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Protopteraspididae Temporal range: Early Devonian
Protopteraspis gosseleti
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Infraphylum:	Agnatha
Class:	†Pteraspidomorphi
Subclass:	†Heterostraci
Order:	†Pteraspidiformes
Family:	†Protopteraspididae
Genera
Protopteraspis Doryaspis Escharaspis Miltaspis Stegobranchiaspis Unkaraspis "Trygonaspis"

Protopteraspididae is an extinct family of pteraspidid heterostracan agnathans. Fossils of the various genera are found in early Devonian-aged marine strata. Protopteraspidids were once thought to represent a taxon of basal pteraspidids (hence "proto") but recent evaluations demonstrate that Protopteraspididae is a paraphyletic group of various transitional forms representing a gradual transition between the more advanced Pteraspoidei (comprising Pteraspididae, Gigantaspis and Protaspididae), and the anchipteraspidids and the Psammosteids.

Genera

Protopteraspids are found in Lower Devonian marine strata of the Western United States, Northern Canada, England, France, Belgium, Svalbard, Norway, and Podolia, Ukraine.

Protopteraspis

This genus is known from several species from Lower Devonian England, France and Belgium

Doryaspis

This is a genus of aberrant pteraspidids with lower lips elongated into long, dagger-like organs of unknown function. The various species are primarily restricted to the Lower Devonian strata of Svalbard.

Escharaspis

Miltaspis

Stegobranchiaspis

Unarkaspis

"Trygonaspis"

"Trygonaspis" is a nomen nudum given to a well-preserved complete armor that strongly resembles Protopteraspis in form, but with a long, recurved dorsal spine, and orbital plates that have bookshelf-like extensions. The only known specimen was found in Northern Canada.

References

1. Pernegre, Vincent N., and David K. Elliott. "Phylogeny of the Pteraspidiformes (Heterostraci), Silurian–Devonian jawless vertebrates." Zoologica Scripta 37.4 (2008): 391-403.
2. Blieck, Alain. "Les hétérostracés Ptéraspidiformes, agnathes du Silurien-Dévonien du continent Nord-Atlantique et des blocs avoisinants: Révision systématique, phylogénie, biostratigraphie, biogéographie." (1984).

1. Palaeos Vertebrates entry on order Pteraspidiformes

v t e Pteraspidomorphi
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata
Pteraspidomorphi Pteraspidomorphi Anatolepis Arandaspida Arandaspidiformes Astraspididae Astraspis Arandaspididae Andinaspis Apedolepis Arandaspis Areyongalepis Pircanchaspis Porophoraspis Ritchieichthys Sacabambaspis Heterostracomorphi Astraspida Astraspidiformes Astraspididae Astraspis Pycnaspis Tesakoviaspidida Tesakoviaspididae Kodinskaspis Tesakoviaspis Eriptychiida Eriptychiiformes Eriptychiidae Eleochera Eriptychiidae Eriptychius Oniscolepididae Kallostrakon Oniscolepis Heterostraci see below↓
Heterostraci Heterostraci Cyathaspidiformes see below↓ Pteraspidiformes see below↓ Cardipeltida Cardipeltis Lepidaspidida Lepidaspis Corvaspidida Corvaspis Tolypelepidida Asketaspis Athenaegis Tolypelepis Tesseraspidiformes Natlaspis Tesseraspis Traquairaspidiformes Phialaspididae Munchoaspis Phialaspis Toombsaspis Traquairaspididae Pseudotraquairaspis Rimasventeraspis Traquairaspis Weigeltaspididae？ Weigeltaspis
Cyathaspidiformes Cyathaspidiformes Nakaolinaspis？ Cyathaspidida Cyathaspidae Cyathaspis Americaspis Archegonaspis Capitaspis Dikenaspis Dinaspidella Homaspidella Irregulareaspis Nahanniaspis Pionaspis Poraspis Ptomaspis Seretaspis Steinaspis Torpedaspis Veronaspis Ariaspidae Ariaspis Anglaspis Listraspis Liliaspis Paraliliaspis Ctenaspidae Ctenaspis Allocryptaspis Alainaspis Zaphoctenaspis Arctictenaspis Boothiaspis Amphiaspidida incertae sedis Gunaspis Amphiaspidoidei Amphiaspididae Amphiaspis Amphoraspis Edaphaspididae Edaphaspis Gabreyaspididae Gabreyaspis Prosarctaspis Pelaspis Tareyaspis Olbiaspididae Olbiaspis Kureykaspis Angaraspis Hibernaspidoidei Hibernaspididae Hibernaspis Eglonaspididae Eglonaspis Gerronaspis Lecaniaspis Empedaspis Pelurgaspis Aphataspididae Aphataspis Putoranaspis Siberiaspidoidei Siberiaspididae Siberiaspis Argyriaspis Tuxeraspididae Tuxeraspis Litotaspis Dotaspis
Pteraspidiformes Pteraspidiformes Anchipteraspididae Anchipteraspis Rhachiaspis Ulutitaspis Podolaspididae Dnestraspis Parapteraspis Semipodolaspis Protopteraspididae Protopteraspis Doryaspis Escharaspis Miltaspis Stegobranchiaspis Unkaraspis "Trygonaspis" Psammosteida Tartuosteus Weigeltaspis？ Drepanaspididae Drepanaspis Guerichosteidae Guerichosteus Hariosteus Pycnolepis Pycnosteidae Tartuosteus Pycnosteus Psammolepididae Psammosteus Psammosteidae Crenosteus Elgaia Karelosteus Osteoplax Placosteus Psammosteus Psarkosteus Rohonosteus Selerolepis Vladimirolepis Obrucheviidae Obruchevia Pteraspidoidei incertae sedis Palanasaspis Pteraspididae Althaspis Blieckaspis Brachipteraspis Errivaspis Escharaspis Grumantaspis Helaspis Larnovaspis Loricopteraspis Miltaspis Mitraspis Mylopteraspidella Mylopteraspis Podolaspis Pteraspis Rhinopteraspis Stegobranchiaspis Gigantaspididae Gigantaspis Protaspididae Protaspis Cosmaspis Lampraspis Europrotaspis Cyrtaspidichthys Oreaspis Psephaspis Rodenaspis Tuberculaspis Xylaspis Zascinaspis Woodfjordaspis Pirumaspis
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• Pteraspidiformes
• Devonian jawless fish
• Early Devonian fish
• Prehistoric jawless fish families
• Early Devonian first appearances
• Early Devonian extinctions
• Pteraspidomorphi stubs
• Devonian jawless fish stubs