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Climate of Liverpool

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Liverpool, United Kingdom
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
    75     7 2     54     7 2     64     9 4     54     12 5     55     16 8     66     18 11     59     20 13     69     19 13     72     17 11     97     14 8     83     10 5     89     8 3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
    2.9     45 36     2.1     45 36     2.5     49 39     2.1     54 41     2.2     60 46     2.6     64 52     2.3     67 56     2.7     67 56     2.8     63 52     3.8     57 47     3.3     50 41     3.5     46 37
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Snow falling in Liverpool city centre during the winter of 2010

The climate of Liverpool features a temperate maritime variety (Köppen: Cfb), with relatively mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Since 1867, rainfall and temperature records for the city have been kept at Bidston Observatory, as well as atmospheric pressure records since 1846. However, the site closed down in 2002, and a weather station in Crosby has been used by the Met Office since. Irregular meteorological observations have been taken in the city since at least 1768, with unbroken records extending for long periods of time. This includes observations taken at the Liverpool Dock from 1768 to 1798, an unspecified location from 1772 to 1799 and West Derby from 1830 to 1859 and at other unspecified locations in the city from at least 1860 onward. Continuous observations in different areas of the city have been taken since 1830. In modern times, there have also been other stations to operate in the Liverpool area, including stations at West Kirby (1912–1979), Aigburth (1967–1994), and Liverpool John Lennon Airport (1946–present).

Since records began, the lowest temperature ever recorded in the Liverpool and Merseyside area is −17.6 °C (0.3 °F) on 21 December 2010, and the highest temperature recorded is 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) was on 18 July 2022, and 19 July 2022. The highest daily minimum temperature is 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) reported on 19 July 2022, and the lowest daily maximum temperature is −6.9 °C (19.6 °F) on 20 December 2010. On average, the amount of air frost days per year is below the national average, and in winter, snow is not very common, with heavy snow occurring rarely. Rain is also a common occurrence in the city, but droughts have been known to cause some canal infrastructure problems in the summer, without affecting consumer consumption to any noticeable extent, the most recent drought occurring in the 2018 heat wave.

Classifications

Liverpool Climate according to major climate systems
Climatic scheme Initials Description
Köppen system Cfb Oceanic climate
Trewartha system Do Temperate oceanic climate
Alisov system — Temperate climate
Strahler system — Marine west-coast
Thornthwaite system C2 B'1 Moist subhumid
Neef system — West side/maritime climate

Temperature

The average yearly high temperature in Liverpool is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and the average yearly low temperature is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F). The average daily mean is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

Averages

Climate data for Crosby, elevation: 30 m (98 ft), 1981–2010 averages
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		7.3
(45.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		4.7
(40.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		10.1
(50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		2.1
(35.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		8.2
(46.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		7.2
(45.0)
Source 1: Met Office
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre

Extremes

Due to Liverpool having an oceanic climate, extremes of temperatures are rare. Furthermore, being located close to the sea, wind chill is enhanced as a result of stronger winds as well as heat indexes being higher as a result of the higher humidity found close to bodies of water.

Climate data for Crosby, elevation: 30 m (98 ft), 1867–present extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.8
(60.4) 		36.0
(96.8)
Record low °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		−17.6
(0.3)
Source 1: Met Office
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre

Highest averages

Period Record mean Year
Year 11.0 °C (51.8 °F) 1990, 1995
Spring (March–May) 10.60 °C (51.08 °F) 1893
Summer (June–August) 17.43 °C (63.37 °F) 1995
Autumn (September–November) 11.90 °C (53.42 °F) 1959
Winter (December–February) 7.53 °C (45.55 °F) 1988 / 1989
January 8.1 °C (46.6 °F) 1916
February 8.5 °C (47.3 °F) 1998
March 9.1 °C (48.4 °F) 1938, 1957
April 11.5 °C (52.7 °F) 2011
May 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) 1919
June 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) 1970
July 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) 2006
August 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) 1995
September 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) 1895
October 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) 1921
November 10.7 °C (51.3 °F) 1994
December 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) 2015

Lowest averages

Period Record mean Year
Year 8.0 °C (46.4 °F) 1879
Spring (March–May) 6.76 °C (44.17 °F) 2013
Summer (June–August) 13.60 °C (56.48 °F) 1922
Autumn (September–November) 8.63 °C (47.53 °F) 1905, 1952
Winter (December–February) 0.77 °C (33.39 °F) 1962 / 1963
January −0.9 °C (30.4 °F) 1881
February −1.1 °C (30.0 °F) 1895
March 2.9 °C (37.2 °F) 1883, 2013
April 5.3 °C (41.5 °F) 1917
May 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) 1923
June 11.5 °C (52.7 °F) 1972
July 13.4 °C (56.1 °F) 1954
August 13.0 °C (55.4 °F) 1912
September 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) 1952
October 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) 1896
November 3.7 °C (38.7 °F) 1915
December −0.9 °C (30.4 °F) 2010

Highest daily temperatures

Period Record temperature Date
January 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) 9 January 1971
February 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) 26 February 2019
March 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) 29 March 1965
April 24.6 °C (76.3 °F) 17 April 2003
May 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) 26 May 2017
June 30.7 °C (87.3 °F) 6 June 1950
July 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) 18 July 2022
August 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) 3 August 1990
September 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) 1 September 1906
October 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) 1 October 2011
November 18.7 °C (65.7 °F) 2 November 2005
December 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) 8 December 1998

Lowest daily temperatures

Period Record temperature Date
January −13.1 °C (8.4 °F) 24 January 1881
February −11.3 °C (11.7 °F) 6 February 1895
March −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) 2 March 1965
April −5.6 °C (21.9 °F) 10 April 2003
May −1.7 °C (28.9 °F) 6 May 2012
June 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) 5 June 1872
July 6.6 °C (43.9 °F) 3 July 1877
August 3.1 °C (37.6 °F) 30 August 2003
September 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) 18 September 1919
22 September 2012
October −2.9 °C (26.8 °F) 27 October 1895
November −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) 29 November 2010
December −17.6 °C (0.3 °F) 21 December 2010

Precipitation

Rainfall is fairly regular throughout the year in Liverpool, with no wet or dry season as a result of its oceanic climate. All records refer to the Bidston Observatory from 1867 to 2002 and Crosby from then on.

Averages

Climate data for Crosby, elevation: 30 m (98 ft), 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.9
(2.95) 		54.4
(2.14) 		63.6
(2.50) 		54.3
(2.14) 		54.9
(2.16) 		66.2
(2.61) 		59.0
(2.32) 		68.9
(2.71) 		71.7
(2.82) 		97.3
(3.83) 		82.6
(3.25) 		88.8
(3.50) 		836.6
(32.94)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.8 10.7 12.5 10.4 10.6 10.5 10.1 11.2 11.5 14.8 14.6 13.9 144.3
Source 1: Met Office
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre
Climate data for Liverpool Docks, elevation: 41 ft (12 m), 1772–1799 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54.3
(2.14) 		48.3
(1.90) 		36.4
(1.43) 		46.7
(1.84) 		61.9
(2.44) 		74.3
(2.93) 		79.0
(3.11) 		91.8
(3.61) 		89.2
(3.51) 		90.7
(3.57) 		82.6
(3.25) 		60.6
(2.39) 		815.8
(32.12)
Source: Met Office

Extremes

Lowest

Period Record rainfall Year
Year 480.5 millimetres (18.92 in) 1991
Spring (March–May) 67.1 millimetres (2.64 in) 1883
Summer (June–August) 37.5 millimetres (1.48 in) 1995
Autumn (September–November) 107.6 millimetres (4.24 in) 1922
Winter (December–February) 31.5 millimetres (1.24 in) 1963/1964
January 3.8 millimetres (0.15 in) 1997
February 0.9 millimetres (0.035 in) 1932
March 6.4 millimetres (0.25 in) 1931
April 2.7 millimetres (0.11 in) 1980
May 4.0 millimetres (0.16 in) 2020
June 1.6 millimetres (0.063 in) 1925
July 6.0 millimetres (0.24 in) 1868
August 2.6 millimetres (0.10 in) 1976
September 7.2 millimetres (0.28 in) 1959
October 8.0 millimetres (0.31 in) 1922
November 4.8 millimetres (0.19 in) 1945
December 7.9 millimetres (0.31 in) 1936

Highest

Period Record rainfall Year
Year 1,159.9 millimetres (45.67 in) 1872
Spring (March–May) 278.6 millimetres (10.97 in) 1969
Summer (June–August) 380.4 millimetres (14.98 in) 1956
Autumn (September–November) 405.5 millimetres (15.96 in) 1872
Winter (December–February) 274.0 millimetres (10.79 in) 1993/1994
January 145.5 millimetres (5.73 in) 1948
February 143.6 millimetres (5.65 in) 2020
March 133.2 millimetres (5.24 in) 1998
April 104.4 millimetres (4.11 in) 1998
May 170.2 millimetres (6.70 in) 1969
June 154.0 millimetres (6.06 in) 2007
July 190.8 millimetres (7.51 in) 1872
August 221.2 millimetres (8.71 in) 1956
September 204.3 millimetres (8.04 in) 1976
October 187.2 millimetres (7.37 in) 1903
November 160.8 millimetres (6.33 in) 1951
December 165.8 millimetres (6.53 in) 2015

Sunshine

Records of sunshine were kept at Bidston from 1908 to 2002. The station at Crosby does not report sunshine data. The closest station that does so now is Hawarden, Flintshire, 25 miles (40 km) away.

Climate data for Bidston, 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56.0 70.3 105.1 154.2 207.0 191.5 197.0 175.2 132.7 97.3 65.8 46.8 1,499.1
Source 1: Met Office
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre

Extremes

Highest

Period Record Year
Year 1883.0 hours 1995
Spring (March–May) 631.7 hours 1909
Summer (June–August) 777.5 hours 1995
Autumn (September–November) 380.8 hours 1975
Winter (December–February) 246.3 hours 1909–10
January 88.1 hours 1910
February 109.3 hours 1949
March 179.9 hours 1929
April 227.8 hours 1909
May 305.6 hours 1989
June 298.8 hours 1960
July 298.8 hours 1955
August 273.3 hours 1995
September 176.2 hours 1986
October 136.6 hours 1995
November 91.7 hours 1975
December 72.0 hours 1960

Lowest

Period Record Year
Year 1250.9 hours 1912
Spring (March–May) 342.3 hours 1983
Summer (June–August) 390.0 hours 1912 and 1978
Autumn (September–November) 219.9 hours 1936
Winter (December–February) 94.6 hours 1943–44
January 18.1 hours 1950
February 24.8 hours 1940
March 53.7 hours 1942
April 77.3 hours 1920
May 121.5 hours 1932
June 111.3 hours 1987
July 105.1 hours 1944
August 100.7 hours 1912
September 81.1 hours 1976
October 56.0 hours 1915
November 26.9 hours 1951
December 16.5 hours 1927

Wind

The mean yearly wind speed at 10m in Liverpool is 13.6 miles per hour (11.8 kn).

Averages

Period Mean wind speed at 10m
Annual 13.6 mph (11.8 kn)
January 15.5 mph (13.5 kn)
February 15.3 mph (13.3 kn)
March 14.6 mph (12.7 kn)
April 12.8 mph (11.1 kn)
May 12.2 mph (10.6 kn)
June 12.8 mph (11.1 kn)
July 13.5 mph (11.7 kn)
August 9.9 mph (8.6 kn)
September 13.2 mph (11.5 kn)
October 13.8 mph (12.0 kn)
November 14.5 mph (12.6 kn)
December 14.3 mph (12.4 kn)

Daily Extremes

Highest wind gusts reported in each month of the year.

Period Maximum Gusts Date
January 101 mph (88 kn) 29 January 1938
February 96 mph (83 kn) 26 February 1990
March 98 mph (85 kn) 27 March 1966
April 84 mph (73 kn) 23 April 1947
May 86 mph (75 kn) 22 May 1966
June 71 mph (62 kn) 5 June 1946
July 69 mph (60 kn) 30 July 1946
August 77 mph (67 kn) 20 August 1934
25 August 1957
September 83 mph (72 kn) 20 September 1981
October 96 mph (83 kn) 4 October 1938
November 98 mph (85 kn) 6 November 1952
December 94 mph (82 kn) 6 December 1940

Monthly Extremes

Average monthly windspeed

Period Highest mean windspeed Year Lowest mean windspeed Year
January 22.3 mph (19.4 kn) 2007 3.7 mph (5.9 km/h) 1992
February 23.5 mph (20.4 kn) 2020 5.9 mph (5.1 kn) 2001
March 19.6 mph (17.0 kn) 1967 5.9 mph (5.1 kn) 2001
April 17.3 mph (15.0 kn) 1942 5.9 mph (5.1 kn) 1952/1981
May 16.1 mph (14.0 kn) 2015 5.1 mph (4.4 kn) 1952/2001
June 13.7 mph (11.9 kn) 1938/1956 5.1 mph (4.4 kn) 1988
July 14.8 mph (12.9 kn) 1953 4.7 mph (4.1 kn) 2001
August 16.3 mph (14.2 kn) 2014 4.4 mph (3.8 kn) 1945/2001
September 15.8 mph (13.7 kn) 2012 4.1 mph (3.6 kn) 1959
October 17.5 mph (15.2 kn) 2017 5.8 mph (5.0 kn) 1945
November 20.0 mph (17.4 kn) 2015 3.7 mph (3.2 kn) 1945
December 22.9 mph (19.9 kn) 2011 6.8 mph (5.9 kn) 1989
Year 14.0 mph (12.2 kn) 2011 6.2 mph (5.4 kn) 2001

Climatic data

Climate data for Crosby
WMO ID: 03316; coordinates 53°29′50″N 3°03′28″W / 53.49721°N 3.05767°W / 53.49721; -3.05767 (Met Office Crosby); elevation: 30 m (98 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1867–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		34.5
(94.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.8
(60.4) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.7
(67.5) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.6
(56.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		6.9
(44.4) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		10.5
(50.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0) 		2.7
(36.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		5.7
(42.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		7.5
(45.5)
Record low °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.1
(37.6) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		−17.6
(0.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69.4
(2.73) 		57.1
(2.25) 		53.3
(2.10) 		49.8
(1.96) 		52.5
(2.07) 		64.4
(2.54) 		65.5
(2.58) 		72.1
(2.84) 		76.6
(3.02) 		89.7
(3.53) 		82.2
(3.24) 		91.9
(3.62) 		824.3
(32.45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.8 11.5 11.3 10.0 9.8 10.4 11.0 12.2 11.8 14.4 15.5 15.4 146.9
Average snowy days 6 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 22
Average relative humidity (%) 85.1 83.5 80.7 77.9 76.6 78.9 79.0 80.1 81.9 84.6 85.1 85.6 80.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56.0 70.3 105.1 154.2 207.0 191.5 197.0 175.2 132.7 97.3 65.8 46.8 1,499.1
Mean daily daylight hours 8.2 9.9 11.9 14.1 15.9 16.9 16.4 14.7 12.7 10.5 8.6 7.6 12.3
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3
Source 1: Met Office
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre WeatherAtlas CEDA Archive
  1. Also called marine west coast.
  2. Mid-latitude temperate maritime climate
  3. Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Liverpool city centre.
  4. From 1867–2002, extremes were recorded at the Bidston Observatory in Wirral. Since 2002, extremes were recorded at Crosby, Sefton.
  5. Hawarden exceeded this value in 2019, with 114.6 hours.
  6. Hawarden exceeded this value in 2014, with 84.3 hours.
  7. Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Liverpool city centre.
  8. Sunshine hours were recorded at the Bidston Observatory from the period of 1971–2000.
  9. Humidity was recorded at the Bidston Observatory for the period of 1975–June 2002. The period Jul–Sep 1992 has no record, with Jan–May 2001 reporting unreliabe data.
  10. From 1867–2002, extremes were recorded at the Bidston Observatory in Wirral. Since 1983, extremes were recorded at Crosby, Sefton.

Notes

References

  1. "Historical weather data for Bidston Observatory". Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  2. "Private Weather Diary for Liverpool Dock". Met Office
    William Hutchinson. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  3. "TYRain_1677-1859_A_pt1". Met Office. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  4. "LIVERPOOL: WEST DERBY". CEDA. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  5. "DWR_1860_09". Met Office. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  6. "Number of stations found: 5". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  7. "Number of stations found: 1". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  8. "SPEKE". CEDA Archive. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  9. "Daily Observations". Wunderground.com. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  10. "03316: Crosby (United Kingdom)". Ogimet. Retrieved 19 July 2022..
  11. ^ "Climate CROSBYDecember - 2010". Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  12. "Crosby climate information". Met Office. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  13. "Hot weather closes 55 miles of canal". BBC News. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  14. "Liverpool, England Köppen Climate Classification". Weatherbase. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  15. "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  16. Cmapm, Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work (2011-06-16), Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову., retrieved 19 August 2019
  17. "World Strahler Climate Map". Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  18. Feddema, Johannes J. (January 2005). "A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification". Physical Geography. 26 (6): 442–466. doi:10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442. ISSN 0272-3646. S2CID 128745497.
  19. "Klimaklassifikation". www.spektrum.de (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  20. ^ "Crosby 1991–2020 Averages". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  21. ^ "Historical weather data for Bidston Observatory". NOC. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  22. ^ "What Are The Characteristics Of An Oceanic Type Of Climate?". World Atlas. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  23. ^ "Bidston Observatory mean monthly temperatures" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  24. G. Ballester Valor (30 April 2011). "Synop report summary". Ogimet.com. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  25. "MIDAS Open: UK daily temperature data, v202007". Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  26. G. Ballester Valor (31 December 2015). "Synop report summary". Ogimet.com. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
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