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Revision as of 14:01, 5 December 2011 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,055 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 463832741 of page Potassium_sodium_tartrate for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: '').		Latest revision as of 23:56, 16 December 2024 edit Arthurfragoso (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Template editors4,591 edits Fixes image on dark mode
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			{{Chembox
	{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
			| Watchedfields = changed
	{{chembox
			| Reference = <ref>{{citation | editor=David R. Lide | title=] | edition=90th | year=2010 | publisher=CRC Press |pages=4–83}}</ref><ref name="ullmann">{{citation | author=Jean-Maurice Kassaian | contribution=Tartaric Acid | title=] | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | pages=1–8 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a26_163| isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref>
	| verifiedrevid = 419242929		| verifiedrevid = 464212547
⚫	| Name = '''Potassium sodium tartrate'''
	| ImageFile = K-Na-L-(+)-tartrate.png		| Name = Sodium potassium L(+)-tartrate tetrahydrate
	| ImageName = Skeletal formula of potassium sodium tartrate		| ImageFile = K-Na-L-(+)-tartrate.png
			| ImageName = Skeletal formula of potassium sodium tartrate
			| ImageClass = skin-invert
	| ImageFile1 = Potassium-sodium-tartrate-tetrahydrate-xtal-3D-SF.png		| ImageFile1 = Potassium-sodium-tartrate-tetrahydrate-xtal-3D-SF.png
	| ImageName = Space-filling model of part of the crystal structure of potassium sodium tartrate
	| IUPACName = Potassium sodium tartrate		| ImageName1 = Space-filling model of part of the crystal structure of potassium sodium tartrate
			| ImageName2 = Crystals of potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate
	| OtherNames = E337
			| ImageFile2 = Potassium Sodium Tartrate Tetrahydrate.jpg
⚫	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
			| ImageSize2 = 80px
⚫	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
		⚫	| ImageCaption2 = Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate
			| IUPACName = Sodium potassium L(+)-tartrate tetrahydrate
			| OtherNames = E337; Seignette's salt; Rochelle salt
		⚫	|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
		⚫	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 8031536		| ChemSpiderID = 8031536
	| PubChem = 9855836		| PubChem = 9855836
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}		| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	| UNII = QH257BPV3J		| UNII = P49F8NV7ES
			| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
			| UNII1 = QH257BPV3J
			| UNII1_Comment = (tetrahydrate)
	| InChI = 1/C4H6O6.K.Na/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10;;/h1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);;/q;2*+1/p-2		| InChI = 1/C4H6O6.K.Na/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10;;/h1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);;/q;2*+1/p-2
	| InChIKey = LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-NUQVWONBAG		| InChIKey = LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-NUQVWONBAG
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	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| CASNo = 304-59-6		| CASNo = 304-59-6
			| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
⚫	| EINECS = 206-156-8
			| CASNo1 = 6381-59-5
⚫	| SMILES = ..O=C()C(O)C(O)C()=O
			| CASNo1_Comment = (tetrahydrate)
		⚫	| EINECS = 206-156-8
		⚫	| SMILES = ..O=C()C(O)C(O)C()=O
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Formula = KNaC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O		| Formula = KNaC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O
	| MolarMass = 282.1 g/mol		| MolarMass = 282.22 g/mol (tetrahydrate)
	| Solubility = 63 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br/> <ref name="ndctz.com">http://www.chemblink.com/products/6381-59-5.htm</ref>		| Solubility = 26 g / 100 mL (0 °C); 66 g / 100 mL (26 °C)
			| SolubleOther = insoluble
	| MeltingPt = 75 °C
	| BoilingPt = 220 °C		| Solvent = ethanol
			| MeltingPtC = 75
⚫	}}
			| MeltingPt_notes =
			| BoilingPtC = 220
			| BoilingPt_notes = anhydrous at 130 °C; decomposes at 220 °C
			| Appearance = large colorless monoclinic needles
			| Odor = odorless
			| Density = 1.79 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
	}}		}}
			| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
			| CrystalStruct = orthorhombic
		⚫	}}
			| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
			| OtherCompounds = ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]
			}}
			}}
			'''Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate''', also known as '''Rochelle salt''', is a ] of ] first prepared (in about 1675) by an ], ], of ], ]. Potassium sodium ] and ] were the first materials discovered to exhibit ].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ferroelectricity: The Foundation of a Field from Form to Function |first=R.E. |last=Newnham |author2=Cross, L. Eric |journal=MRS Bulletin |volume=30 |date=November 2005 |issue=11 |pages=845–846 |doi=10.1557/mrs2005.272|s2cid=137948237 }}</ref> This property led to its extensive use in crystal ]s, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War II consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th century. Such ]s had an exceptionally high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more. Rochelle salt is ] so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions.
			It has been used medicinally as a ]. It has also been used in the process of ] mirrors. It is an ingredient of ] (reagent for reducing sugars). It is used in ], in ] and ], and as a ] in ] (similar to an ] in ]).<ref name="ullmann" />
			In organic synthesis, it is used in aqueous workups to break up ]s, particularly for reactions in which an aluminium-based ] ] was used.<ref>Fieser, L. F.; Fieser, M., ''Reagents for Organic Synthesis''; Vol.1; Wiley: New York; 1967, p. 983</ref> Sodium potassium tartrate is also important in the food industry. <ref>{{cite web| url = http://tartaric.com/rochelle-salt/| title = Rochelle Salt applications}}</ref>
			It is a common precipitant in ] and is also an ingredient in the ] which is used to measure ] concentration. This ingredient maintains ] ions in solution at an alkaline pH.
			==Preparation==
			]]]
			The starting material is ] with a minimum 68% ] content. This is first dissolved in water or in the ] of a previous batch. It is then basified with hot saturated ] solution to pH 8, decolorized with ], and chemically purified before being filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to 42 ] at 100 °C, and passed to granulators in which Seignette's salt crystallizes on slow cooling. The salt is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation, accompanied by washing of the granules, and is dried in a rotary furnace and sieved before packaging. Commercially marketed grain sizes range from 2000 μm to < 250 μm (powder).<ref name="ullmann" />
			Larger crystals of Rochelle salt have been grown under conditions of reduced gravity and convection on board ].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://history.nasa.gov/SP-401/ch16.htm| title = SP-401 Skylab, Classroom in Space| date = January 1977| accessdate = 2009-06-06| publisher = NASA| last1 = Summerlin| first1 = L. B.}}</ref>
			Rochelle salt crystals will begin to dehydrate when the relative humidity drops to about 30% and will begin to dissolve at relative humidities above 84%.<ref>Electronic Engineering, March, 1951.</ref>
			==Piezoelectricity==
			In 1824, Sir ] demonstrated ] effects using Rochelle salts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://groups.ist.utl.pt/rschwarz/rschwarzgroup_files/Ferroelectrics_files/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Ferroelectricity.pdf|title=A Short History of Ferroelectricity |publisher=groups.ist.utl.pt |date=2009-12-04 |accessdate=2016-05-04}}</ref> which led to him naming the effect ].<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dkQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA208| pages = 208–215 | first = David | last = Brewster | title = Observations of the pyro-electricity of minerals |journal = The Edinburgh Journal of Science | volume = 1 | year = 1824 }}</ref>
			In 1919, Alexander McLean Nicolson worked with Rochelle salt, developing audio-related inventions like microphones and speakers at Bell Labs.<ref>url = https://sites.google.com/view/rochellesalt/home</ref>
			==References==
			{{reflist}}
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