Outline of economics - Misplaced Pages

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Economics classes make extensive use of supply and demand graphs like this one to teach about markets. In this graph, S and D refer to supply and demand and P and Q refer to the price and quantity.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics:

Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.

Description of economics

Economics can be described as all of the following:

Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to, or received by, a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in.
Field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many economics-related scientific journals.
Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

Branches of economics

Macroeconomics – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets.
Microeconomics – branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources.
Mesoeconomics In-between macroeconomics and microeconomics with a focus on the intermediate level of analysis.

Subdisciplines of economics

Methodologies or approaches

Behavioural economics
Classical economics
Computational economics
Econometrics
Evolutionary economics
Experimental economics
Praxeology (used by the Austrian School)
Social psychology

Interdisciplinary fields involving economics

Types of economies

Economic systems
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Major types Capitalism Socialism Communism
By ideology Associative Capitalist Corporate Democratic Laissez-faire Mercantilist Neoliberal Neomercantilist Protectionist Social market State Welfare Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Buddhist economics Christian Sabbath economics Islamic Socialist Communist Market socialist Mutualist Participatory Socialist market Socialist-oriented market State Syndicalist Social credit Distributist Traditionalist Corporatist Feudalism
By coordination Closed (autarky) Decentralized Digital Dirigist Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Sharing Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual
By regional model Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean Keralan European Anglo-Saxon German Nordic Dutch Rhenish Soviet Latin America Socialism of the 21st century
Sectors Common ownership Private Public Voluntary
Property types Collective ownership Commons (Common ownership) Private property State ownership Social ownership
Transition Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Marxist
Coordination Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planning In kind Cybernetics Indicative Material balancing Price Self-managed Peer-to-peer Sharing Open access
Other types Attention Commons-based peer production Expeditionary Hunter-gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource-based Token Traditional Transition World
Business and economics portal
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Main articles: Economy and Economic system

Economy – system of human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area.

Economies, by political & social ideological structure

Economies, by scope

Economies, by regulation

Economic elements

Economic activities

Business
- Business cycle
Collective action
Commerce
Competition
Consumption
Distribution
Employment
Entrepreneurship
Export
Finance
Government spending
Import
Investment
Mergers and acquisitions
Pricing
- Geographical pricing
Production
Trade
- Balance of trade
- Fair trade
- Free trade
- International trade
- Safe trade
- Tax, tariff and trade
- Terms of trade
- Trade bloc
- Trade pact
- Trade route
- Trader Ethic

Economic forces

Economic problems

Trends and influences

Economic measures

Economic participants

Economic politics

Economic policy

Agricultural policy
Fiscal policy
Incomes policy
- Price controls
  - Price ceiling
    - Rent control
  - Price floor
    - Minimum wage
Industrial policy
Infrastructure-based development
Investment policy
Monetary policy
Policy mix – combination of a country's monetary policy and fiscal policy. These two channels influence growth and employment, and are generally determined by the central bank and the government (e.g., the United States Congress) respectively.
Stabilization policy
Tax policy

Infrastructure

Markets

Market

Types of markets

Aspects of markets

Market forms

Market form

Perfect competition, in which the market consists of a very large number of firms producing a homogeneous product.
Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market, where there are a large number of independent firms which have a very small proportion of the market share.
Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service.
Monopsony, when there is only one buyer in a market.
Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
Oligopoly, in which a market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
Oligopsony, a market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.

Market-oriented activities

Money

Resources

Resource

Resource management

Factors of production

Land

Natural resources

Labor

Division of labour

Capital

Economic theory

Economic ideologies

History of economics

History of economic thought

Ancient economic thought
- Aristotle
  - Nicomachean Ethics
Economics of the Age of Enlightenment
Mercantilism
- British Enlightenment
- French Enlightenment: Physiocracy
  - François Quesnay
    - Tableau économique
    - Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
    - Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth
Classical economics, political economy
- Adam Smith
  - The Wealth of Nations
- David Ricardo
Socialist economics
- Marxian economics
  - Labour theory of value
- Anarchist economics
Austrian School of Economics
Neoclassical economics
Keynesian economics
- John Maynard Keynes
  - Cambridge capital controversy
Neo-Keynesian economics
- Paul Samuelson
- John Hicks (economist)
  - Neoclassical synthesis
Post-Keynesian economics
New Keynesian economics
Chicago school of economics
- Milton Friedman
  - Monetarism

Economic history

Economic events
- Economic history of the world
  - Economics in the Middle Ages: feudalism and manorialism
  - Economics of the Renaissance: mercantilism
  - Industrial Revolution
  - Economic history of World War I
- Nixon shock
Economic history by region
Economic history by subject

General economic concepts

Economics organizations

Economics publications

Persons influential in the field of economics

List of economists

Nobel Memorial Prize–winning economic historians

Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
Merton Miller, who started his academic career teaching economic history at the LSE, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1990 with Harry Markowitz and William F. Sharpe.

Other notable economic historians

External links

History of Economic Thought and Critical Perspectives (NSSR)
"The Joy of Economics", chapter 1 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon

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v t e Economic histories by country
Africa	Africa Algeria Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Eritrea Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Madagascar Morocco Mozambique Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Somalia South Africa Sudan Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Americas	Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Barbados Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Ecuador Haiti Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru United States Uruguay
Asia	Arab world Azerbaijan Cambodia China East Timor India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Malaysia North Korea Mongolia Palestine Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Solomon Islands Singapore South Korea Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Vietnam
Europe	Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Republic of Ireland Italy Lithuania Netherlands Norway Portugal Russia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Scotland Wales
Oceania	Australia New Zealand
Former industrialized economies	Austria-Hungary Czechoslovakia East Germany Empire of Brazil Empire of Japan Mongolian People's Republic Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Historical economies	Ancient Greece Ashanti Empire Byzantine Empire China Han dynasty Song dynasty Ming dynasty Republic of China Confederate States of America Dutch Republic England in the Middle Ages Ethiopian Empire Feudal Japan Habsburg monarchy Inca Empire Iroquois Mongol Empire Muisca Ottoman Empire Roman Empire Scotland in the Middle Ages Tamil Country

Schools of economic thought

Pre-modern

Modern era

Early modern	Cameralism Mercantilism Physiocrats School of Salamanca
Late modern	American (National) Austrian Birmingham Classical Ricardian Distributist English historical French liberal Georgism German historical Malthusian Manchester Marginalism Marxist economics Marxian critique of political economy Mutualism Neoclassical Lausanne Socialist
Contemporary (20th and 21st centuries)	Behavioral Buddhist Capability approach Carnegie Chartalism Modern Monetary Theory Chicago Constitutional Cracovian Disequilibrium Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Freiburg Geneva Institutional Keynesian Neo- Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis New Post- Circuitism Keynes–Marx synthesis Monetarism Market Neo-Malthusian Neo-Marxian Neo-Ricardian Neo-Schumpeterian Neoliberalism New classical Rational expectations theory Real business-cycle theory New institutional New neoclassical synthesis Organizational Public choice Regulation Saltwater/freshwater Stockholm Structuralist Supply-side Technocracy movement Thermoeconomics Virginia Social credit

v t e Economy of Africa
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara

v t e Economy of Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal

v t e Economy of Europe
Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria
Dependencies and other entities	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard
Other entities	European Union

v t e Economy of North America
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States
Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

v t e Economy of Oceania
Sovereign states	Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu
Associated states of New Zealand	Cook Islands Niue
Dependencies and other territories	American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna

v t e Economy of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

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