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| ImageFile = TBZC.tif| |
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| ImageFile = TBZC.tif |
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| ImageAlt = TBZC crystal| |
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| ImageAlt = TBZC crystal |
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| IUPACName = Zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate |
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| IUPACName = Pentazinc dichloride octahydroxide monohydrate |
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| PIN = |
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| PIN = |
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| OtherNames = Tetrabasic zinc chloride hydrate |
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| OtherNames = {{ubl|Basic zinc chloride|Chemlock's Nurilock TBC|Micronutrients TBZC|Tetrabasic zinc chloride hydrate|Zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate|Zinc hydroxychloride|Zinc oxychloride}} |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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Basic zinc chloride |
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| CASNo = 12167-79-2 |
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| PubChem = |
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Zinc hydroxyl chloride |
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| SMILES =..O............. |
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| StdInChI=1S/2ClH.9H2O.5Zn/h2*1H;9*1H2;;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;5*+2/p-10 |
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Zinc oxychloride |
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| StdInChIKey= LOUBNQJSBFZNMG-UHFFFAOYSA-D |
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Micronutrients TBZC |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| CASNo = 12167-79-2 |
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| Formula = {{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O}} |
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| PubChem = |
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| Zn=5|O=9|H=10|Cl=2 |
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| Appearance = White or colorless crystalline solid |
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| Density = 3.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Formula = Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O |
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| MolarMass = 551.88 |
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| MeltingPt = |
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| Appearance = White crystalline solid |
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| Solubility = Insoluble in water, pH 6.9 measured by EPA method SW846-9045 |
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| Density = 3.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| SolubleOther = Insoluble in organic solvents |
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| MeltingPt = <sup>o</sup>F( <sup>o</sup>C) |
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
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| Solubility = Insoluble in water, pH 6.9 measured by EPA method SW846-9045 |
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| CrystalStruct = ] |
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| SolubleOther = Insoluble in organic solvents |
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| Coordination = ] and ] |
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|Section4={{Chembox Hazards |
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| NFPA-H = 1 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| AutoignitionPtC = }} |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherCompounds = {{ubl|}} |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| CrystalStruct = Hexagonal |
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| Coordination = Octahedral and Tetrahedral |
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalMSDS = http://www.micro.net/pdf/MicroNutrients%20TBZC%20MSDS%208-22-01.pdf |
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| NFPA-H = 1 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| NFPA-O = |
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| FlashPt = non flammable |
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'''Zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate''' or more accurately '''pentazinc dichloride octahydroxide monohydrate''' is a zinc hydroxy compound with ] {{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O|auto=1}}. It is often referred to as tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC), basic zinc chloride, zinc hydroxychloride, or zinc oxychloride. It is a colorless crystalline solid insoluble in water. Its naturally occurring form, simonkolleite, has been shown to be a desirable ] for animals. |
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'''Simonkolleite''' is a zinc hydroxy ] with ] Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O. It is often referred to as tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC), basic zinc chloride, zinc hydroxyl chloride, or zinc oxychloride. It is a colorless crystalline solid insoluble in water. Simonkolleite has been shown to be a desirable ] for animals. |
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==Natural occurrence== |
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==Natural occurrence== |
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Simonkolleite was described as a new mineral in 1985 by Schmetzer et al for samples collected at Richelsdorf, Germany. It is a rare secondary mineral formed by weathering of zinc-bearing slag, and is associated with native zinc, hydrocerussite, diaboleite, zincite and hydrozincite. It is named after Werner Simon and Kurt Kolle, Mineral collectors of Cornberg, near Michelsdorf who submitted the samples for investigation. Simonkolleite is frequently found as a corrosion product of Zn-bearing metals.<ref name="handbookMin"> http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/simonkolleite.pdf</ref><ref name="webmineral"> http://webmineral.com/data/simonkolleite.shtml</ref><ref name="Hawthorne">Hawthorne, F. C.; Sokolova, E. SIMONKOLLEITE, Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, A DECORATED INTERRUPTED-SHEET STRUCTURE OF THE FORM 4. The Canadian Mineralogist, 2002, 40, 939.</ref><ref name="Zheng">Zheng, L.; et al. Corrosion behavior of pure zinc and its alloy under thin electrolyte layer. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2010, 23(6), 416.</ref> |
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The naturally occurring mineral form, ''simonkolleite,'' was described as a new mineral in 1985 for samples collected at Richelsdorf, Germany. It is a rare secondary mineral formed by weathering of zinc-bearing ], and is associated with native zinc, ], ], ] and ]. It is named after Werner Simon and Kurt Kolle, Mineral collectors of Cornberg, near Michelsdorf who submitted the samples for investigation. Simonkolleite is frequently found as a corrosion product of Zinc bearing metals.<ref name="handbookMin">{{cite web|url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/simonkolleite.pdf| title= Simonkolleite|access-date=2023-08-21}}</ref><ref name="webmineral">{{Cite web|url=http://webmineral.com/data/simonkolleite.shtml|title = A to Z List}}</ref><ref name="Hawthorne">Hawthorne, F. C.; Sokolova, E. "Simonkolleite, Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, a Decorated Interrupted-sheet Structure of the Form 4". ''The Canadian Mineralogist'', 2002, 40, 939.</ref><ref name="Zheng">Zheng, L.; et al. "Corrosion behavior of pure zinc and its alloy under thin electrolyte layer". ''Acta Metall. Sin.'' (Engl. Lett.), 2010, 23(6), 416.</ref> |
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==Structure== |
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==Structure== |
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Simonkolleite is rhombohedral, space group R<u style="text-decoration:overline">3</u>m. There are two crystallographically distinct zinc sites in Simonkolleite, both of which are fully occupied by zinc. The Zn(1) site is coordinated by six hydroxyl (OH) groups in an octahedral geometry . The Zn(2) site is coordinated by three OH groups, and one Cl atom in a tetrahedral geometry . The octahedra form an edge-sharing dioctahedral sheet similar to that observed in dioctahedral micas. On each site of the vacant octahedron, a tetrahedron is attached to three anions of the sheet and points away from the sheet. Intercalated between adjacent sheets are interstitial water (H<sub>2</sub>O) groups. The sheets are held together by hydrogen bonding from OH groups of one sheet to Cl anions of adjacent sheets, and to interstitial H<sub>2</sub>O groups. The octahedra have four long equatorial bonds (at 2.157Å) and two short apical bonds (at 2.066Å). This apical shortening is a result of the bond-valence requirements of the coordinating OH groups and the connectivity of polyhedra in the structure. The equatorial OH groups are coordinated by two Zn(1) cations and one Zn(2) cation, whereas the apical OH groups are coordinated by three Zn(1) cations. As Zn(1) is six-coordinated and Zn(2) is four-coordinated, the local bond-valence requirements require the Zn(1)-O(1) bonds to be considerably longer than the Zn(1)-O(2) bonds. The tetrahedron has three short Zn(2)-O(1) bonds (at 1.950Å) and one long Zn(2)-Cl bond (2.312Å) (Figure 1).<ref name="handbookMin">http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/simonkolleite.pdf</ref><ref name="webmineral"> http://webmineral.com/data/simonkolleite.shtml</ref><ref name="Hawthorne">Hawthorne, F. C.; Sokolova, E. SIMONKOLLEITE, Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, A DECORATED INTERRUPTED-SHEET STRUCTURE OF THE FORM 4. The Canadian Mineralogist, 2002, 40, 939.</ref> |
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Simonkolleite is rhombohedral, space group ''R''<u style="text-decoration:overline">3</u>''m''. There are two crystallographically distinct zinc sites in Simonkolleite, both of which are fully occupied by zinc. The Zn(1) site is coordinated by six hydroxyl (OH) groups in an octahedral geometry {{chem2|}}. The Zn(2) site is coordinated by three OH groups, and one Cl atom in a tetrahedral geometry {{chem2|}}. The {{chem2|}} octahedra form an edge-sharing dioctahedral sheet similar to that observed in dioctahedral micas. On each site of the vacant octahedron, a {{chem2|}} tetrahedron is attached to three anions of the sheet and points away from the sheet. Intercalated between adjacent sheets are interstitial water ({{chem2|H2O}}) groups. The sheets are held together by hydrogen bonding from OH groups of one sheet to Cl anions of adjacent sheets, and to interstitial {{chem2|H2O}} groups. The {{chem2|}} octahedra have four long equatorial bonds (at 2.157 Å) and two short apical bonds (at 2.066 Å). This apical shortening is a result of the bond-valence requirements of the coordinating OH groups and the connectivity of polyhedra in the structure. The equatorial OH groups are coordinated by two Zn(1) cations and one Zn(2) cation, whereas the apical OH groups are coordinated by three Zn(1) cations. As Zn(1) is six-coordinated and Zn(2) is four-coordinated, the local bond-valence requirements require the Zn(1)-O(1) bonds to be considerably longer than the Zn(1)-O(2) bonds. The {{chem2|}} tetrahedron has three short Zn(2)-O(1) bonds (at 1.950 Å) and one long Zn(2)-Cl bond (2.312 Å) (Figure 1).<ref name="handbookMin"/><ref name="webmineral"/><ref name="Hawthorne"/> |
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==Properties== |
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==Properties== |
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Simonkolleite is colorless, forms tabular hexagonal crystal up to 1 mm in diameter, and has perfect cleavage parallel to (001).<ref name="Hawthorne"></ref> |
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Simonkolleite is colorless, forms tabular hexagonal crystal up to 1 mm in diameter, and has perfect cleavage parallel to (001).<ref name="Hawthorne"/> |
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Thermal stability studies have shown that simonkolleite decomposes to ZnO at several stages upon heating (eq. 1-3).<ref name="Rasines">Rasines, I.; Morales, J. I. Thermal analysis of beta-Co2(OH)3Cl and Zn5(OH)8Cl2•(H2O). Thermochimica Acta, 1980, 37, 239.</ref><ref name="Garcia">Garcia-Martinez, O. et al. On the thermal decomposition of the zinc(II) hydroxide chlorides Zn5(OH)8Cl2•(H2O) and beta-Zn(OH)Cl. J. Mat. Sci. 1994, 29, 5429</ref><ref name="Hoffman">Hoffman, J. W.; Lauder, I. Basic zinc chloride. Aust. J. Chem. 1968, 21, 1439</ref><ref name="Srivastava">Srivastava, O. K.; Secco, E. A. Stidies on metal hydroxy compounds. I. Thermal analyses of zinc derivatives e-Zn(OH)2, Zn5(OH)8Cl2•(H2O), beta-ZnOHCl, and ZnOHF. Can. J. Chem. 1967, 45, 579</ref> The decomposition starts with loss of a single mole of the lattice water. Further dehydration at 165 ~ 210 <sup>o</sup>C produces a mixture of ZnO and an intermediate Zn(OH)Cl. At 210 ~ 300 <sup>o</sup>C, the intermediate Zn(OH)Cl decomposes to ZnO and ZnCl<sub>2</sub>. At higher temperature, volatilization of zinc chloride occurs, leaving a final residue of zinc oxide. |
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Interestingly, the dehydrated mixture (Zn(OH)Cl and ZnO) is easily rehydrated and converted back to simonkoellete upon exposure to cool moist air (eq.4).<ref name="Rasines">Rasines, I.; Morales, J. I. Thermal analysis of beta-Co2(OH)3Cl and Zn5(OH)8Cl2•(H2O). Thermochimica Acta, 1980, 37, 239.</ref><ref name="Garcia">Garcia-Martinez, O. et al. On the thermal decomposition of the zinc(II) hydroxide chlorides Zn5(OH)8Cl2•(H2O) and beta-Zn(OH)Cl. J. Mat. Sci. 1994, 29, 5429</ref><ref name="Hoffman">Hoffman, J. W.; Lauder, I. Basic zinc chloride. Aust. J. Chem. 1968, 21, 1439</ref> |
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Thermal stability studies have shown that simonkolleite decomposes to ZnO at several stages upon heating ({{EquationNote|eq. 1}}-3).<ref name="Rasines">Rasines, I.; Morales, J. I. "Thermal analysis of beta-Co<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>3</sub>Cl and Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)8Cl<sub>2</sub>•(H<sub>2</sub>O)". ''Thermochimica Acta'', 1980, 37, 239.</ref><ref name="Garcia">Garcia-Martinez, O. et al. "On the thermal decomposition of the zinc(II) hydroxide chlorides Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)8Cl<sub>2</sub>•(H<sub>2</sub>O) and beta-Zn(OH)Cl". ''J. Mat. Sci.'' 1994, 29, 5429</ref><ref name="Hoffman">Hoffman, J. W.; Lauder, I. "Basic zinc chloride". ''Aust. J. Chem.'' 1968, 21, 1439</ref><ref name="Srivastava">Srivastava, O. K.; Secco, E. A. "Studies on metal hydroxy compounds. I. Thermal analyses of zinc derivatives e-Zn(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)8Cl<sub>2</sub>•(H<sub>2</sub>O), beta-ZnOHCl, and ZnOHF." ''Can. J. Chem.'' 1967, 45, 579</ref> The decomposition starts with loss of a single mole of the lattice water. Further dehydration at 165−210 °C produces a mixture of ] and an intermediate Zn(OH)Cl. At 210−300 °C, the intermediate Zn(OH)Cl decomposes to ZnO and ]. At higher temperature, volatilization of zinc chloride occurs, leaving a final residue of zinc oxide. |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O}} {{overset|110–165 °C|→}} {{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2 + H2O}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 1}}}} |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2}} {{overset|165–210 °C|→}} {{chem2|2 Zn(OH)Cl + ZnO + H2O}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 2}}}} |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|2 Zn(OH)Cl}} {{overset|210–300 °C|→}} {{chem2|ZnCl2 + ZnO + H2O}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 3}}}} |
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The dehydrated mixture (Zn(OH)Cl and ZnO) is easily rehydrated and converted back to simonkolleite upon exposure to cool moist air ({{EquationNote|eq. 4}}).<ref name="Rasines"/><ref name="Garcia"/><ref name="Hoffman"/> |
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Simonkolleite is virtually insoluble in water and organic solvents, soluble in mineral acids yielding the corresponding zinc salts (eq. 5), soluble in ammonia, amine and EDTA solutions under complex formation. It can easily be converted to zinc hydroxide by reacting with sodium hydroxide (eq. 6). Its pH in water is 6.9 measured by EPA method SW846-9045.<ref name="Micro">http://www.micro.net/pdf/MicroNutrients%20TBZC%20MSDS%208-22-01.pdf</ref> |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|2 Zn(OH)Cl + 3 ZnO + 4 H2O}} {{overunderset|⇌|cool moist air|180 °C}} {{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 4}}}} |
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Simonkolleite is virtually insoluble in water and organic solvents, soluble in mineral acids yielding the corresponding zinc salts ({{EquationNote|eq. 5}}), soluble in ammonia, amine and EDTA solutions under complex formation. It can easily be converted to zinc hydroxide by reacting with sodium hydroxide ({{EquationNote|eq. 6}}). Its pH in water is 6.9 measured by EPA method SW846-9045.<ref name="Micro">http://www.micro.net/pdf/MicroNutrients%20TBZC%20MSDS%208-22-01.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> |
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:Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O) + 8 HCl → 5ZnCl<sub>2</sub> + 9H<sub>2</sub>O (eq.5) |
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:Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O) + 2NaOH → 5Zn(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 2NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O (eq.6) |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O + 8 HCl → 5 ZnCl2 + 9 H2O}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 5}}}} |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O + 2 NaOH → 5 Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaCl + H2O}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 6}}}} |
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==Preparation== |
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==Preparation== |
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===From hydrolysis of ZnCl<sub>2</sub>=== |
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===From hydrolysis of {{chem2|ZnCl2}}=== |
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Basic zinc chloride can be prepared by hydrolysis of a ZnCl<sub>2</sub> solution in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or ammonia (eq. 7-8).<ref name="Rasines"></ref><ref name="Li">Li, Y. et al. Synthesis and characterization of simonkolleite nanodisks and their conversion into ZnO nanostructures. Cryst. Res. Technol. 2011, 1</ref> |
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Basic ] can be prepared by ] of a {{chem2|ZnCl2}} solution in the presence of a ] such as ] or ] ({{EquationNote|eq. 7}}-8).<ref name="Rasines"/><ref name="Li">Li, Y. et al. "Synthesis and characterization of simonkolleite nanodisks and their conversion into ZnO nanostructures". ''Cryst. Res. Technol.'' 2011, 1</ref> |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|5 ZnCl2 + 8 NaOH + H2O → Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O + 8 ]}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 7}}}} |
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:5ZnCl<sub>2</sub> + 8NaOH + H<sub>2</sub>O → Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O) + 8NaCl (eq.7) |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|5 ZnCl2 + 8 NH3 + 9 H2O → Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O + 8 Cl]]}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 8}}}} |
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:5ZnCl<sub>2</sub> + 8NH<sub>3</sub> + 9H<sub>2</sub>O → Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O) + 8NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (eq.8) |
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Simonkolleite nonodisks with a width of 40 nm have been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method using zinc chloride and ammonia as the starting materials.<ref name="Li"></ref> |
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Simonkolleite nanodisks with a width of 40 ] have been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method using zinc chloride and ammonia as the starting materials.<ref name="Li"/> |
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===From reaction of ZnCl<sub>2</sub> with ZnO=== |
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===From reaction of {{chem2|ZnCl2}} with ZnO=== |
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Basic zinc chloride can be synthesized from the reaction of a ZnCl<sub>2</sub> solution with ZnO (eq.9).<ref name="Ostwald">Ostwald, H. R.; Feitknecht, W. Helv. Chim. Acta., 1961, 44, 847</ref><ref name="Nowacki">Nowacki, W.; Silverman, J. H. Z. Kristallogr. 1961, 115, 21</ref><ref name="Tanaka">Tanaka, H.; et al. Synthesis and characterization of layered zinc hydroxychlorides. J. Solid State Chem. 2007, 180, 2061</ref> |
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Basic zinc chloride can be synthesized from the reaction of a {{chem2|ZnCl2}} solution with ZnO ({{EquationNote|eq. 9}}).<ref name="Ostwald">Ostwald, H. R.; Feitknecht, ''W. Helv. Chim. Acta.'', 1961, 44, 847</ref><ref name="Nowacki">Nowacki, W.; Silverman, J. H. Z. ''Kristallogr.'' 1961, 115, 21</ref><ref name="Tanaka">Tanaka, H.; et al. "Synthesis and characterization of layered zinc hydroxychlorides". ''J. Solid State Chem.'' 2007, 180, 2061</ref> |
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{{NumBlk|:|{{chem2|ZnCl2 + 4 ZnO + 5 H2O → Zn5(OH)8Cl2*H2O}}|{{EquationRef|eq. 9}}}} |
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:ZnCl<sub>2</sub> + 4ZnO + 5H<sub>2</sub>O → Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O) (eq.9) |
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It can be synthesized from nano-sized ZnO particles aged in aqueous ZnCl<sub>2</sub> solution at 6 ~ 140 <sup>o</sup>C for 48h. Elevating the aging temperature increases the crystallinity of basic zinc chloride.<ref name="Tanaka"></ref> |
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It can be synthesized from nano-sized ZnO particles aged in aqueous {{chem2|ZnCl2}} solution at 6–140 °C for 48 ]. Elevating the aging temperature increases the ] of basic zinc chloride.<ref name="Tanaka"/> |
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==Applications== |
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==Applications== |
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===As a feed additive and nutrition supplement for animals=== |
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===As a feed additive and nutrition supplement for animals=== |
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Zinc is an essential trace element for all animals. It is found in all organs and tissues of the body, with bone, muscle, liver, kidney, and skin accounting for the majority of body zinc. Zinc is commonly added to diets for animals in a supplemental form, usually as inorganic feed-grade zinc oxide or zinc sulfate hydrate, or one of the organic zinc chelates and complexes. In several experiments, zinc oxide has been shown to be less bioavailable for poultry and pigs than reagent-grade or feed-grade zinc sulfate; however, the sulfate forms are highly water soluble and thus also hygroscopic under humid conditions.<ref name="Cao">Cao, J., P.R. Henry, C.B. Ammerman, R.D. Miles, and R.C. Littel. 2000. Relative bioavailability of basic zinc sulfate and basic zinc chloride for chicks. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 9:513-517</ref><ref name="Batal">Batal, A.B., T.M. Parr, and D.H. Baker. 2001. Zinc bioavailability in tetrabasic zinc chloride and the dietary zinc requirement of young chicks fed a soy concentrate diet. Poultry Sci. 80:87-91</ref> |
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Zinc is an essential trace element for all animals. It is found in all organs and tissues of the body, with bone, muscle, liver, kidney, and skin accounting for the majority of body zinc. Zinc is commonly added to diets for animals in a supplemental form, usually as inorganic feed-grade zinc oxide or zinc sulfate hydrate, or one of the organic zinc chelates and complexes. In several experiments, zinc oxide has been shown to be less bioavailable for poultry and pigs than reagent-grade or feed-grade zinc sulfate; however, the sulfate forms are highly water-soluble and thus also hygroscopic under humid conditions.<ref name="Cao">Cao, J., P. R. Henry, C. B. Ammerman, R. D. Miles, and R. C. Littel. 2000. "Relative bioavailability of basic zinc sulfate and basic zinc chloride for chicks". ''J. Appl. Poultry Res.'' 9:513-517</ref><ref name="Batal">Batal, A. B., T. M. Parr, and D. H. Baker. 2001. "Zinc bioavailability in tetrabasic zinc chloride and the dietary zinc requirement of young chicks fed a soy concentrate diet". ''Poultry Sci.'' 80:87-91</ref> |
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Tetrabasic zinc chloride (Simonkolleite), a zinc hydroxy mineral, is a new form of zinc nutrition supplement for animals. When TBZC is made by a crystallization process (Micronutrients TBZC), it excludes contaminating ions, providing a product with greater purity and fewer dust particles than occurs with precipitation. The result is a crystalline solid that is essentially insoluble in water, non-hygroscopic, un-reactive in most foods or feedstuffs, and yet highly bioavailable.<ref name="Cao"></ref><ref name="Batal"></ref><ref name="Edwards">Edwards, H.M., III., and D.H. Baker. 2000. Zinc bioavailability in soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1017-1021</ref><ref name="Mavromichalis">Mavromichalis, I., D.M. Webel, E.N. Parr, and D.H. Baker. 2001. Growth promoting efficacy of pharmacologic doses of tetrabasic zinc chloride in diets for nursery pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81:387-391</ref> |
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Tetrabasic zinc chloride (Simonkolleite), a zinc hydroxy mineral, is a new form of zinc nutrition supplement for animals. When TBZC is made by a crystallization process (Micronutrients TBZC), it excludes contaminating ions, providing a product with greater purity and fewer dust particles than occurs with precipitation. The result is a crystalline solid that is essentially insoluble in water, non-hygroscopic, un-reactive in most foods or feedstuffs, and yet highly bioavailable.<ref name="Cao"/><ref name="Batal"/><ref name="Edwards">Edwards, H. M., III., and D. H. Baker. 2000. "Zinc bioavailability in soybean meal". ''J. Anim. Sci.'' 78:1017–1021</ref><ref name="Mavromichalis">Mavromichalis, I., D. M. Webel, E. N. Parr, and D. H. Baker. 2001. "Growth promoting efficacy of pharmacologic doses of tetrabasic zinc chloride in diets for nursery pigs". ''Can. J. Anim. Sci.'' 81:387–391</ref> |
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Since TBZC is neutral and water insoluble, it has excellent palatability and very low interactions with other ingredients in a food mixture compared to zinc chloride, zinc sulfate or chelated forms of the metal. It also avoids the problems with caking.<ref name="Cao"></ref> |
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Since TBZC is neutral and water-insoluble, it has excellent palatability and very low interactions with other ingredients in a food mixture compared to zinc chloride, zinc sulfate or chelated forms of the metal. It also avoids the problems with caking.<ref name="Cao"/> |
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It has been shown that the relative zinc bioavailability for chicks in TBZC is two to three times higher than that in Waselz-processed ZnO.<ref name="Cao"></ref><ref name="Batal"></ref> |
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It has been shown that the relative zinc bioavailability for chicks in TBZC is two to three times higher than that in Waselz-processed ZnO.<ref name="Cao"/><ref name="Batal"/> |
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Research studies performed at universities and feed industry have all indicated that TBZC has a higher bioavailability relative to zinc sulfate, with values ranging from 102 to 111%.<ref name="Batal"></ref><ref name="Edwards"></ref> Four studies comparing TBZC to zinc oxide as a growth promoter all indicate improved weight gain and feed conversion at lower levels using TBZC.<ref name="Mavromichalis"></ref><ref name="Hahn">Hahn, J. D. and D. H. Baker. 1993. Growth and plasma zinc responses of young pigs fed pharmacologic levels of zinc. J. Anim. Sci. 71:3020-3024</ref><ref name="Hill">Hill, G.M., G.L. Cromwell, T.D. Crenshaw, C.R. Dove, R.C. Ewan, D.A. Knabe, A.J. Lewis, G.W. Libal, D.C. Mahan, G.C. Shurson, L.L. Southern, and T.L. Veuum. 2000. Growth promotion effects and plasma changes from feeding high dietary concentrations of zinc and copper to weanling pigs (regional study). J. Anim. Sci. 78:1010-1016</ref><ref name="Hortin">Hortin, A. E.; P. J. Bechtel and D. H. Baker. 1991. Efficacy of pork loin as a source of zinc, and effect of added cysteine on zinc bioavailability. J. Food Sci. 56:1505-1508. Mavromichalis, I., C.M. Peter, T.M. Parr, D. Ganessunker, and D.H. Baker. 2000. Growth promoting efficacy in young pigs of two sources of zinc oxide having either a high or a low bioavailability of zinc. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2896-2902</ref><ref name="Zhang7">Zhang, B.; Guo, Y. Beneficial effects of tetrabasic zinc chloride for weanling piglets and the bioavailability of zinc in tetrabasic form relative to ZnO. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2007, 135, 75–85</ref> Testing in vitro has shown better antimicrobial activity with TBZC than both zinc sulfate and zinc oxide.<ref name="Mavromichalis"></ref><ref name="Zhang7"></ref><ref name="Zhang9">Zhang, B.; Guo, Y. Influence of tetrabasic zinc chloride and copper sulphate on growth performance and some physiological parameters in the digestive tract of weanling piglets. J. Animal and Feed Sciences, 2009, 18, 465–477</ref> Investigation on growth performance and some physiological parameters in the digestive tract of weanling piglets has shown that TBZC stimulated the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic chymotrypsin and may promote intestinal health.<ref name="Zhang9"></ref> |
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Research studies performed at universities and feed industry have all indicated that TBZC has a higher bioavailability relative to zinc sulfate, with values ranging from 102 to 111%.<ref name="Batal"/><ref name="Edwards"/> Four studies comparing TBZC to zinc oxide as a growth promoter all indicate improved weight gain and feed conversion at lower levels using TBZC.<ref name="Mavromichalis"/><ref name="Hahn">Hahn, J. D. and D. H. Baker. 1993. "Growth and plasma zinc responses of young pigs fed pharmacologic levels of zinc." ''J. Anim. Sci.'' 71:3020–3024</ref><ref name="Hill">Hill, G. M., G. L. Cromwell, T. D. Crenshaw, C. R. Dove, R. C. Ewan, D. A. Knabe, A. J. Lewis, G. W. Libal, D. C. Mahan, G. C. Shurson, L. L. Southern, and T. L. Veuum. 2000. "Growth promotion effects and plasma changes from feeding high dietary concentrations of zinc and copper to weanling pigs (regional study)". ''J. Anim. Sci.'' 78:1010–1016</ref><ref name="Hortin">Hortin, A. E.; P. J. Bechtel and D. H. Baker. 1991. "Efficacy of pork loin as a source of zinc, and effect of added cysteine on zinc bioavailability." ''J. Food Sci.'' 56:1505–1508. Mavromichalis, I., C. M. Peter, T. M. Parr, D. Ganessunker, and D. H. Baker. 2000. "Growth promoting efficacy in young pigs of two sources of zinc oxide having either a high or a low bioavailability of zinc". ''J. Anim. Sci.'' 78:2896–2902</ref><ref name="Zhang7">Zhang, B.; Guo, Y. "Beneficial effects of tetrabasic zinc chloride for weanling piglets and the bioavailability of zinc in tetrabasic form relative to ZnO". ''Animal Feed Science and Technology''. 2007, 135, 75–85</ref> Testing in vitro has shown better antimicrobial activity with TBZC than both zinc sulfate and zinc oxide.<ref name="Mavromichalis"/><ref name="Zhang7"/><ref name="Zhang9">Zhang, B.; Guo, Y. "Influence of tetrabasic zinc chloride and copper sulphate on growth performance and some physiological parameters in the digestive tract of weanling piglets". ''J. Animal and Feed Sciences'', 2009, 18, 465–477</ref> Investigation on growth performance and some physiological parameters in the digestive tract of weanling piglets has shown that TBZC stimulated the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic chymotrypsin and may promote intestinal health.<ref name="Zhang9"/> |
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===As a stabilizing agent in nutritional and fungicidal compositions=== |
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===As a stabilizing agent in nutritional and fungicidal compositions=== |
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Basic zinc chloride has been used as a stabilizing agent in nutritional and fungicidal compositions for application to the foliage of growing plants.<ref name="GB">GB753251, 1956</ref> |
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Basic zinc chloride has been used as a stabilizing agent in nutritional and fungicidal compositions for application to the foliage of growing plants.<ref name="GB">GB753251, 1956</ref> |
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===As a Zn supplementation to metalloprotease therapy=== |
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===As a Zn supplementation to metalloprotease therapy=== |
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Tetrabasic zinc chloride has been used as a Zn supplementation for increasing responsiveness to therapeutic metalloproteases, including increasing and/or maximizing responsiveness and preventing botulinum and tetanus toxin resistance due to a functional deficiency of zinc.<ref name="Soparkar">Soparkar, C. WO2011005577A1</ref> |
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Tetrabasic zinc chloride has been used as a Zn supplementation for increasing responsiveness to therapeutic metalloproteases, including increasing and/or maximizing responsiveness and preventing botulinum and tetanus toxin resistance due to a functional deficiency of zinc.<ref name="Soparkar">Soparkar, C. WO2011005577A1</ref> |
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===In oral compositions=== |
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===In oral compositions=== |
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Basic zinc chloride has been used as a therapeutically active agent in oral compositions for the care of teeth.<ref name="Gibbs">Gibbs, C. D.; Lyle, I. G.; Smith, R. G. GB2243775A, 1911</ref> |
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Basic zinc chloride has been used as a therapeutically active agent in oral compositions for the care of teeth.<ref name="Gibbs">Gibbs, C. D.; Lyle, I. G.; Smith, R. G. GB2243775A, 1991</ref> |
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===In coating compositions=== |
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===In coating compositions=== |
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Basic zinc chloride, in combination with water-soluble alkali metal silicate, is used to coat substrates normally infested by algae, such as concrete roofing tiles and other silicate-containing building materials, to prevent or minimize algal infestation that imparts a dark, unsightly appearance.<ref name="Lodge">Lodge, J. R. US3998644, 1976</ref> |
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Basic zinc chloride, in combination with water-soluble ] ], is used to coat substrates normally infested by ], such as ] ] and other silicate-containing building materials, to prevent or minimize algal ] that imparts a dark, unsightly appearance.<ref name="Lodge">Lodge, J. R. US3998644, 1976</ref> |
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A Zn-based plating layer formed by basic zinc chloride and Mg has been shown to display excellent corrosion resistance.<ref name="Ferkous">(a) Ferkous, H.; et al. Investigation of the Ability of the Corrosion Protection of Zn-Mg Coatings. The Open Corrosion Journal, 2009, 2, 26-31. (b) Hiroshi, S.; et al. JP1312081A, 1989; JP3107469A, 1991</ref> |
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A ]-based plating layer formed by basic zinc chloride and ] has been shown to display excellent ].<ref name="Ferkous">(a) Ferkous, H.; et al. "Investigation of the Ability of the Corrosion Protection of Zn-Mg Coatings". ''The Open Corrosion Journal'', 2009, 2, 26–31. (b) Hiroshi, S.; et al. JP1312081A, 1989; JP3107469A, 1991</ref> |
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===In color development materials=== |
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===In color development materials=== |
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Basic zinc chloride is one of the three components to prepare color development materials used for pressure sensitive copying papers and thermo sensitive recording papers.<ref name="Osamu">Osamu, F.; et al. JP55069494A</ref> |
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Basic zinc chloride is one of the three components to prepare color development materials used for ] and ].<ref name="Osamu">Osamu, F.; et al. JP55069494A</ref>{{cln|reason=What on this Earth is "color development materials"??? Clear this jargon so an average mortal human being can understand!|date=April 2023}} |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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