Browse history interactively

Page 1

Page 1Revision 1

Page 2

Page 2Revision 2

← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext

Revision as of 02:20, 15 September 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'ChemSpiderID_Ref', 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'KEGG_Ref', 'StdInChI_Ref', 'StdInChIKey_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref') per [[WP:CHEMVALID|Chem/Drugbox validation← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 03:13, 30 December 2024 edit undoWikipedialuva (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers39,671 editsm →Medical: rewording and adding source about absorption | Cleaned up using AutoEd
(191 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{short description|Water-soluble polymer}}
	{{chembox
			{{Chembox
	| verifiedrevid = 434609276
			| Verifiedfields = changed
	| ImageFile = Polyvinylpyrrolidon.svg
			| Watchedfields = changed
	| ImageSize = 150px
			| verifiedrevid = 450575128
	| IUPACName = Polyvinylpyrrolidone
			| ImageFile = Polyvinylpyrrolidon.svg
	| OtherNames =
			| ImageSize = 150pxc
	PVP, Povidone, Polyvidone
			| ImageFile1 = Sample of polyvinyl pyrrolidone.jpg
	Poly
			| ImageSize1 = 150px
	1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidon homopolymer
			| IUPACName = 1-Ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one
	1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinon-Polymere
			| OtherNames = PVP, PNVP, povidone, polyvidone, kollidon<br />Poly<br />1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidon homopolymer<br />1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinon-polymere<br />Poly-''N''-vinylpyrrolidine
	Copovidone
			| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
	PNVP
			| Abbreviations = PVP, NVP, PNVP
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| CASNo = 9003-39-8		| CASNo = 9003-39-8
			| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
			| UNII = 2S7830E561
			| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
			| ChemSpiderID = none
	| PubChem =		| PubChem =
			| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
	| SMILES = C=CN1CCCC1=O }}
			| ChEMBL = 1909074
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
			| SMILES = N1(C(CCC1)=O)(C*)*
			}}
			| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
	| Formula = (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NO)<sub>n</sub>		| Formula = (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NO)<sub>n</sub>
	| MolarMass = 2.500 - 2.5000.000 g·mol<sup>−1</sup>		| MolarMass = 2,500–2,500,000 g·mol<sup>−1</sup>
	| Appearance = white to light yellow, hygroscopic, amorphous powder		| Appearance = white to light yellow, hygroscopic, amorphous powder
	| Density = 1.2 g/cm³		| Density = 1.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
	| MeltingPt = 150 - 180 °C (glass temperature)		| MeltingPtC = 150 to 180
			| MeltingPt_notes = (glass temperature)
	| BoilingPt =		| BoilingPt =
	| Solubility = }}		| Solubility =
			}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards		| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
	| FlashPt =		| FlashPt =
	| Autoignition = }}		| AutoignitionPt =
			}}
	}}		}}
	'''Polyvinylpyrrolidone''' ('''PVP'''), also commonly called Polyvidone or Povidone, is a water-soluble ] made from the ] ]:<ref>{{cite journal |author=F. Haaf, A. Sanner and F. Straub |title=Polymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone: Synthesis, Characterization and Uses |journal=Polymer Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=143–152 |year=1985 |pmid= |doi=10.1295/polymj.17.143}}</ref>		'''Polyvinylpyrrolidone''' ('''PVP'''), also commonly called '''polyvidone''' or '''povidone''', is a water-soluble ] compound made from the ] ].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1295/polymj.17.143| title = Polymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone: Synthesis, Characterization and Uses| journal = Polymer Journal| volume = 17| pages = 143–152| year = 1985| last1 = Haaf | first1 = F. | last2 = Sanner | first2 = A. | last3 = Straub | first3 = F. | doi-access = free}}</ref> PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Povidones, Copovidones, and Crospovidones for Pharmaceutical Products |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/povidones-copovidones-crospovidones |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=BASF Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref>
			==Uses==
	:]{{clear-left}}
	== Properties ==		===Medical===
			]
			There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Povidones, Copovidones, and Crospovidones for Pharmaceutical Products |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/povidones-copovidones-crospovidones |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=BASF Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref>
	PVP is soluble in ] and other polar ]s. When dry it is a light flaky powder, which readily absorbs up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
			PVP is a frequently used ] in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bühler |first=Volker |year=2005 |title=Polyvinylpyrrolidone Excipients for Pharmaceuticals: Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone |url=https://archive.org/details/polyvinylpyrroli00buhl |url-access=limited |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg, New York |isbn=978-3540234128| pages=–254|doi=10.1007/b138598}}</ref> Pharmacokinetic studies in humans and various laboratory animal models indicate no to very little systemic absorption of PVP following oral administration.<ref name="pmid32905026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurakula M, Rao GS |title=Pharmaceutical assessment of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): As excipient from conventional to controlled delivery systems with a spotlight on COVID-19 inhibition |journal=Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology |volume=60 |issue= |pages=102046 |date=December 2020 |pmid=32905026 |pmc=7462970 |doi=10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102046}}</ref>
	== History ==
			PVP added to ] forms a complex called ] that possesses ] properties.<ref>. ispcorp.com. 2004.</ref> This complex is used in various products such as solutions, ], ], liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. It is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.
	PVP was first synthesized by Prof. ] and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the most interesting derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Frank |last1=Fischer |first2=Stephan |last2=Bauer |title=Polyvinylpyrrolidon. Ein Tausendsassa in der Chemie |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=376–383 |year=2009 |pmid= |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200900492}}</ref>
			It is used in ] (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-iodine is as effective and safe as ], and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Saha SK, Das A, Halder AK, Banerjee SN, Chakraborty M |title=A study of comparison of efficacy and safety of talc and povidone iodine for pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions |journal=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=589–90, 592 |date= 2008 |pmid=19552086}}</ref>
	== Uses ==
			PVP is used in some ]es and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or ], built into the lens. Examples of this use include ]'s Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology<ref>{{cite web |url=https://clspectrum.com/issues/2014/may/contact-lens-design-and-materials |title=Contact Lens Design & Materials: New Lens Technology Targets Improved Vision and Comfort |website=Contact Lens SPECTRUM |date=May 1, 2014 |access-date=Sep 27, 2017}}</ref>, Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845")<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clspectrum.com/issues/2009/october/contact-lens-materials |title=Contact Lens Materials: The Evolution of Contact Lens Wetting Agents |website=Contact Lens SPECTRUM|date=October 1, 2009 |access-date=Sep 27, 2017}}</ref>, and ]'s ] contact lenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/deciphering-contact-lens-terminology |title=Deciphering Contact Lens Terminology |website=Review of Optometry |date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=Nov 7, 2024}}</ref>
	The ] is extremely toxic to aquatic life.
			PVP is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bausch.com/our-products/dry-eye-products/dry-eye-products/soothe-hydration-lubricant-eye-drops |title=Soothe Hydration Lubricant Eye Drops |publisher=Bausch & Lomb |access-date=Sep 27, 2017}}</ref>
	=== Medical ===
	The ] PVP was used as a ] expander for trauma victims after the first half of the 20th century.		PVP was used as a ] ] for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
			Autopsies have found that ] contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 12692192| year = 2003| last1 = Ganesan| first1 = S| title = Embolized crospovidone (polyN-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in the lungs of intravenous drug users| journal = Modern Pathology| volume = 16| issue = 4| pages = 286–92| last2 = Felo| first2 = J| last3 = Saldana| first3 = M| last4 = Kalasinsky| first4 = V. F.| last5 = Lewin-Smith| first5 = M. R.| last6 = Tomashefski Jr| first6 = J. F.| doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000062653.65441.DA| doi-access = free}}</ref> The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.
	It is used as a ] in many pharmaceutical tablets;<ref>{{cite book |last=Bühler |first=Volker |year=2005 |title=Excipients for Pharmaceuticals - Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg, New York |isbn=978-3-540-23412 | pages=1–254}}</ref> it simply passes through the body when taken orally. However, autopsies have found that crospovidone does contribute to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.<ref>Santhi Ganesan M.D Embolized Crospovidone (poly) in the Lungs of Intravenous Drug Users Mod Pathol 2003;16(4):286–292 </ref> The long-term effects of crospovidone within the lung are unknown. PVP added to ] forms a complex called ] that possesses ] properties.<ref> Accessed January 25, 2007
	</ref> This complex is used in various products like solutions, ], ], liquid soaps and surgical scrubs. It is known for instance under the trade name ].
			===Technical===
	It is used in ] (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone iodine is equally effective and safe as ], and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Das SK, Saha SK, Das A, Halder AK, Banerjee SN, Chakraborty M |title=A study of comparison of efficacy and safety of talc and povidone iodine for pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions |journal=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=589–90, 592 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=19552086}}</ref>
			PVP is also used in many technical applications:
			*as a special additive for ], ]s, ], ]s, and ], and in the ] process
			*as an ] and disintegrant for ]
			*to increase resolution in ]s for ]s (CRT)<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/app.23950| title = Development of high-definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes| journal = Journal of Applied Polymer Science| volume = 102| issue = 2| pages = 1637–1644| year = 2006| last1 = Swei | first1 = J. | last2 = Talbot | first2 = J. B. }}</ref>
			*in aqueous ] ]
			*for production of ]s, such as ] and ] filters
			*as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as ] protection, ] and ]
			*as a thickening agent in ]<ref>Chen, Tianming "Dental bleach", {{US Patent|6730316}}, Priority date January 27, 2001</ref>
			*as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (], soft gelatine ]s) and as an inhibitor of ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Povidones, Copovidones, Crospovidones |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/povidones-copovidones-crospovidones |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=pharmaceutical.basf.com |language=en}}</ref>
			*as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer {{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}
			*as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY ]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ol9001398| pmid = 19231850| title = General Chromatographic NMR Method in Liquid State for Synthetic Chemistry: Polyvinylpyrrolidone Assisted DOSY Experiments| journal = Organic Letters| volume = 11| issue = 6| pages = 1349–52| year = 2009| last1 = Kavakka | first1 = J. S. | last2 = KilpeläInen | first2 = I. | last3 = Heikkinen | first3 = S. }}</ref>
			*as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in nanoparticle synthesis|last1=Koczkur|first1=Kallum M.|last2=Mourdikoudis|first2=Stefanos|journal=Dalton Transactions|volume=44|issue=41|pages=17883–17905|language=en|doi=10.1039/C5DT02964C|pmid=26434727|last3=Polavarapu|first3=Lakshminarayana|last4=Skrabalak|first4=Sara E.|year=2015|s2cid=9323765 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01217114/file/Koczkur_2015_Polyvinylpyrrolidone.pdf}}</ref>
			*as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Bo|last2=Zhang|first2=Yanan|last3=Fu|first3=Lin|title=Surface passivation engineering strategy to fully-inorganic cubic CsPbI 3 perovskites for high-performance solar cells|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03169-0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030074118/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03169-0.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-30 |url-status=live|journal=Nature|year=2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03169-0 |pmid=29540764 |pmc=5852044 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1076L }}</ref>
	=== Technical ===		===Other uses===
			PVP binds to ]s exceptionally well, owing to its ]. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for ]s.
			PVP is also used in personal care products, such as ]s and ]s, in ]s, and ]s that must be moistened, such as old-style ]s and ]s. It has also been used in ] solutions and in ]-quenching solutions.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fischer, Frank |author2=Bauer, Stephan |name-list-style=amp |title=Ein Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP): ein vielseitiges Spezialpolymer – Verwendung in der Keramik und als Metallabschreckmedium |volume=61 |issue=6|pages=382–385 |year=2009 |journal=Keramische Zeitschrift }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Alexander |last1=Göthlich |first2=Sebastian |last2=Koltzenburg |first3=Gunnar |last3=Schornick |title=Funktionale Polymere im Alltag: Vielseitig |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=262–273 |year=2005 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200400346}}</ref> PVP is the basis of the early formulas for ]s and ]s, and still continues to be a component of some.
	PVP is also used in many technical applications:
	* as an adhesive in ] and ]s
	* as a special additive for ], ]s, ], ]s, ] and in the ] process
	* as an ] and disintegrant for ]
	* as a ] for ] (CRT)
	* used in aqueous ] ]
	* for production of ], such as ] and ] filters
	* as a binder and complexation agent in agro applications such as ] protection, ] treatment and ]
	* as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels<ref>United States Patent 6730316</ref>
	* as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (], soft gelatine ]) and as an inhibitor of ]
	* as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer
	* as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY ] <ref>http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol9001398</ref>
			As a ], PVP is a ] and has ] '''E1201'''. ] (crospovidone) is '''E1202'''. It is also used in the wine industry as a ] for ] and some ]s.
	=== Other uses ===
			In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.
	PVP binds to ]s exceptionally well, owing to its ]. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for ]s.
			In ], PVP can be used as a blocking agent during ] analysis as a component of ]. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. ] are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
	PVP is also used in personal care products, such as ]s and ]s, in ]s, and ]s that must be moistened, such as old-style ]s and ]s. It has also been used in ] solutions and in ]-quenching solutions.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Dr. Stephan Bauer, Dr. Frank Fischer|title=Ein Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP): ein vielseitiges Spezialpolymer – Verwendung in der Keramik und als Metallabschreckmedium |volume=61 |issue=6|pages=382–385 |year=2009 |pmid= |doi= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Alexander |last1=Göthlich |first2=Sebastian |last2=Koltzenburg |first3=Gunnar |last3=Schornick |title=Funktionale Polymere im Alltag: Vielseitig |journal=Chemie in Unserer Zeit |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=262–273 |year=2005 |pmid= |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200400346}}</ref> PVP is the basis of the early formulas for ]s and ]s, and still continues to be a component of some.
			In ], PVP is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.<ref>Lillie RD & Fullmer HM (1976) ''Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry'', 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 411. {{ISBN|0-07-037862-2}}.</ref>
	As a ], PVP is a ] and has ] '''E1201'''. PVPP is '''E1202'''. It is also used in the wine industry as a ] for ]. Other references state that polyvinyl pyrrolidone and its derivatives are fully from mineral synthetic<ref>http://www.ispcorp.com/products/pharma/content/brochure/plasdonePovidone/PlasdonePovidone.pdf</ref> origin. Therefore, its use in the production should not be a problem for vegans.
			PVP can be used to screen for ]ic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf9904517|pmid=10725162|title=Insulin-like Biological Activity of Culinary and Medicinal Plant Aqueous Extracts in Vitro|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=48|issue=3|pages=849–52|date=March 2, 2000|last1=Broadhurst|first1=C. Leigh|last2=Polansky|first2=Marilyn M|last3=Anderson|first3=Richard A}}</ref>
	In ], PVP can be used as a blocking agent during ] analysis as a component of ]. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
			==Safety==
	In ], PVP is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.<ref>Lillie RD & Fullmer HM (1976) Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p.411. ISBN 0070378622.</ref>
			The U.S. ] (FDA) has approved this chemical for many uses,<ref>. FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Division of Labeling and Program Support. Database Update Frequency: Quarterly. Data Through: January 6, 2010. Database Last Updated: January 13, 2010 – search on povidone for list of approved items</ref> and it is ] (]). PVP is included in the Inactive Ingredient Database for use in oral, topical, and injectable formulations.
			However, there have been documented cases of ] reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regarding ] (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologous ] (internal blood fluids) and ]s.
	== Safety ==
			Examples of documented ] reactions:
	The U.S. ] (FDA) has approved this chemical for many uses,<ref>Inactive Ingredients in FDA Approved Drugs. FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Division of Labeling and Program Support. Database Update Frequency: Quarterly. Data Through: January 6, 2010. Database Last Updated: January 13, 2010. Available at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm Accessed April 7, 2010 - search on povidone for list of approved items</ref> and it is generally considered safe. However, there have been documented cases of ] reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regarding ] (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologous ] (internal blood fluids) and ]s. For example, a boy having an ] response after application of ] for treatment of ] was found to be ] to the PVP component of the solution.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yoshida K, Sakurai Y, Kawahara S, ''et al.'' |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in povidone-iodine for impetigo contagiosum in a boy with atopic dermatitis |journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=169–73 |year=2008 |pmid=18204285 |doi=10.1159/000113522}}</ref> A woman, who had previously experienced ] (]) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP, had an ] response after ] solution was applied internally. She was found to be ] to PVP.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adachi A, Fukunaga A, Hayashi K, Kunisada M, Horikawa T |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone after vaginal application of povidone-iodine |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=133–6 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12755725 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00050.x}}</ref> In another case, a man experiencing ] after taking ] ]s orally was found to be ] to PVP.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rönnau AC, Wulferink M, Gleichmann E, ''et al.'' |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in an analgesic preparation |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=1055–8 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11069520 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03843.x}}</ref>
			* A boy had an ] response after application of ] for treatment of ]. He was found to be ] to the PVP component of the solution.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshida K, Sakurai Y, Kawahara S, etal |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in povidone-iodine for impetigo contagiosum in a boy with atopic dermatitis |journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=169–73 |year=2008 |pmid=18204285 |doi=10.1159/000113522|s2cid=25078233 }}</ref>
			* A woman had experienced ] (]) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP. The woman had an ] response after ] solution was applied internally during a surgery. She was found to be ] to PVP.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Adachi A, Fukunaga A, Hayashi K, Kunisada M, Horikawa T |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone after vaginal application of povidone-iodine |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=133–6 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12755725 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00050.x|s2cid=22975127 }}</ref>
			* A man experiencing ] after taking ] ] orally was found to be ] to PVP.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rönnau AC, Wulferink M, Gleichmann E, etal |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in an analgesic preparation |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=1055–8 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11069520 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03843.x|s2cid=10543466 }}</ref>
	Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other ]. Some of these, such as ], are blamed for ] responses, although testing results in some patients show no signs of ] to the suspect ]. ] attributed to these other ] may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.<ref>Katelaris, Constance (2009). "'Iodine Allergy' label is misleading". ''Australian Prescriber'', Vol. 32, 125-128. Available at http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/32/5/125/8/ Accessed April 7, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=van Ketel WG, van den Berg WH |title=Sensitization to povidone-iodine |journal=Dermatologic Clinics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=107–9 |year=1990 |month=January |pmid=2302848}}</ref>		Additionally, Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other ]s. Some of these, such as ], are blamed for ] responses. Yet subsequent testing results in some patients show no signs of ] to the suspect ]. ] attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Katelaris | first1 = Constance | year = 2009 | title = 'Iodine Allergy' label is misleading | journal = Australian Prescriber | volume = 32 | issue = 5| pages = 125–128 | doi = 10.18773/austprescr.2009.061 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=van Ketel WG, van den Berg WH |title=Sensitization to povidone-iodine |journal=Dermatologic Clinics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=107–9 |date=January 1990 |pmid=2302848|doi=10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30531-X }}</ref>
			==Properties==
	== Cross-linked derivatives ==
			PVP is soluble in ] and other polar ]s. For example, it is soluble in various alcohols, such as ] and ],<ref name="Wohlfarth-2010">{{cite book|last=Wohlfarth|first=C|title=Landolt-Börnstein, New Series, Group VIII, Volume 6D|volume=6D2|pages=1266–1267|publisher=Springer Verlag|chapter=Thermodynamic Properties of Polymer Solutions.|year=2010|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_752|bibcode=2010LanB..6D2.1266W|series=Landolt-Börnstein - Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies|isbn=978-3-642-02889-2}}</ref> as well as in more exotic solvents like the ] formed by ] and ] (Relin).<ref name="Sapir-2016">{{cite journal|last=Sapir|first=L.|author2=Stanley, CB.|author3=Harries, D.|title=Properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in a Deep Eutectic Solvent|journal=J. Phys. Chem. A|year=2016|volume=120|issue=19|pages=3253–3259|doi=10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11927|pmid=26963367|bibcode=2016JPCA..120.3253S|osti=1424493}}</ref> When dry it is a light flaky ] powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
			A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of PVP and its oxidized hydrolyzate.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/marc.201400516|pmid=25420749|title=Strong Fluorescence of Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) and Its Oxidized Hydrolyzate|journal=Macromolecular Rapid Communications|volume=36|issue=3|pages=278–85|year=2015|last1=Song|first1=Guoshan|last2=Lin|first2=Yannan|last3=Zhu|first3=Zhongcheng|last4=Zheng|first4=Heying|last5=Qiao|first5=Jinping|last6=He|first6=Changcheng|last7=Wang|first7=Huiliang}}</ref>
	{{main article|Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone}}
	== See also ==		==History==
			PVP was first synthesized by ] chemist ], and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Frank |last1=Fischer |first2=Stephan |last2=Bauer |title=Polyvinylpyrrolidon. Ein Tausendsassa in der Chemie |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=376–383 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200900492}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in nanoparticle synthesis|journal = Dalton Transactions|volume = 44|issue = 41|pages = 17883–17905|doi = 10.1039/C5DT02964C|pmid = 26434727|language = en|first1 = Kallum M.|last1 = Koczkur|first2 = Stefanos|last2 = Mourdikoudis|first3 = Lakshminarayana|last3 = Polavarapu|first4 = Sara E.|last4 = Skrabalak|year = 2015| s2cid=9323765 |url = https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01217114/file/Koczkur_2015_Polyvinylpyrrolidone.pdf}}</ref> BASF continues to make PVP, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Povidones, Copovidones, and Crospovidones for Pharmaceutical Products |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/povidones-copovidones-crospovidones |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=BASF Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref>
			==Cross-linked derivatives==
	]
			{{main|Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone}}
	== Notes ==		==See also==
			*]
			*]
			==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	== External links ==
	* Accessed August 1, 2008
	* Accessed November 26, 2007
	* Accessed January 25, 2007
	]		]
Line 109:		Line 126:
	]		]
	]		]
			]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]