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4,4'-Dimethylaminorex

Clinical data
Other names	4,4'-DMAR
ATC code	none
Legal status
Legal status	BR: Class F2 (Prohibited psychotropics) DE: Anlage II (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible) UK: Class A US: Schedule I Illegal in Czech Republic and Sweden
Identifiers
IUPAC name 4-Methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine
CAS Number	1445569-01-6
PubChem CID	20741615
ChemSpider	19546433
UNII	18Y239214S
KEGG	C22805
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID901031562
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C11H14N2O
Molar mass	190.246 g·mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES CC(N=C(N)O1)C1C2=CC=C(C)C=C2
InChI InChI=1S/C11H14N2O/c1-7-3-5-9(6-4-7)10-8(2)13-11(12)14-10/h3-6,8,10H,1-2H3,(H2,12,13) Key:NPILLHMQNMXXTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (abbreviated as 4,4'-DMAR), sometimes referred to by the street name "Serotoni", is a psychostimulant and entactogen designer drug related to aminorex, 4-methylaminorex, and pemoline. It was first detected in the Netherlands in December 2012, and has been sold as a designer drug around Europe since mid-2013.

4,4'-DMAR had been linked to at least 31 deaths in Hungary, Poland, and the UK by February 2014, mostly when consumed in combination with other drugs. Nineteen deaths linked to 4,4'-DMAR were reported in Northern Ireland in the same time period.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

4,4'-DMAR is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) and acts specifically as a highly potent and well-balanced serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), with EC₅₀ values for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine release of 18.5 nM, 26.9 nM, and 8.6 nM, respectively. It also interacts with the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) with similar potency as MDMA.

In contrast to many other MRAs, 4,4'-DMAR is inactive as a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist. As a result, whereas many other MRAs may auto-inhibit and constrain their effects via TAAR1 agonism, this may not occur with 4,4'-DMAR. The drug also shows very weak interactions with the serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors, though appears to be inactive at the serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor.

Legality

The UK Home Office expressed intent to ban 4,4'-DMAR following advice from the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs and subsequently it became a class A drug on 11 March 2015.

4,4'-DMAR is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015.

Sweden's public health agency suggested to classify 4,4'-DMAR as hazardous substance on November 10, 2014.

4,4'-DMAR is also banned in the Czech Republic.

4,4'-DMAR is a Schedule I controlled substance in the US as of November 8, 2021. It only received two public comments during its public commenting period prior to being scheduled.

See also

• 2C-B-aminorex
• 2F-MAR
• 4C-MAR
• 4'-Fluoro-4-methylaminorex
• 4-Methylphenmetrazine
• MDMAR
• List of aminorex analogues

References

1. "2021 - Placement of 4,4'-DMAR in Schedule I". www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
2. Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
3. ^ Brandt SD, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Kavanagh PV, Power JD, Talbot B, et al. (2014). "Characterization of a novel and potentially lethal designer drug (±)-cis-para-methyl-4-methylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR, or 'Serotoni')". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7–8): 684–95. doi:10.1002/dta.1668. PMC 4128571. PMID 24841869.
4. "EMCDDA 2012 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
5. "Risk Assessment Report of a new psychoactive substance: 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (4,4′-dimethylaminorex, 4,4′-DMAR)" (PDF). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). November 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
6. "Unregulated stimulant drug blamed for 19 deaths, Belfast inquest told". The Guardian. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
7. ^ Maier J, Mayer FP, Brandt SD, Sitte HH (October 2018). "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Aminorex Analogues". ACS Chem Neurosci. 9 (10): 2484–2502. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00415. PMC 6287711. PMID 30269490. It has recently been shown that 4,4'-DMAR binds to monoamine transporters with higher affinities compared to monoamine receptors, albeit it has also been shown to bind to hDAT, hNET, hSERT and 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors with relatively low affinities135 (see Table 1). Due to the lack of interaction with the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), 4,4'- DMAR is suspected to be unable to trigger the auto-inhibitory pathway that, for example, MDMA possesses at least in rodents135,183,184. It has recently been shown that 4,4′-DMAR inhibits the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; SLC18A2) with a potency similar to that of MDMA.135 Perturbed function of VMAT2 has been associated with neurotoxicity.224,225 As mentioned before, in contrast to other amphetamine-type stimulants, 4,4′-DMAR does not interact with rat and mouse TAAR1 and therefore lacks the autoinhibitory pathway that attenuates monoamine release and mediates the neuroprotective effects.231,232 It has however been shown that many psychoactive compounds stimulate human TAAR1 less potently than the receptor's rodent counterparts.184 While it has been shown that 4,4′-DMAR binds to the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors,135 receptor binding assays for 5-HT2B have not been conducted yet.
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12. ^ Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin". Synapse. 39 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 11071707. S2CID 15573624.
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14. ^ Partilla JS, Dersch CM, Baumann MH, Carroll FI, Rothman RB (1999). "Profiling CNS Stimulants with a High-Throughput Assay for Biogenic Amine Transporter Substractes". Problems of Drug Dependence 1999: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Scientific Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc (PDF). NIDA Res Monogr. Vol. 180. pp. 1–476 (252). PMID 11680410. RESULTS. Methamphetamine and amphetamine potently released NE (IC50s = 14.3 and 7.0 nM) and DA (IC50s = 40.4 nM and 24.8 nM), and were much less potent releasers of 5-HT (IC50s = 740 nM and 1765 nM). Phentermine released all three biogenic amines with an order of potency NE (IC50 = 28.8 nM)> DA (IC50 = 262 nM)> 5-HT (IC50 = 2575 nM). Aminorex released NE (IC50 = 26.4 nM), DA (IC50 = 44.8 nM) and 5-HT (IC50 = 193 nM). Chlorphentermine was a very potent 5-HT releaser (IC50 = 18.2 nM), a weaker DA releaser (IC50 = 935 nM) and inactive in the NE release assay. Chlorphentermine was a moderate potency inhibitor of NE uptake (Ki = 451 nM). Diethylpropion, which is self-administered, was a weak DA uptake inhibitor (Ki = 15 µM) and NE uptake inhibitor (Ki = 18.1 µM) and essentially inactive in the other assays. Phendimetrazine, which is self-administered, was a weak DA uptake inhibitor (IC50 = 19 µM), a weak NE uptake inhibitor (8.3 µM) and essentially inactive in the other assays.
15. Baumann MH, Ayestas MA, Partilla JS, Sink JR, Shulgin AT, Daley PF, Brandt SD, Rothman RB, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV (April 2012). "The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue". Neuropsychopharmacology. 37 (5): 1192–1203. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.304. PMC 3306880. PMID 22169943.
16. ^ Brandt SD, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Kavanagh PV, Power JD, Talbot B, Twamley B, Mahony O, O'Brien J, Elliott SP, Archer RP, Patrick J, Singh K, Dempster NM, Cosbey SH (2014). "Characterization of a novel and potentially lethal designer drug (±)-cis-para-methyl-4-methylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR, or 'Serotoni')". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7–8): 684–695. doi:10.1002/dta.1668. PMC 4128571. PMID 24841869.
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20. "Letter to ACMD regarding advice on MT-45 and 4,4'-DMAR". UK Home Office. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
21. "Circular 003/2015: a change to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: control of MT-45 and 4,4'-DMAR". UK Home Office. 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
22. "Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG) Anlage II (zu § 1 Abs. 1) (verkehrsfähige, aber nicht verschreibungsfähige Betäubungsmittel)" (in German). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
23. "Cannabinoider föreslås bli klassade som hälsofarlig vara" (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 June 2015.
24. "Látky, o které byl doplněn seznam č. 4 psychotropních látek (příloha č. 4 k nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.)" (PDF) (in Czech). Ministerstvo zdravotnictví. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
25. "Federal Register :: Request Access".
26. "2021 - Placement of 4,4'-DMAR in Schedule I".

• Drugs not assigned an ATC code
• Aminorexes
• Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines
• Designer drugs
• Entactogens and empathogens
• Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
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• VMAT inhibitors