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Aquatic caecilians
Typhlonectes natans
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Gymnophiona
Clade:	Apoda
Family:	Typhlonectidae Taylor, 1968
Genera
Atretochoana Chthonerpeton Nectocaecilia Potamotyphlus Typhlonectes †Ymboirana

Typhlonectidae, also known as aquatic caecilians or rubber eels, are a family of caecilians found east of the Andes in South America.

They are viviparous animals, giving birth to young that possess external gills. Of the five extant genera in the family, Atretochoana, Potamotyphlus and Typhlonectes are entirely aquatic, while Chthonerpeton and Nectocaecilia are semi-aquatic. Atretochoana reaches 100 cm (39 in) in length, but other species in the family range from 20 to 60 cm (7.9–23.6 in). A sixth typhlonectid genus, Ymboirana, was recently described and is known exclusively from fossil material.

Taxonomy

• Genus Atretochoana
  • Atretochoana eiselti
• Genus Chthonerpeton
  • Chthonerpeton arii
  • Chthonerpeton braestrupi
  • Chthonerpeton exile
  • Chthonerpeton indistinctum
  • Chthonerpeton noctinectes
  • Chthonerpeton onorei
  • Chthonerpeton perissodus
  • Chthonerpeton viviparum
• Genus Nectocaecilia
  • Nectocaecilia petersii
• Genus Potamotyphlus
  • Potamotyphlus kaupii
• Genus Typhlonectes
  • Typhlonectes compressicauda
  • Typhlonectes natans
• †Genus Ymboirana
  • †Ymboirana acrux

References

1. ^ Vitt, L. J.; Caldwell, J. P. (25 March 2013). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic Press. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-12-386920-3. OCLC 898295183.
2. Santos, R. O.; Wilkinson, M.; Couto Ribeiro, G.; Carvalho, A. B.; Zaher, H. (2024). "The first fossil record of an aquatic caecilian (Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad188.

• San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower; Oommen V. Oommen; Mark Wilkinson; Rafael Zardoya (November 2004). "Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 413–427. Bibcode:2004MolPE..33..413S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014. PMID 15336675.
• San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina Alcobendas; Rafael Zardoya; Axel Meyer (May 2005). "Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea" (PDF). American Naturalist. 165 (5): 590–599. doi:10.1086/429523. PMID 15795855.
• San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower; Tim Massingham; Mark Wilkinson; Rafael Zardoya; James A. Cotton (August 2009). "Experimental design in caecilian systematics: phylogenetic information of mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rag1". Systematic Biology. 58 (4): 425–438. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.577.2856. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp043. PMID 20525595.

v t e Lissamphibia
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Osteichthyes Clade: Sarcopterygii Clade: Tetrapoda Tetrapodomorpha see Tetrapodomorpha Batrachomorpha / Temnospondyli see Temnospondyli Dissorophoidea see Dissorophoidea Lissamphibia see below↓ Lissamphibia
†Albanerpetontidae? Albanerpeton Anoualerpeton Celtedens Shirerpeton Wesserpeton Yaksha Gymnophionomorpha (caecilians total group) †Eocaecilia †Funcusvermis †Rubricacaecilia †Chinlestegophis? †Albanerpetontidae? Gymnophiona (caecilians crown group) Rhinatrematidae (American tailed caecilians) Amazops Epicrionops Rhinatrema Stegokrotaphia Ichthyophiidae (Asian tailed caecilians) Ichthyophis Uraeotyphlus Teresomata Scolecomorphidae (buried-eyed caecilians) Crotaphatrema Scolecomorphus Chikilidae (Northeast Indian caecilians) Chikila Herpelidae (African caecilians) Boulengerula Herpele Typhlonectidae (aquatic caecilians) Atretochoana Chthonerpeton Nectocaecilia Potamotyphlus Typhlonectes †Ymboirana Caeciliidae (common caecilians) †Apodops Caecilia Oscaecilia Grandisoniidae (Indo-African caecilians) Gegeneophis Grandisonia Hypogeophis Idiocranium Indotyphlus Praslinia Sylvacaecilia Dermophiidae (Neotropical caecilians) Dermophis Geotrypetes Gymnopis Schistometopum Siphonopidae (South American caecilians) Brasilotyphlus Luetkenotyphlus Microcaecilia Mimosiphonops Siphonops Batrachia (salamanders + frogs crown group) Caudata (salamanders total group) †Egoria †Kulgeriherpeton †Triassurus †Urupia †Karauridae Karaurus Kokartus Kuzbassia Marmorerpeton †Batrachosauroididae Batrachosauroides Opisthotriton Palaeoproteus Parrisia Peratosauroides Prodesmodon Urodela (salamanders crown group) 115 genera Salientia (frogs total group) †Czatkobatrachus †Notobatrachus †Prosalirus †Triadobatrachus †Vieraella Anura (frogs crown group) several hundred genera
See also: List of amphibian genera

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