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Communications in the United States include extensive industries and distribution networks in print and telecommunication. The primary telecom regulator of communications in the United States is the Federal Communications Commission.
History
American inventors and entrepreneurs made substantial contributions to development and commercialization of the radio, telephone, and television. The Internet protocol suite was developed with U.S. government funding.
Regulation
See also: Copyright law of the United States, History of copyright law of the United States, Telecommunications policy of the United States, United States Department of State, Library of Congress, United States Copyright Office, Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Radio Commission, and Federal Communications Commission
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent government agency responsible for regulating the radio, television and phone industries. The FCC regulates all interstate communications, such as wire, satellite and cable, and international communications originating or terminating in the United States.
Significant laws in the history of U.S. telecommunications include:
- Wireless Ship Act of 1910, the first radio regulations
- Mann–Elkins Act of 1910, granting the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate telephones, telegraphs, and wireless telegraphs
- Radio Act of 1912, the first to require radio licenses
- Radio Act of 1927, which created the Federal Radio Commission
- Communications Act of 1934, creating the FCC and moving phone and radio regulation there
- All-Channel Receiver Act (1962), requiring that televisions include UHF and not just VHF receivers
- Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, establishing the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which funded the creation of PBS and NPR
- Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, requiring carriage of local broadcast channels free of charge
- Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, which gave municipalities the power to grant cable television monopolies
- Satellite Home Viewer Act (US) (1988)
- Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, which required telecom providers assist the government in authorized wiretapping
- Telecommunications Act of 1996, including the Communications Decency Act
- Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (1998)
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998)
- Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act (1999), updating regulations for 9-1-1
Several laws relate to unsolicited commercial communications:
- Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991
- CAN-SPAM Act of 2003
- Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005
- Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009
The FCC fairness doctrine regulation was in place from 1949 to 1987.
Press
Main articles: Newspapers in the United States, Books in the United States, Music of the United States, and Cinema of the United States See also: Global spread of the printing press, Literacy in the United States § History, Early American publishers and printers, History of American journalism, History of American newspapers, History of photography, Photojournalism § History, History of sound recording, Phonograph, and History of film technology
Newspapers declined in their influence and penetration into American households in the late 20th century. Most newspapers are local, having little circulation outside their particular metropolitan area. The closest thing to a national paper the U.S. has is USA Today. Other influential dailies include The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal which are sold in most U.S. cities.
The largest newspapers (by circulation) in the United States are USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times.
The legal monopoly of the government-owned United States Postal Service has narrowed during the 20th and 21st centuries due to competition from companies such as UPS & FedEx, although still delivers the vast majority of US mail.
Telephone
Main article: History of the telephone in the United States See also: History of the telephoneIn 1890, 1 percent of U.S. households owned at least one telephone while a majority did by 1946 and 75 percent did by 1957.
Telephone system:
General assessment: A large, technologically advanced, multipurpose communications system.
Domestic: A large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile telephone traffic throughout the country.
International: Country code - 1; 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2000).
Landlines
Telephones - main lines in use: 141 million (2009)
- Most of the American telephone system was formerly operated by a single monopoly, AT&T, which was divided in 1984 into a long-distance telephone company and seven regional "Baby Bells".
- Landline telephone service continues to be divided between incumbent local exchange carriers and several competing long-distance companies. As of 2005, some of the Baby Bells are beginning to merge with long-distance phone companies. A small number of consumers are currently experimenting with Voice over Internet Protocol phone service.
- Most local loop service to homes is provided through old-fashioned copper wire, although many of the providers have upgraded the so-called "last mile" to fiber optic.
- Early in the 21st century the number of wire lines in use stopped growing and in some markets began to decline.
Cellular/Wireless communication
Telephones - mobile cellular: 286 million (2009)
- Most states have several competing cellular phone networks.
- The major cellphone companies in the U.S. are Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, and T-Mobile US.
Radio
Main article: Radio in the United States See also: History of radio and Wireless telegraphyIn 1923, 1 percent of U.S. households owned at least one radio receiver while a majority did by 1931 and 75 percent did by 1937.
Radio broadcast stations: AM: 4,669; FM commercial stations: 6,746; FM educational stations: 4,101; FM translators & boosters: 7,253; low-power FM stations: 1,678 (as of December 31, 2016, according to the Federal Communications Commission)
- Most broadcast stations are controlled by large media conglomerates like iHeartMedia. There are also many small independent local stations. National Public Radio (NPR) is the public radio network.
Radios: 575 million (1997)
Television
Main article: Television in the United States See also: History of television, Cable television in the United States, Satellite television in the United States, High-definition television in the United States, Television news in the United States, and United States cable newsIn 1948, 1 percent of U.S. households owned at least one television while 75 percent did by 1955, and by 1992, 60 percent of all U.S. households received cable television subscriptions. In 1980, 1 percent of U.S. households owned at least one videocassette recorder while 75 percent did by 1992.
Television broadcast stations: 7,533 (of which 1,778 are full-power TV stations; 417 are class-A TV stations; 3,789 are TV translators; and 1,966 are other low-power TV stations) (as of December 31, 2016, according to the Federal Communications Commission); in addition, there are about 12,000 cable TV systems.
- Most local commercial television stations are owned-and-operated by or affiliated with the large national broadcast networks such as the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), CBS, the Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox), the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and The CW Television Network. Some television networks are aimed at ethnic minorities, including Spanish-language networks Univisión and Telemundo. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is the country's main public broadcasting network, with over 300 non-profit affiliated stations across the United States. Besides the large broadcast networks (which are free for anyone with a TV and an antenna), there are also many networks available only with a subscription to cable or satellite television, like CNN.
Televisions: 219 million (1997)
See also: List of United States broadcast television networks and List of United States cable and satellite television networksInternet
Main article: Internet in the United StatesIn 1984, 8 percent of U.S. households owned at least one personal computer, while 18 percent of U.S. households had internet access in 1997. In 2000, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one personal computer and had internet access the following year, while more than 75 percent of U.S. households owned a personal computer by 2011 and had internet access by 2014. By 2021, more than 95 percent of U.S. households owned a personal computer and 90 percent had internet access.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 7,600 (1999 est.)
- Because of aggressive lobbying and the United States' strong libertarian traditions, the Internet service provider industry remains relatively unregulated in comparison to other communications industries.
Country code (Top level domain): US
- For various historical reasons, the .us domain was never widely used outside of a small number of government agencies and school districts. Most companies signed up for top level domains like .com instead.
- NeuStar Inc. now has control over the .us registry and is trying to promote the domain as an option for American-oriented Web sites.
See also
- Big Three television networks
- Fourth television network
- List of television stations in the United States
- List of United States cable and satellite television networks
- List of United States over-the-air television networks
- List of United States television markets
References
- Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 167. ISBN 978-0684832838.
- ^ Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 217. ISBN 978-0684832838.
- ^ CIA World Fact Book, August 2009
- "Phone Giants Fight to Keep Subscribers (Published 2008)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-11-26.
- Craig, Steve (2004). "How America Adopted Radio: Demographic Differences in Set Ownership Reported in the 1930–1950 U.S. Censuses". Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 48 (2). Routledge: 179–195. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_2. S2CID 145186571.
- "The Rise of Cable Television". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ File, Thom (May 2013). Computer and Internet Use in the United States (PDF) (Report). Current Population Survey Reports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
- ^ Mejía, Daniela (2024). Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2021 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
Further reading
- Sterling,Christopher H. et al. Shaping American Telecommunications A History of Technology, Policy, and Economics (2006) online
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