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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by ChrisGualtieri (talk | contribs) at 18:54, 11 September 2013 (→Reception: Removal per WP:BLP specifically WP:GRAPEVINE. Do not reinsert while it is under discussion at BLPN. BLP issues raised including source reliability and relevancy.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Revision as of 18:54, 11 September 2013 by ChrisGualtieri (talk | contribs) (→Reception: Removal per WP:BLP specifically WP:GRAPEVINE. Do not reinsert while it is under discussion at BLPN. BLP issues raised including source reliability and relevancy.)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) This article is about the television series. For other media, see Neon Genesis Evangelion (franchise).
Neon Genesis Evangelion
The Neon Genesis Evangelion logo.
新世紀エヴァンゲリオン
(Shin Seiki Evangerion)
GenreApocalyptic/post-apocalyptic, Drama, Science fantasy, Psychological
Anime television series
Directed byHideaki Anno
Written byHideaki Anno
Music byShiro Sagisu
StudioGainax, Tatsunoko Production
Licensed by
Original networkTV Tokyo, Animax
English network
Original run October 4, 1995 – March 27, 1996
Episodes26 (List of episodes)
Movies

Neon Genesis Evangelion (新世紀エヴァンゲリオン, Shin Seiki Evangerion, literally "Gospel of a New Century"), commonly referred to as Evangelion or Eva, is a Japanese science-fantasy animation series that first aired from October 1995 to March 1996. It was created by the anime studio Gainax and was both directed and written by Hideaki Anno. The series was received well by many critics and won several awards. It has had record numbers of sales in Japan, and its franchise has made over 150 billion yen.

Evangelion is an apocalyptic anime in the mecha genre. It focuses on a teenage boy recruited by an organization named NERV to control a giant bio-machine called an "Eva" to fight monstrous beings known as Angels. The show takes place largely in a futuristic Tokyo years after a worldwide catastrophe. It also centers around other Evangelion pilots and members of NERV as they try to prevent another catastrophe.

Depth and richness have been often credited to Evangelion. Throughout the series, many Christian religious symbols and terms are used, such as the Christian cross. Later episodes analyze the mecha genre and shift focus to psychoanalysis of the main characters.

Plot

See also: List of Neon Genesis Evangelion episodes

In 2000, the "Second Impact", a global cataclysm, destroys most of Antarctica and leads to the deaths of half of all humanity. The Impact, thought by the public to have been a high-speed meteorite impact, causes devastating tsunamis, changes in the Earth's axial tilt (leading to global climate change), and later geopolitical unrest (including general economic distress and nuclear war). Over the next ten years, the research organization GEHIRN and its benefactor, the mysterious SEELE organization, achieve a number of impressive scientific and engineering goals, including the creation of giant humanoids known as Evangelions and the construction of Tokyo-3, a militarized civilian city located on one of the last dry sections of Japan, in preparation for the arrival of beings known as Angels.

Fifteen years later, 14-year-old Shinji Ikari is summoned to Tokyo-3 by his father Gendo Ikari, the Machiavellian commander of NERV (the paramilitary successor of GEHIRN), and coerced into becoming the pilot of Evangelion Unit-01 on the eve of an Angel attack. Shinji begins living with Captain Misato Katsuragi and is soon joined in his mission to locate and destroy the Angels by Rei Ayanami (pilot of Unit-00) and Asuka Langley Soryu (pilot of Unit-02). However, the true nature of the Angels, Rei, and the Evangelions is increasingly called into question by the conflicting conspiracies and agendas of both SEELE and NERV, and their links to the mysterious Human Instrumentality Project.

Characters

The cast of Neon Genesis Evangelion as depicted on the Japanese "Genesis" (volume) 14 laserdisc and VHS cover.
Main article: List of Neon Genesis Evangelion characters

For the series, Anno attempted to create characters that represent different things to different viewers. To some, the characters are historical, religious, or philosophical symbols, while others see themselves in the characters. All of the characters reflect different parts of Anno's own personality.

In the story, the characters of Evangelion struggle with their interpersonal relationships, their personal problems, and traumatic events in their pasts. Anno has described the hero, Shinji Ikari, as a boy who "shrinks from human contact" and has "convinced himself that he is a completely unnecessary person". He has also described both Shinji and Misato Katsuragi as "afraid of being hurt" and "unsuitable—lacking the positive attitude—for what people call heroes of an adventure." Rei Ayanami and Asuka Langley Soryu, the other major protagonists, are presented with their own flaws and difficulty relating to other people.

The characters' visual designs were done by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto. He said that he designed the characters of the series so that their personalities «could be understood more or less at a glance». His designs of the three main female leads, Asuka, Rei and Misato, contributed to high sales of merchandise, especially the design of Rei. She became so popular that she earned the name "Premium Girl" from the media, referring to the high sales of books with her on the cover.

Cast

Character Japanese English
Shinji Ikari (碇 シンジ, Ikari Shinji) Megumi Ogata Spike Spencer
Rei Ayanami (綾波 レイ, Ayanami Rei) Megumi Hayashibara Amanda Winn-Lee
Asuka Langley Soryu (惣流・アスカ・ラングレー, Sōryū Asuka Rangurē) Yuko Miyamura Tiffany Grant
Toji Suzuhara (鈴原 トウジ, Suzuhara Tōji) Tomokazu Seki Joe Pisano, Michael O'Connor and Brett Weaver
Gendo Ikari (碇 ゲンドウ, Ikari Gendō) Fumihiko Tachiki Tristan MacAvery
Kozo Fuyutsuki (冬月 コウゾウ, Fuyutsuki Kōzō) Motomu Kiyokawa Guil Lunde
Misato Katsuragi (葛城 ミサト, Katsuragi Misato) Kotono Mitsuishi Allison Keith
Ritsuko Akagi (赤木 リツコ, Akagi Ritsuko) Yuriko Yamaguchi Sue Ulu
Ryoji Kaji (加持 リョウジ, Kaji Ryōji) Kōichi Yamadera Aaron Krohn
Kaworu Nagisa (渚 カヲル, Nagisa Kaoru) Akira Ishida Kyle Sturdivant

Production

With the failure of the Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise sequel project, Anno, who had been slated from the beginning to direct Aoki Uru, was freed up. According to Yasuhiro Takeda, he would soon agree to a collaboration between King Records and Gainax while drinking with Toshimichi Ōtsuki, a representative at King; with King Records guaranteeing a time slot for "something, anything", Anno set about actually making the anime. Elements of Aoki Uru were incorporated into the nascent Evangelion.

The original early plot line for Evangelion remained relatively stable through development, although later episodes appear to have changed dramatically from the fluid and uncertain early conceptions; for example, originally there were 28 Angels and not 17, and the climax would deal with the defeat of the final 12 Angels and not with the operation of the Human Instrumentality Project. As well, Kaworu Nagisa's initial design was a schoolboy who could switch to an "Angel form", accompanied by a pet cat.

Production was by no means placid. Sadamoto's authorship of the manga adaptation caused problems as multiple publishers felt "that he was too passé to be bankable"; the stylized mecha design that Evangelion would later be praised for was initially deprecated by some of the possible sponsors of a mecha anime (toy companies) as being too difficult to manufacture (possibly on purpose), and that models of the Evangelions "would never sell." Eventually, Sega agreed to license all toy and video game sales. Anno would tell NewType that he worked on the show without theory, and listening to opinions and self-assessment of himself.

Themes

Main article: Themes of Neon Genesis Evangelion

Psychoanalysis

Evangelion has long been taken as a deeply personal expression of Hideaki Anno's personal struggles. From the start, Evangelion invokes many psychological themes. Phrases used in episodes, their titles, and the names of the background music frequently derive from Sigmund Freud's works, in addition to perhaps some Lacanian influences in general. Examples include "Thanatos", "Oral stage", "Separation Anxiety", and "Mother Is the First Other" (the mother as the first object of a child's love is the basis of the Oedipus complex). The scenery and buildings in Tokyo-3 often seem laden with psychological import, even in the first episode.

Religion

The destruction of the Third Angel caused an explosion that was cross-shaped: an example of Christian icons being used in Evangelion.

The most prominent symbolism takes its inspiration from Christian sources and frequently uses iconography and themes from Christianity, Islam, and Gnosticism, in the series's examination of religious ideas and themes. The series also contains numerous allusions to Shinto's sacred text, the Kojiki and the Nihongi, and images of this religion, such as the Black and White Moons, and the lance of the Shinto deities Izanagi and Izanami. There are many allusions to Christian concepts, such as Adam, Lilith, Eve, the Lance of Longinus, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Kabbalistic Tree of Life. SEELE's version of the Human Instrumentality Project is similar to the Kabbalistic cocept of Tikkun olam. Assistant director Kazuya Tsurumaki said that they originally used Christian symbolism only to give the project a unique edge against other giant robot shows, and that it had no particular meaning.

Philosophy

Themes of individuality, consciousness, freedom, choice, and responsibility are heavily relied upon throughout the entire series, particularly through the philosophies of Søren Kierkegaard. Episode 16's title, "The Sickness Unto Death, And…" (死に至る病、そして, Shi ni itaru yamai, soshite) is a reference to Kierkegaard's book, The Sickness Unto Death. The Human Instrumentality Project may be inspired by the philosophy developed by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The title of Episode 4, "The Hedgehog's Dilemma", is a reference to the Hedgehog's dilemma, Arthur Schopenhauer's analogy about the challenges of human intimacy.

Allusions

Evangelion is filled with allusions to biological, military, religious, and psychological concepts, as well as numerous references or homages to older anime series (for example, the basic plot is seen in earlier anime like Space Battleship Yamato or Mobile Suit Gundam, who influenced Anno for the series)—a tendency which inspired the nickname for the series, the "remixed anime". Anno's use of Freudian jargon and psychoanalytical theory as well as his allusions to religion and biology are often idiosyncratically used and redefined to carry his message. This tendency of Anno's has been criticized as "Total plagiarism!" and "just more mindgames from the animation crew". However, Anno has defended himself by denying the possibility of really original work without borrowing in anime.

The use of these references also characterizes the narrative structure of his previous work Nadia, but with Evangelion Anno multiplies the references to the point where viewers no longer know which frame of reference is the most important, or if there is a frame of references for the series. Anno himself said, "It might be fun if someone with free time could research them." A number of these symbols were noted on the English DVD commentary for Death and Rebirth and End of Evangelion.

Many of the characters share their names with Japanese warships from World War II (such as the Sōryū, Akagi, and Katsuragi; though the ship names and character names are written with different kanji, they share the same pronunciations). Other characters' names refer to other works of fiction, such as the two characters named after the protagonists of Ryū Murakami's Ai to Gensō no Fascism ("Fascism in Love and Fantasy"; the two main characters are named Kensuke Aida and Toji Suzuhara; Anno later directed a Murakami adaptation, Love & Pop). Other fiction allusions include Philip K. Dick's The Divine Invasion, and "The Prisoner, Thunderbirds, Ultra Seven, UFO, The Andromeda Strain, even The Hitcher.

Human Instrumentality Project

Neon Genesis Evangelion and particularly the Human Instrumentality Project show a strong influence from Arthur C. Clarke's novel Childhood's End, an influence Anno acknowledged. Another source of influence comes from the science fiction author Dr. Paul Linebarger, better known by his pseudonym, Cordwainer Smith. Linebarger's science fiction novels revolve around his own concept of the Instrumentality of Mankind, an all-powerful central government of humanity. Like Seele, the Instrumentality of Mankind see themselves "to be shapers of the true destiny of mankind." Although Anno insisted that Hokan (補完, complementation, completion) be translated as "Instrumentality" in English, perhaps as a way to pay homage to Linebarger, the two authors' conceptions of "instrumentality" are extremely different.

Films

Main articles: Evangelion: Death and Rebirth, The End of Evangelion, and Rebuild of Evangelion

In response to the controversial end of the series and the demand from fans of the work, the film Death and Rebirth, released March 15, 1997, was made to offer an alternative ending. The result was a highly condensed recap and an unfinished new ending which would become the first third of the subsequent film The End of Evangelion, released July 19, 1997, which fully retells the final two episodes.

In 2006, Gainax announced they were beginning a brand new retelling of the series in a tetralogy of films collectively titled Rebuild of Evangelion. Three of the four films have been released in Japan: Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone on September 1, 2007, Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance on June 27, 2009, and Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo on November 17, 2012. The final film tentatively titled Evangelion: Final has not yet had its release date announced.

Other media

See also: Evangelion manga, List of video games, Angelic Days, Petit Eva, Campus Apocalypse, and Music

To promote the television series prior to the anime's release, a manga was created by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto which ran for 18 years. Several video games based on the series also exist, ranging from RPG and adventure games to mahjong, card games, and visual novels. One of these visual novels inspired one of the derivative manga series Angelic Days, a setting within one of the alternate realities presented in episode 26. Other manga adaptations are Petit Eva: Evangelion@School, a parody series which received its own original net animation series, and Campus Apocalypse, an original story that does not feature the Evangelion robots. A long series of soundtrack albums were also released over the years. Several art books and radio dramas, released on CD and cassette, were also produced to introduce fans and make the material more accessible.

Releases

The original releases in Japan included VHS and laserdisc sets using a release structure around "Genesis 0:(volume number)" with each of the first 12 releases containing two episodes each. For "Genesis 0:13" and "Genesis 0:14" these episodes contained the original and alternate episodes of 25 and 26. The fifteenth and final release was called "Genesis 0:X" and contains episodes 21-24. The Japanese DVD release was spread across 7 volumes, each containing 4 episodes except for the 7th volume which included both the original broadcast and Neon Genesis Evangelion: Death & Rebirth versions of episodes 25 and 26.

ADV Films distributes the series in North America and Europe, whereas the movies were licensed by Manga Entertainment. The 13 English VHS tapes, released from August 20, 1997 to July 7, 1998, contain 2 episodes each and were released in the same format of "Genesis 0:(volume number)" with each of the numbered installments being successive. Two laserdisc collections were released as Collection 1 Deluxe Edition and Collection 2 Deluxe Edition, each containing episodes 1-4 and 5-8. The original DVD release was split into 8 Discs with the first and second volumes containing episodes 1-4 and 5-8; volumes 3 through volume 8 each contained 3 episodes each. The Platinum release spanned 7 volumes from July 2004 to April 2005, advertising 30 episodes containing the original 26 and the 4 "Director's cut" episodes 21-24. The "Platinum Edition" features slightly different English subtitles than the original VHS and DVD releases. The original dub of episodes 25 and 26 were replaced with only the 'Director's Cut' dubs of these episodes. A six-disc version of the Platinum Complete Edition was released on November 22, 2005, which lost some extras included in other versions, including commentary and trailers.

In 2001, the "Second Impact Box" was released in three parts, containing the 26 uncut, remastered episodes and the 2 movies (also including Rebirth). In 2002, ADV Films was released the 8-disc Perfect Collection. In 2003, the Japanese only, nine-volume "Renewal of Evangelion" DVDs were released, with the series' sound and picture remastered for 5.1 technology (for example, acoustic effects were also boosted by completely remixing the dialogue and soundtrack in 5.1 stereo). The first eight volumes covered the original 26 episodes (with two versions of episodes 21-24: the uncut version and a reconstruction of the edited version). The ninth volume, containing two discs, named Evangelion: The Movie, contained Death(true)² and End of Evangelion. The Renewal release formed the basis for the western "Platinum Edition". It was announced by ADV in 2004, and it consists of seven DVD, released on 27 July 2004 to 19 April 2005, concluded with the seventh DVD.

Reception

The series has enjoyed great popularity among the Japanese public and foreign, which over the years has not weakened. The number of media report about the series, and its increasing popularity involved a large number of non-otaku adult fans, that is, those who would not usually watch anime. It thus developed into a social phenomenon beyond the limited scope of anime fans, generating a diverse range of discussion. When Death and Rebirth were screened in spring 1997, a total of 1.25 million pepole watch them.

The radically different and experimental style of the final two episodes confused or alienated many fans and spawned debate and controversity, to the point that Hideaki Anno even received anonymous online death threats. The criticism particularly noticed the lack of content and a resolution to the plot of the series in this two episodes, guilty of not conclude the storyline. There was not an unequivocal opinion towards them, and the audience was divided broadly into two fractions, composed of those who argued that the episodes "were deep," and on the other those who argued that their meaning was "more apparent than real". When the American voice actors who handled the lead roles in those episodes were asked about the final volume, they admitted that they also had trouble understanding it. The Mainichi Times would remark that "When Episode 25 first aired the following week, nearly all viewers felt betrayed… when commentator Eiji Ōtsuka sent a letter to the Yomiuri Shimbun, complaining about the end of the Evangelion series, the debate went nationwide." Hideaki Anno stood by the style he chose for the ending., Despite the controversy generated by this factor, the popularity of the series was not affected, and Evangelion is still popular among the otaku. Mike Hale of The New York Times describes it as «a superior anime, a giant-robot tale of unusual depth, feeling and detail».

In 1995, the series won first place in the reader-polled "Best Loved Series" category of the Anime Grand Prix, a reader-polled award series published in Animage magazine. The series was once again awarded this prize in 1996, receiving 2,853 votes, compared to the second place show with only 903 votes. The End of Evangelion would win first place in 1997, allowing Neon Genesis Evangelion to be the first anime franchise to win three consecutive first place awards. This feat would not be duplicated again for several years, until Code Geass won the 2006, 2007, and 2008 awards. "A Cruel Angel's Thesis" won the Song category in 1995 & 1996; "The Beginning and the End, or "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"" won the 1996 Episode category; and Rei Ayanami won in the Female Character category in 1995 and 1996 (followed by Shinji Ikari winning in the Male Character category in 1996 and 1997). In 1998, EX.org's readers voted it the #1 US release and in 1999, the #2 show of all time. In 2007, in an survey of the company One's Communications, the series is in second place among anime that inspired the survey respondents to become an otaku. In a different survey, conducted on a large sample of fans by TV Asahi, Evangelion is after Fullmetal Alchemist the anime most appreciated by the Japanese public. In 2006, Evangelion has been recognized as the anime most appreciated by the Japanese public, when he won a survey to a sample of 80,000 people at the Japan Media Arts Festival.

The series has captured the attention of cultural theorist inside and outside of Japan, and many critics have analyzed it, such as Susan J. Napier, William Rout, Mick Broderick, Mari Kotani, Mariana Ortega and the sociologists Hiroki Azuma, Yuriko Furuhata, and Marc Steinberg. Evangelion also won awards since it debuted as a series, such as Animation Kobe in 1996 and 1997, the 18th Nihon SF Taisho Award and the Japan Media Arts Festival in 1997.

Influence and legacy

Evangelion has had a significant impact on Japanese popular culture and on the field of anime, in a time when the anime industry was in a slump period (especially with regard to the anime on TV). In the 1980s and 1990s in fact, the anime productions destined to the home video market had been consolidated in the Japanese and abroad market, while the animation television serial knew a period of crisis and of decrease of the productions, which coincides with the Japanese economic crisis of the 1990s. This was followed by a crisis of ideas in the years to come, the answer to which was just from Evangelion, which brought the animation serial to success, greatly influencing the future dynamics of the animation. Against this background, Evangelion imposed new standards for animation serial, giving way to the so-called "new Japanese animation serial", characterized by innovations that allowed a revival of the industry from both a technical and artistic, such as greater authoriality, the concentration of resources in a lower number of episodes (13 or at most 26), an approach even closer to film directing from alive, a drastic reduction in the dependency ratio by the subjects of manga, and greater freedom from the constraints of merchandising. With the success of Evangelion, the OVA will live a situation of decline. The influence of Evangelion can be seen in numerous subsequent anime series, including Serial Experiments Lain, RahXephon, Texhnolyze, Gasaraki, Boogiepop Phantom, Blue Submarine No. 6, Mobile Battleship Nadesico, Rinne no Lagrange, Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure, Argento Soma, Brain Powerd and Dai-Guard. FLCL contains allusions to Evangelion, and is also mentioned in the third episode of Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi. References and homages to the show are also contained in Koi Koi Seven and Keroro Gunso. The show's mixture of religion and mecha also influenced various Japanese video games such as Xenogears or El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron.

The design and personality traits of the character Rei Ayanami were reused for many anime characters of the 1990s, such as Ruri Hoshino of Nadesico, Ruriko Tsukushima (The Droplet), Miharu (Garasaki), Anthy Himemiya (Revolutionary Girl Utena), and Lain Iwakura (serial experiments lain).Characters Kōji Aibo and Neya from Infinite Ryvius also share visual similarity with Shinji Ikari and Rei, respectively. The character of Asuka was parodied by Excel (Excel Saga), and some of her traits were used for Mai of Gunparade March. In this respect, even Evangelion's mecha design, characterized by a greater resemblance to the human figure, and the "abstract" designs of the Angels, had a significant impact on the designs of future anime productions.

After the success of the show, otaku culture gained wide attention. In Japan, Evangelion has prompted a review of the cultural value of anime, and with its success, anime reached a new point of maturity. With the interest in the series, otaku culture became a mass social phenomenon, and the show's regular reruns has increased the number of otaku, causing a boom in interest in literature on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Kabbalah and Christianity. Its impact in the animation field has been seen with director Makoto Shinkai acknowledging a cinematographic debt to Evangelion. In the aftermath of Evangelion, Anno reused many of its stylistic conceits in the live-action Love & Pop and the anime romance Kare Kano.

The UK band Fightstar's debut album, Grand Unification, was heavily influenced by Neon Genesis Evangelion.

See also

References

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  42. "Anno says the new offering from Gainax will consider some of the ultimate questions posed by science fiction, and, indeed, philosophy, such as: What is the nature of evolution? What is humanity's relationship to his or her god? Does god, in fact, exist? What does it mean for the human race if that question can be answered definitively?" From "Gainax Returns to Anime with Shinseiki Evangelion", published in the February 1995 edition of Animerica, and as quoted in Neon Genesis Evangelion, volume 10.
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  113. "The game starts with a stunning full motion video sequence that feels rather reminiscent of NEON GENESIS EVANGELION. It starts by quoting Revelations 1:8, "I am the Alpha and the Omega… who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty."…Then, most of the second disk concentrates on explaining all the questions and telling the whole story using monologues. (A friend of the reviewer noted, "It's just like the last 2 TV episodes of EVANGELION!")" http://www.ex.org/3.3/38-game_xenogears.html
  114. "Not only does El Shaddai—the name of which features the secondary title Ascension of the Metatron—feature a variety of gameplay types and level styles, but it borrows from a number of aesthetic influences. These'll be familiar to fans of popular Japanese anime like Neon Genesis Evangelion ("if you've seen Eva you're already halfway to being the potential audience for this game," Bettenhausen says), Gundam and the films of studio Ghibli." http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/34410/Interview_Beautiful_Creative_El_Shaddai_Is_Daring_To_Be_Weird.php
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  117. Tamaki Saitō; Hiroki Azuma (2009). Beautiful Fighting Girl. University of Minnesota Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0816654505.
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