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Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

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Human Y chromosome DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup K2b1
Possible time of origin30,000-40,000
Possible place of originSoutheast Asia; Oceania.
AncestorK2b (P331)
DescendantsS (K2b1a) and M (K2b1b)
Defining mutationsP397, P399

Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.

Structure

Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).

Distribution

K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea.

Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308), and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders. (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* , C1b2b , and basal C* .)

Population K2b1 (including Haplogroups M & S) as a %
Papua New Guinea 82.76%
New Zealand 0%
Fiji 60.75%
Solomon Islands 30%
French Polynesia 8.00%
Vanuatu 18.5%
Guam 33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa 8.04%
Kiribati 0% (small sample size)
Tonga 23% M haplogroup in one study and 26% s haplogroup in a separate study and told in that study to be up to 43% haplogroup m and haplogroup s there
Micronesia FDR 66.67%
Marshall Islands 63.64%
Palau 61.5% (small sample size)
Cook Islands 3.9%
Wallis and Futuna 26%
Tuvalu 36%
Nauru 28.6% (small sample size)
Niue 0% (small sample size)
Tokelau 50% (small sample size)
Hawaii 20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians 20% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous)
Timor 6%
Aeta 0%
Chinese 0%
Filipinos 0%
Malaysia 2.40% ( small sample size )
Flores 0% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Sulawesi 11.3% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Eastern Indonesia (Wallacea) 25.9% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Java 0%
Bali 0.9%
Sumatra 0%
Borneo (Indonesia) 5.80% ( samples includes diverse ethnic minorities )
West Papua 52.6%
Papua Province 82.6%
Sumba 25.2%
Chuukkese people (Micronesia) 76.5%
Pohnpeian people (Micronesia) 70% (small sample size)

References

  1. "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree".
  2. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  3. van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau MH (Feb 2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
  4. Karafet 2014
  5. ^ Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
  6. (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1)
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T 
A0 A1 
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F-Y27277   F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT        K2 
I1   I2  J1   J2  L     T  K2e K2d K2c K2b   K2a
K2b1    P  K-M2313 
S   M     P1   NO1
P1c P1b P1a N O
R Q
Footnotes
  1. Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
  2. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
  4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
  6. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  7. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
  8. Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  9. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
  11. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
  12. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
  13. Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
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