audi quid factum fuerit et mirare."
- Samir Khalil, «L’utilisation d’al-Qifṭī par la Chronique arabe d’Ibn al-‘Ibrī († 1286)», in : Samir Khalil Samir (Éd.), Actes du IIe symposium syro-arabicum (Sayyidat al-Bīr, septembre 1998). Études arabes chrétiennes, = Parole de l'Orient 28 (2003) 551-598. An English translation of the passage in Al-Qifti by Emily Cottrell of Leiden University is at the Roger Pearse blog here.
- De Sacy, Relation de l’Egypte par Abd al-Latif, Paris, 1810: "Above the column of the pillars is a dome supported by this column. I think this building was the portico where Aristotle taught, and after him his disciples; and that this was the academy that Alexander built when he built this city, and where was placed the library which Amr ibn-Alas burned, with the permission of Omar." Google books here. Translation of De Sacy from here. Other versions of Abd-el-Latif in English here.