Control of cities during the Syrian civil war

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Syria is subdivided in a hierarchical manner to:

14 Governorates (or G.)
- 64 Districts

The first 14 cities in the table are governorate capitals (and capital cities of their districts at the same time). The following 50 towns are the remaining 50 regional capitals (administrative centers) of the districts. The next 40 towns are other significant towns. The last 14 items are the rural areas outside of the listed towns in each governorate. The Population figures are given according to the 2004 official census. The table is sortable. Click on the arrows next to the column headings to sort alphabetically, based on “Population”, based on “District”, based on “Governorate”, or based on control status.


Name	Population	District	Governorate	Held by	History during the Syrian uprising
Aleppo - Ashrafiyeh	42,473	Mount Simeon District	Aleppo Governorate	v	In late July 2012, YPG forces took control over this north-central neighborhood of Aleppo. On October 25, 2012, FSA entered Ashrafiyeh with about 200 fighters. See also 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign and Battle of Aleppo (2012).
Aleppo - Sheikh Maqsoud	116,214	Mount Simeon District	Aleppo Governorate	s	In late July 2012, YPG forces took control over this north-central neighborhood of Aleppo. In late September 2012, FSA, who grew suspicious over some Kurdish militants' ties with the government, threatened to confront groups they said were linked to the militant Kurdish Worker's Party (PKK) in neighboring Turkey. One rebel leader, Abdelqadir al-Saleh, commander of the Tawheed Brigade, requested that the Kurdish militia surrender their weapons and "not drag themselves into a losing battle that is not their fight." Shortly thereafter, FSA entered a part of the neighborhood during a massive offensive throughout Aleppo. Opposition activists and rebels reported that the Kurdish militia engaged the rebels and fought alongside government troops against the rebel forces in Sheikh Maqsoud. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign and Battle of Aleppo (2012).
Aleppo (except neighborhoods listed separately)	1,973,413	Mount Simeon District	Aleppo Governorate	r	Situation in Aleppo as of 5 November 2012 Syrian Army control Opposition control YPG control Ongoing confrontation or unclear situation On 25 May 2012, army tanks were reportedly deployed for the first time in Aleppo, where 12 massive anti-government protests were held in one day. ln late July 2012, FSA controlled a substantial part of Aleppo. On 25 July, the Assad government used fighter jets to attack rebel positions in the city. the government forces launched assault on Aleppo by tanks and air gunships on 28 July 2012. Rebels in Aleppo claim to have control of a total of 14 T-72 and T-55 tanks and many indirect-fire weapons, including artillery pieces as well as mortars. Syrian Army recaptures most of Salaheddine district in early August, but fighting continues with a stalemate late in the month By September, fighting spreads to Al-Sakhur, Al-Arkoub and Al-Midan with the center of Aleppo city and the mentioned neighborhoods becoming contested with both Rebels and the regime claiming making progress in them. By October, the rebels announced launching an offensive to end the stalemate in the Battle, with rebels succeeding in capturing strategic locations including Bab Antakiya and returning the fighting back to Salaheddine and the rebels inflitraing Al- Hamadaniya and New Aleppo and Al Zahra Neighborhoods. See also: Battle of Aleppo (2012).
Damascus	1,414,913	Damascus District	Damascus Governorate	n	Situation in the city during the battle of Damascus. pink indicates a conflict area. By mid-July 2012, fighting in Damascus intensified, with a major rebel push to take the city. On 19 July 2012, the Syrian Army stormed the rebel held Al-Qabun neighborhood with a large amount of tanks. On 20 July, the Syrian Army continued its counterattack, storming the neighborhood of Jobar in Damascus, searching for rebels. The rebels confirmed they had been forced to withdraw of Al-Midan after the army assault. Rebel fighters stormed and burned the Sa'iqa military camp, which was being used as a training facility, in the Basateen al-Mezzeh neighborhood in central Damascus. The conflict reached a decisive phase in late July. Government forces managed to break the rebel offensive on Damascus, by pushing out most of the opposition fighters.
Daraa	97,969	Daraa District	Daraa Governorate	n	On 25 April 2011, the Syrian military launched a large operation in Daraa in a crackdown on pro-democracy protesters. The operation lasted until 5 May 2011. On 16 February 2012, the army reportedly attacked Daraa, shelling the city heavily. This was apparently because, "Daraa has been regaining its role in the uprising. Demonstrations have resumed and FSA has been providing security for protests in some parts of the city." The attack was part of a security force push "to regain control of areas they lost in recent weeks", indicating FSA in Daraa had taken control of parts of the city. Security forces attacked at least three districts, but FSA fighters fought back, firing at army roadblocks and buildings housing security police and militiamen. On 14 March 2012, FSA controlled at least 1 main district in the city of Daraa (Al-Balad district) which made the Syrian army attack it by firing anti-aircraft guns into buildings of the FSA-controlled district. See also: 2011–2012 Daraa Governorate clashes.
Deir ez-Zor	211,857	Deir ez-Zor District	Deir ez-Zor Governorate	r	Deir ez-Zor is an impoverished Sunni Muslim city on the banks of the Euphrates that anchors a vast, arid region bordering Irak. In August 2012, Rebels said they control at least half of Deir al-Zor city. A Western diplomat monitoring the Syrian military said that rebel forces in Deir al-Zor were fragmented but that Assad's forces lacked the numbers and supply lines to defeat them. Most government departments have shut and public workers are unpaid in what activists call collective punishment of a tightly knit population siding increasingly with rebels after alliances between the Damascus elite and tribal chiefs unraveled. An estimated one-third of Deir al-Zor city's inhabitants have fled to the bordering governorates of Al-Hasakah and Ar-Raqqah. Omar Ibn al-Khattab battalion of FSA is based here. Iraqi sunni tribes smuggled weapons because their offshot tribe joined armed opposition on the other side of border. On October 15, 2012, there were heavy shelling by artillery and missiles on the city from the Airport See also: Deir ez-Zor during the Syrian civil war.
Hama	312,994	Hama District	Hama Governorate	n	On 28 January 2012, 4 neighbourhoods of Hama city were under opposition control. Inside Hama city, FSA under the leadership of Captain Mohammed Khalid al-Battal’s al-Majed Brigade has been able to coordinate disruptive raids across the city targeting military checkpoints and security forces’ outposts, but their ability to inflict casualties on loyalist troops pales in comparison to their rural counterparts. See also: Siege of Hama (2011) and 27 May 2012 Hama Governorate clashes.
Al-Hasakah	188,160	Al-Hasakah District	Al-Hasakah Governorate	n	On 26 January 2011, in one of the first events of the uprising, Hasan Ali Akleh from Al-Hasakah poured gasoline on himself and set himself on fire, in the same way Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi had in Tunis on 17 December 2010. According to eyewitnesses, the action was "a protest against the Syrian government". In 2012, Al-Hasakah which has a large Kurdish population, began witnessing protests of several thousand people against the Syrian government, which responded with tanks and fired upon the protesters. On 9 August 2012, France 24 reported that Syrian army has stormed a district in the city.
Homs - Baba Amr	34,175	Homs District	Homs Governorate	n	On 28 February 2012, reinforcements from an elite Syrian military unit, directed by the brother of the Syrian president, took positions in Homs. They managed to completely seal off the city, notably by destroying a tunnel. On the morning of 29 February, the Syrian Army launched a ground assault with infantry on the rebel-held district. On 1 March 2012, the Syrian Army took full control of the quarter of Baba Amr according to a Syrian official. Rebel leaders reported that they pulled out of the quarter and that some fighters stayed to cover the retreat. On 3 July 2012, clashes raged in and around the neighborhood of Baba Amr,
Homs – Deir Baalbah		Homs District	Homs Governorate	r	In October 2012, FSA took over part of the neighborhood that has been under army control for many months. On 28 October 2012, the neighborhood was under attack by the army. On 4 November 2012, army tanks entered the neighborhood from the north and clashed with the rebels
Homs - Ghouta	12,634	Homs District	Homs Governorate	r	On August 21, 2012, the rebel-held district came under sustained Army shelling.
Homs - Joret al-Shayyah	16,816	Homs District	Homs Governorate	y	On 3 July 2012, the military made an attempt to storm Joret al-Shayyah. On 5 October 2012, Syrian warplanes and artillery pounded Joret al-Shayyah, subjecting it to its worst bombardment in months. Government forces were mainly firing rockets and heavy mortars with an average of 5 rockets falling a minute. Activists say most government forces near Homs are stationed outside the town - a common pattern in rebel strongholds.
Homs - Karm al-Zeitoun	49,132	Homs District	Homs Governorate	n	The Syrian Army captured the district of Karm al-Zeitoun by 9 March 2012, before activists reported that the government forces massacred 47 women and children.
Homs - Khaldiyeh	32,337	Homs District	Homs Governorate	r	ln early July 2012, the rebel-held district of Khaldiyeh came under sustained Army shelling. ln early October 2012, Syrian warplanes and artillery pounded Khaldiyeh, in an attempt to overtake it. Attacking government forces were mainly firing rockets and heavy mortars with an average of 5 rockets falling a minute. Activists say most government forces near Homs are stationed outside the town - a common pattern in rebel strongholds.
Homs - Old City	18,907	Homs District	Homs Governorate	r	The Old City is the most condensed area of Homs, and it includes the neighborhoods of Bab Tadmur, Bab al-Dreib, and Bab Hud and the area around the citadel. ln July and August 2012, the rebel-held Old City was under siege and came under sustained Army shelling. On 5 October 2012, Syrian warplanes and artillery pounded Old Homs, subjecting it to its worst bombardment in months. Government forces were mainly firing rockets and heavy mortars with an average of 5 rockets falling a minute. Activists say most government forces near Homs are stationed outside the town - a common pattern in rebel strongholds.
Homs - Qusour		Homs District	Homs Governorate	y	On 5 October 2012, Syrian warplanes and artillery pounded Qusour, in an attempt to overtake it. Government forces were mainly firing rockets and heavy mortars with an average of 5 rockets falling a minute. Activists say most government forces near Homs are stationed outside the town - a common pattern in rebel strongholds.
Homs (except neighborhoods listed separately)	488,608	Homs District	Homs Governorate	p75%	File:Syrian Uprising Map of Homs Neighborhoods.png Neighborhoods in Homs under siege (8 February 2012). January 2012 saw intense fighting in the opposition stronghold of Homs, as the opposition claimed to be in control of 2/3 of the city. However, starting in 3 February 2012, the Syrian army launched a major offensive to take rebel-held neighborhoods in the city. By the end of March, and after weeks of artillery bombardments and heavy street fighting, the Syrian army retakes control of half a dozen districts, leaving them in control of 70 percent of the city. See also: Siege of Homs, July 2011 Homs operation and 2012 Homs offensive.
Idlib	98,791	Idlib District	Idlib Governorate	n	Additional armored and artillery units arrived outside of Idlib by 11 March and began deploying into the city by 12 March. On 12 February 2012, the entire city of Idlib was under opposition control, but was preparing for an attack by the government. In mid-March 2012, rebels in Idlib offered stiff resistance but could not defeat the military’s tanks and the city fell in a matter of days. As of 7 June 2012, the edges of the city and the surrounding areas belong to the rebels. See also: 2011–2012 Idlib Governorate clashes, February 2012 Idlib Operation and Battle of Idlib.
Latakia	383,786	Latakia District	Latakia Governorate	n	Latakia had been a site of protest activity since March 2011. The Syrian government claimed 12 were killed there in clashes in late March, leading to the deployment of the military to restrict movement into and out of the city. Hundreds of Syrians were reportedly arrested, and by late July, activists in Latakia were telling foreign media they feared a more violent crackdown was coming. Protests continued despite the increased security presence and arrests. Several civilians were allegedly killed in confrontations with security officers during this early period of the siege. On 13 August 2011, the Syrian Army and Syrian Navy launched an operation where more than 20 tanks and APCs rolled into the Alawi stronghold.
Ar-Raqqah	220,488	Ar-Raqqah District	Ar-Raqqah Governorate	n	On 28 January 2011, in one of the first events of the uprising, an evening demonstration was held in Ar-Raqqah to protest the killing of two soldiers of Kurdish descent. After taking over the north part of Ar-Raqqah Governorate in September 2012, the FSA has made Ar-Raqqah a target the influx of internally displaced refugees has more than doubled Ar-Raqqah’s population.
As-Suwayda	73,641	As-Suwayda District	As-Suwayda Governorate	n	On 28 October 2012, security forces launched a campaign of mass arrests in this Druze city.
Tartus	115,769	Tartus District	Tartus Governorate	n	Syrian army kept control of this Alawi stronghold and naval base. See also: Russian naval facility in Tartus.
Abu Kamal	42,510	Abu Kamal District	Deir ez-Zor Governorate	y	In late July 2012, FSA takes it over along with its associated border post with Iraq. In early September 2012, France 24 reported that the military airport was under attack by FSA. On 16 November, rebels took control of airbase in the city, effectively taking control of whole region.
Afrin	36,562	Afrin District	Aleppo Governorate	v	As of 11 July 2012, the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) controls the town with checkpoints. The PYD do not support either side. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Arihah	39,501	Arihah District	Idlib Governorate	y	FSA repelled a number of deliberate military assaults between March and June 2012, despite the Army’s ability to execute combined arms operations involving armored vehicles, artillery and helicopter gunships. The city was retaken by the army in 11 August. However, days later, the rebels retook control of the city. Ariha's northern edge touches the M4 highway linking Aleppo city to the coast. This route has grown in importance as rebel controlled territory along the M5 highway linking Aleppo to Damascus extends south from Jebel al-Zawiyah into the Maarat al-Numan region, threatening the regime's only alternate route for resupplying its troops in the north. The regime does not have the air assets to supply its northern garrisons via helicopters and transport planes. The regime may be able to keep the M4 Highway open by simply maintaining pressure on Ariha, thereby forcing the rebels to focus on protecting the city, not closing the road, but this is not a sustainable solution. On the other hand, if the rebels drive the regime out of Ariha, they will turn their attention to the M4 Highway. If the Rebels can shut down the highway, the regime’s entire presence in the north may become untenable.
Atarib	10,657	Atarib District	Aleppo Governorate	y	At the center sit the charred shells of the police station and city hall, which government troops occupied in February 2012. For months, local rebels attacked their positions and tried to cut their supply lines. By the time the army left in June 2012, the city was destroyed and deserted. Every building downtown is damaged and is without electricity and water. Town leaders have formed military and civil councils and opened a prison. The army still shells the town daily, keeping residents away Only about 4,000 residents remain as of August 2012.
Ayn al-Arab	44,821	Ayn Al-Arab District	Aleppo Governorate	v	On 20 July 2012, After Syrian military forces retreated from Ayn al-Arab (also called Kobani by kurds), a predominantly Kurdish city located near the Turkish border, residents stormed the local security headquarters. The local Kurdish authorities raised the Kurdish national flag at municipal buildings. The Kurdish Popular Defense Committees took over the city without resorting to violence. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Azaz	31,623	A'zaz District	Aleppo Governorate	y	Azaz is a passage point to turkey. On 19 July 2012, FSA chased out army from the city of Azaz and have taken complete control over it. FSA also took over the associated border crossing of Bab al-Salam. Crisply dressed rebels check passports of new arrivals, enter names into computers and extend a welcome hand to "Free Syria." Samir Haj Omar, an economist who now heads the local 30-member political council, said Turkish officials have been more willing to deal with him and other rebel leaders now that they are de facto governors. He has used that newfound heft to convince Turkey to allow cargo trucks to cross the border. In early August 2012, the first new shipments of rice, flour and gasoline arrived in rebel-controlled northern Syria, according to local officials here. For fighters desperately trying to keep up supplies of food, fuel and weapons, the ability to freely cross the Turkish border and move between villages without fear of encountering regime forces is a dramatic change. Earlier in the conflict, supplies were ferried across the Turkish border by horse, or on foot, by smugglers traversing muddy trails while dodging Turkish and Syrian border guards. A local fighter in Azaz who said he helped smuggle in local rebels' first rocket propelled grenades earlier this year said it took them weeks to negotiate the treacherous route through regime-controlled territory for just two RPGs. Now, such supply shipments can make the run from the Turkish border to the front line in Aleppo in about 90 minutes. On 29 October 2012, France 24 reported that there was a refugee camp between Azaz and the Turkish border.
Al-Bab	63,069	Al Bab District	Aleppo Governorate	y	until April 2012, Al-Bab had been relatively unscathed by the conflict in Syria. On April 20, regime forces opened fire on protesters in the city, sparking the growth of the rebel movement in Al-Bab. Between mid-May and mid-July, some 15 rebel groups formed within the city. At least two of these groups, the Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq Battalion and the Al-Bab Martyrs Battalion, claimed to be part of Ahrar al-Shamal. The fight for Al-Bab included a series of raids and assaults on government offices over the course of two months, finally culminating on July 18 when rebels seized the final regime stronghold within the city limits. Rebel forces pushed the regime from this garrison on the south edge of town on July 29, With the seizure of al-Bab, the armed opposition in northern Aleppo gained considerable momentum. The city has hosted a large number of refugees fleeing Aleppo
Baniyas	41,632	Baniyas District	Tartus Governorate	n	On 10 April 2011, protests were held in Baniyas in which violent clashes erupted between the security forces and protesters. Between three and six were reportedly shot dead, while one police officer was reportedly killed by unknown gunmen. On 14 April, snipers killed a Syrian Army soldier in Baniyas. On 7 May 2011, Syrian Army tanks rolled into Baniyas from three directions. They advanced into Sunni districts, which had been under the control of demonstrators since loyalist forces, known as Shabeeha, fired at opposition members on 10 April. Heavy gunfire was reported as the operation started. The next day, some 30 tanks were seen patrolling the city, with some of them positioned in the city center. Syrian Navy boats were also reportedly holding positions near the city's coastline. Special forces units allegedly entered the northern part of the city, from where heavy gunfire was heard. On 14 May 2011, the military started to pull out of the city, after their operation ended.
Darayya	78,763	Darayya District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	From the start of the conflict, the city outside Damascus had been a hotspot for protesters against the government. When hundreds were arrested, locals took up arms. In June 2012, the police and state intelligence withdrew from the town. Soon after, 3,000 FSA fighters made Darayya their stronghold. They held a strategic position, situated on the edge of the military airport at Mezze, which was being used for air-strikes against rebel-held areas. Opposition forces conducted mortar and rocket strikes against the base from Darayya. In mid-August, the rebels claimed to have killed 30 soldiers when they attacked a military checkpoint outside the town. On 20 August 2012, Darayya was shelled. Among those killed were 12 rebels. On 21 August, the Syrian Army began a three-day artillery offensive against the rebel's positions in Darayya, reportedly killing 70 people, including at least 18 rebels. After that, hundreds of soldiers, backed by helicopters and armored vehicles entered Darayya, facing little resistance. The last rebel group withdrew in the face of the military advance and opposition activists were fearing that young men suspected of being rebels could be executed. On 25 August, the bodies of 200 people were reportedly discovered in the town. Most of the dead appeared to be the result of executions. 40-50 of the corpses had been discovered near a mosque. 80 of the dead had been identified as civilians, while 120 remained unidentified. See also: Rif Dimashq offensive.
Dayr Hafir	18,948	Dayr Hafir District	Aleppo Governorate	r	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control of this town that has a military airport.
Douma	110,893	Douma District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	r	A battle began on 21 January 2012, after FSA fighters changed their tactics from attack and retreat guerrilla warfare in the suburbs of Damascus to all-out assault on army and loyalist units. Earlier in January, the FSA had gained control over large portions of Douma. On 31 January 2012, the Syrian Army retakes Douma. Hundreds of troops controlled the mostly deserted streets and arrested hundreds of people. Complete control was achieved on 30 June when Syrian army troops entered all parts of Douma. On 18 October, after heavy fighting, the FSA retook control of the city. On 30 October, there were continuing fights in Douma
Duraykish	13,244	Dreikiche District	Tartus Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Al-Haffah	4,298	Al-Haffah District	Latakia Governorate	n	Al-Haffah is a Sunni Muslim town that lies in the foothills of the coastal mountains that form the heartland of Assad's Alawi sect. It is strategically located close to the port city of Latakia, as well as, the Turkish border which has been used by the rebels to smuggle people and supplies. On 12 June 2012, the military recaptured al-Haffah, and the remaining 200 FSA fighters under heavy bombardment by government forces withdrew from the town. FSA said that the fact that Al-Haffah is surrounded by Alawi villages did not help them. The rebels were reported to have retreated to Turkey.
Harem	21,934	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	Harem is situated exactly on the border of Turkey. Since June 2012, the government has maintained control. In October, the FSA gained control of the town.
Izra	19,158	Izra' District	Daraa Governorate
Jableh	53,989	Jableh District	Latakia Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Jarabulus	11,570	Jarabulus District	Aleppo Governorate	y	On 20 July 2012, rebels take it over along with its border post with Turkey.
Jisr al-Shughur	39,917	Jisr ash-Shugur District	Idlib Governorate	n	On 4 June 2011, the Syrian military launched an operation in Jisr ash-Shugur in a crackdown against pro-democracy protesters. The operation lasted until 12 June 2011. However, FSA takes control of what will become a key rebel center in December 2011–January 2012. ln June 2012, the FSA was still in control. ln September and October 2012, the government was reported to be in control. ln 15 October, France 24 reported rebels were attacking towards the city
Maarrat al-Nu'man	58,008	Maarat al-Numaan District	Idlib Governorate	y	On 9 October 2012, FSA captured Maarat al-Numaan, which lies on the Syria's M5 highway, the main supply route used by the Syrian Army to send supplies and reinforcement from Hama and Damascus to Aleppo. On 25 October 2011, clashes occurred between loyalists and defected soldiers at a roadblock on the edge of the town. The defectors launched an assault on the government held roadblock in retaliation for a raid on their positions the previous night. FSA takes control in December 2011–January 2012. The regime recaptures it at a later date. On 10 June, the FSA takes it back, but the military recapture it in August. Between 9 and 11 October 2012, France 24 reported a major rebel offensive and the overtake of the city. This is strategically important since Maarat al-Numaan is on the highway that Assad troops use to reinforce and resupply its forces in Aleppo city. A large military base 3 km east of the town (Wadi Daif) is under attack. About 80% of the population of the town has left to neighboring areas.Syrian Army recaptures villages along the highway that leads to Maarrat al-Nu'man.On 14 November the Syrian forces launched two air strikes on Maaret al-Numan while continuing their attempt to retake the town from the rebels, a battle which has been ongoing since 9 October.
Al-Malikiyah	26,311	Al-Malikiyah District	Al-Hasakah Governorate	q	YPG forces on 21 July reportedly captured Al-Malikiyah, which is located just 10 kilometers from the Turkish border. Although another report stated that fighting was ongoing in the city. On 22 July 2012, it was reported that Kurdish forces were still fighting for Al-Malikiyah where one young Kurdish activist was killed after government security forces opened fire on protesters. In November 2012 Kurdish militia evicted all remaining regime forces from the city See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Manbij	99,497	Manbij District	Aleppo Governorate	y	On 20 July 2012, France 24 reported that rebels took it over.
Masyaf	22,508	Masyaf District	Hama Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Mayadin	44,028	Mayadin District	Deir ez-Zor Governorate	y	In late August 2012, after fights in the city, FSA took it over. The only part still in regime hands is an artillery position on a hill overlooking the city, which is being shelled from a distance.
Mhardeh	17,578	Mhardeh District	Hama Governorate	n	In June 2012, FSA was in control of this Christian town. In September 2012, the government was reported in control of the town
Al-Mukharram	6,202	Al-Mukharram District	Homs Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
An-Nabk	32,548	Al-Nabk District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Palmyra	51,323	Palmyra District	Homs Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Qamishli	184,231	Qamishli District	Al-Hasakah Governorate	r	In July 2012, rebels control the suburbs of the city. On 21 July, the rebels were intending to capture the largest of the Kurdish cities. On 22 July, clashes erupted between YPG and government forces in which one Kurdish fighter was killed and two were wounded along with one government official. In early August 2012, it was reported that the Assad administration is intact and functioning but the police and army remain in their barracks. Kurds in Qamishli have demonstrated against the Government and are actually allowed to do so on one street, though some have been shot at by the army in the past. There is a border post near the city See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Qardaha	8,671	Qardaha District	Latakia Governorate	n	Qardaha has a predominantly Alawite population and is the hometown of the Assad family
Qatana	33,996	Qatana District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	On 21 August 2012, France 24 reported that government soldiers have entered activist houses. On 25 September 2012, France 24 reported that tanks entered the town and fired on houses. On 15 October, there was shelling emanating from Turba checkpoint and the Baath School area
Qudsaya	33,571	Qudsaya District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	On 24 August 2012, government forces stormed the town amid heavy gunfire On 1 October 2012, there were executions of activists by the army.
Al-Qusayr	29,818	Al-Qusayr District	Homs Governorate	r	Al-Qusayr, which lies along the Lebanese border, is a critical node in rebel supply lines that links the predominantly Sunni areas of Lebanon’s northern Bekaa valley. Rebels had been fighting loyalist troops in the border town long before the survivors of Farouq Battalion arrived, but in the second half of March, fighting in al-Qusayr picked up. Rebels and loyalist troops had reached an uneasy stalemate in the city by the time the ceasefire went into effect in mid-April, since neither side had been able to expel the other from the town, but by the end of May, the pace of fighting had picked up again and gun battles raged two out of every three days in al-Qusayr On 10 July 2012, Al-Qusayr was completely under rebel control with the city being under siege from the surrounding countryside. However, later, it was confirmed that government troops still held the town's main road. See also: Battle of Al-Qusayr.
Al-Qutayfah	26,671	Al-Qutayfah District	Rif Dimashq Governorate
Ras al-Ayn	29,347	Ra's al-'Ayn District	Al-Hasakah Governorate	y	On 22 July 2012, YPG forces took control over it, after the security and political units withdrew from it, following an ultimatum issued by the Kurds. On 9 November 2012, France 24 reported that FSA took over the town along with its border post. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Al-Rastan	39,834	Ar-Rastan District	Homs Governorate	y	Al-Rastan is on the main highway between Damascus and Aleppo. The area near Al-Rastan was scene of the first serious armed confrontations between army defectors and loyalist forces through 2011. Assad’s forces regained control of the city several times, but it has kept slipping back into rebel hands. Its strategic location along the road which links the capital Damascus to the north of the country and the terrain had helped deserters from disparate units mount raids against Syrian army buses and roadblocks manned by Military Intelligence and pro-Assad militia. (see also: Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh, Battle of Rastan, 2011 and Battle of Rastan, 2012). The rebels in Al-Rastan were strong enough to fend off a military offensive in mid-May 2012. After twelve hours of indirect fire to soften rebel positions, elite security forces assaulted Al-Rastan in armored vehicles. The rebels destroyed three armored vehicles, including a main battle tank, and killed over twenty government troops. The rebels had their own losses, including a long-standing leader within Khalid bin Walid and its affiliated units, Lieutenant Ahmad Ayoub. The Army called off the assault and retreated to the perimeter to shell the city with rockets through the following day. Ten days later security forces attempted another combined arms assault on the rebel stronghold, failed again, and took similar heavy losses. The two main rebel forces in the Homs area, the Khaled Ibn Walid Brigade and Farouq, both work out of Rastan
Al-Safira	63,708	As-Safira District	Aleppo Governorate	n	Al-Safira is a bastion of Assad loyalists where the government's largest chemical weapons stockpiles are located.
Safita	20,301	Safita District	Tartus Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Salamiyah	66,724	Salamiyah District	Hama Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Salkhad	9,155	Salkhad District	As-Suwayda Governorate	n	The government has maintained control of this town located in the central Jabal el Druze highlands.
Al-Sanamayn	26,268	Al-Sanamayn District	Daraa Governorate
Shahba	13,660	Shahba District	As-Suwayda Governorate	n	The government has maintained control of this town located in the Jabal el Druze.
Al-Shaykh Badr	9,486	Ash-Shaykh Badr District	Tartus Governorate	n	Since June 2012, the government has maintained control.
Al-Suqaylabiyah	13,920	Al-Suqaylabiyah District	Hama Governorate	n	On October 14, 2012, there was fierce artillery and rocket shelling from Al-Nahel checkpoint in Al-Suqaylabiyah targeting the town of Karnaz
Talkalakh	18,412	Talkalakh District	Homs Governorate	n	On 15 May 2011, the Syrian military entered the town which is on the border with Lebanon, in a crackdown against pro-democracy protesters. There followed reports that the military was massacring members of the Syrian opposition. The reports were mostly from civilians fleeing over the Kabir River into Lebanon to escape the violence. By 19 May, the military finished its operation and withdrew from Talkalakh. Since June 2012, FSA has control. In late October 2012, Talkalakh was under siege by the army. Since November 2012, the army has control.
Al-Tall	44,597	Al-Tall District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	In July 2012, the city became an important rebel base around Damascus. When the Battle of Damascus started, the rebels stormed two government buildings and reportedly detained 40 soldiers while seizing a quantity of weapons. The city was also one of the places where the rebel retreated after their defeat in Damascus. At the end of July, rebels were gathering and massing in Al-Tall to ready themselves for another attack on Damascus. In the beginning of August, the Syrian Army started shelling the rebel positions more intensively. The city became completely besieged by the Army after the capture of 3 Syrian journalists by the rebels near the city. The Syrian Army took control of the city and cleared it of rebel presence the 17 August, while the Syrian National Council described the area a "sinister zone". The three captured journalists were found by the Syrian Army. The bodies of 58 executed civilians were reportedly found in the town following the operation. See also: Rif Dimashq offensive.
Tell Abyad	14,825	Tal Abyad District	Ar-Raqqah Governorate	y	The Free Syrian Army took control over the city on September 19, 2012.
Al-Thawrah	69,425	Al-Thawrah District	Ar-Raqqah Governorate	y	the Free Syrian has maintained control over the city since June 2012 .
Yabrud	25,891	Yabrud District	Rif Dimashq Governorate		On 25 September 2012, France 24 reported that the town was bombarded by the army. On 30 October 2012, there was heavy artillery shelling of the city from Brigade 18
Al-Zabadani	26,285	Zabadani District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	t70%	Military deployments in the vicinity of Zabadani between 11 and 13 February 2012 The city of Zabadani is vitally important to Syria's government and to Iran because, at least as late as June 2011, the city served as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps's logistical hub for supplying Hizballah. On January 18, 2012 Zabadani became the first city to fall under the control of the FSA following a bloody battle that lasted 11 days. and the adjoining town of Madaya mid-January. Syrian Army retakes control of Madaya and Zabadani in mid-February. In May, much of Zabadani was once again reportedly out of government control, with army checkpoints on the roads leading into and out of the city and security forces guarding government buildings in the town, but not venturing outside to such places as the central square. Around 450 FSA fighters were in the orchards outside of Zabadani, but they did not have a presence in the town itself. Instead, opposition activists were reporting from within the city via walkie-talkies and organizing protests. However, in August local fighters in Zabadani retook 70% of the town with only a few isolated army checkpoints remaining
Alini	3,279	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	In June 2012, FSA was in control. In September 2012, the government was reported in control of the town On 30 October 2012, FSA announced it had taken control of Alini and many villages (including Hayr Jamus, Kafrinnah, Jisr al Maksour, and Ayn Bakara) near the Turkish border and the town of Salqin and many of Assad’s soldiers were taken prisoners.
Amuda	26,821	Al Qamishli District	Al Hasakah Governorate	v	In late July 2012, Kurdish forces started campaign in Syrian Kurdistan and then proceeded with take-over of Amuda. See also 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Anadan	11,918	Mount Simeon District	Aleppo Governorate	y	At dusk on 29 July 2012, FSA commander in the area, Lieutenant Rifaat Khali, mobilized 150 fighters to seize control of the Anadan checkpoint, a strategic location linking the city of Aleppo 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the south with the Turkish border to the north, which the FSA used as a source for supplies. On 30 July, after ten hours of fighting, FSA seized control of Anadan checkpoint and retrieved ammunition left behind by the defeated government forces. During the fighting, eight tanks were also captured, seven of which were still operational; the operational ones were intended for use in the battle of Aleppo. At least some of the captured tanks were deployed northwards to Azaz, where they were used to support an attack on a loyalist-held airbase. Anadan has been the site of heavy shelling by the Syrian military. On 24 October 2012, the formation of a local administration council composed from prominent engineers, doctors, human right activists, was announced.
Arbin	44,934	Markaz Rif Dimashq	Rif Dimashq Governorate	r	On 30 October 2012, the town was under attack by the army.
Armanaz	10,296	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	Rebels drove out government forces on 20 June 2012 after weeks of clashes.
Assal al-Ward	5,812	Yabrud District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	y	Since June 2012, FSA has control of this town located along the Syrian–Lebanese borders.
Azmarin	3,720	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	ln June 2012, FSA was reported to have control of this town located on the border with Turkey. At a later date, FSA lost control of the town. On 14 October, rebels recaptured it after a three day siege. Remaining government soldiers fled during the night, some across the Turkish border and into Turkish custody. Dr. Ghnnam worked as a urologist in Azmarin before taking command of rebel forces in the town.
Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing		Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	It is a frequent place of crossing for Syrians trying to reach the refugee camp in nearby Reyhanlı. Drivers complained in December 2011 that they had been stalled at the crossing for days after customs officials stopped allowing vehicles with Turkish registrations to enter Syria. The crossing is a major route for smuggling, particularly oil and gas, and has seen a dramatic rise in weapons smuggling. On July 19, 2012, the FSA with 200 fighters seized the border crossing and defaced images of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. On July 22, 2012, Turkish armed forces further restricted border crossings of their own nationals. Crisply dressed rebels check passports of new arrivals, enter names into computers and extend a welcome hand to "Free Syria." In mid-August 2012, FSA fighters attacked tanks and helicopters from the government near the Turkish border, foiling an attempt to take over the Bab al-Hawa border gateway.
Binnish	21,848	Idlib District	Idlib Governorate	n	Binnish has been a major protest hub. On 13 October 2011, clashes were reported in the city. FSA takes control in December 2011–January 2012. The Syrian Army then later assaulted Idlib city in March 2012 in a major operation. As early as March 23, it was reported Binnish was one of their next targets. Binnish is on a hill, so it is harder to assault. The Syrian Army had agreed to Kofi Annan's peace plan and to withdraw troops by April 10. By April 3, CNN reported the Syrian Army was assaulting Binnish with tanks and helicopters. On April 4, the Syrian Army was still shelling Binnish with citizens fleeing the city. Since June 2012, the government has control.
Bosra	19,683	Daraa District	Daraa Governorate	r	On October 14, 2012, there were intense gunfire from regime forces stationed at checkpoints on the main road running through the town. On 15 October 2012, France 24 reported that the town was shelled by the army.
Al-Dana	14,208	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	Since July 2012, it is under FSA control.
Darat Izza	13,525	Mount Simeon District	Aleppo Governorate	y	On June 23, 2012, 25 Shabiha militias were killed by Syrian rebels in the city. They were part of a larger group kidnapped by a rebel group. The fate of the others kidnapped was unknown. Many of the corpses of the shabiha militia killed were in military uniform. A secondary school has turned into a police station, a courthouse and a temporary town hall run by the rebels. It is part of a nascent rebel administration that is taking shape in areas of the country where Assad's authority has disappeared as his security forces try to secure control of Syria's main cities: Aleppo, Damascus, Homs and others. A defector from the Assad administration, Abdul Hadi heads a "revolutionary" security force made up of some 40 officers, all of them former policemen in the government. At times, Abdul Hadi's role seems more akin to that of a local mayor than a police officer. Among his self-assigned responsibilities, he monitors local bread supplies, urging bakeries to adjust production according to need. Recent rebel attacks on a government-owned wheat silo and army gasoline depots have given them access to new supplies.
Al-Darbasiyah	8,551	Al-Hasakah District	Al-Hasakah Governorate	v	On 22 July 2012, YPG forces took control over the town which is on the Turkish border, after the security and political units withdrew from it, following an ultimatum issued by the Kurds. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Darkush	5,295	Jisr al-Shughur District	Idlib Governorate	y	on 28 March 2012, it was reported that two British journalists of Algerian descent, Nassim Terreri and Walid Bledi, were killed by the pro-government militia Shabiha in this town located on the border with Turkey. The freelance journalists were filming a documentary about refugees fleeing the violence. ln June 2012, FSA was reported to have control of Darkush. At a later date, FSA lost control of the town. On 11 October, rebels recaptured it.
Deir Atiyah	10,984	An-Nabk District	Rif Dimashq Governorate
Deir Jamal	4,287	A'zaz District	Aleppo Governorate	y	By the end of July 2012, rebel forces controlled Deir Jamal
Al-Hajar al-Aswad	84,948	Darayya District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	r	On 26 July 2012, fighting was reported in the Al-Hajar al-Aswad suburb of the capital, a place described as one of the last rebel bastions in Damascus. The FSA had withdrawn to the southern suburb of Al-Hajar al-Aswad with the suburb being shelled by Government forces and an activist in the area said that there were still ongoing clashes in the south of the city. On 27 July 2012, the army took it back. On 7 November 2012, France 24 reported heavy fighting in the suburb.
Harasta	68,708	Douma District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	y	On 30 September 2012, France 24 reported that army tanks have entered it. On 21 October 2012, it was reported that Harasta was under opposition control but with heavy shelling. On 25 October, the Syrian army fired heavy tank and rocket barrages, after rebels overran two army checkpoints on the edge of the town.
Al-Hirak	20,760	Izra' District	Daraa Governorate	r	On 6 March 2012, the Syrian Army bombed the city which served as a base for the FSA and clashed with them in intense fighting. Residential areas and the Abu Bakr al-Saddiq Mosque were reportedly hit by Syrian Army shells. During the battle, the FSA ambushed a Syrian Army armored carrier, killing five soldiers. A 15-year old boy was also killed after being allegedly shot by a government sniper. "Mosque al-Herak" is named on the Global Heritage Fund listing of damages to Syrian cultural heritage. On August 22, 2012, France 24 reported that the Syrian army began a campaign against Hirak which lead to a fierce battle. On August 24, 2012, the FSA withdrew from the town. On 12 November 2012, the town was reported under rebel control and bombed by the army
Houla	50,000	Homs District	Homs Governorate	y	The settlement is essentially a Sunni town surrounded by Alawite villages. As of 21 June 2012, government forces have been driven from the town center and are now relegated to positions on the town's periphery. See also: Houla massacre.
Jaramana	114,363	Markaz Rif Dimashq	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	Jaramana is a diverse town with a Christian and Druze majority.
Jasim	31,683	Izra' District	Daraa Governorate	n	Jasim was one of the first cities to participate in large-scale protests against the government on 18 March 2011. Further mass protests were reported on 22 April 2011. On 1 April 2012, four Syrian Army soldiers were killed in clashes with rebel FSA gunmen in Jassem. On 12 November 2012, fierce gunfire has been reported in the town
Jindires	13,661	Afrin District	Aleppo Governorate	v	In late July 2012, YPG forces took control over the town. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Kafr Batna	22,535	Markaz Rif Dimashq	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	On 29 January 2012, Syrian Army tanks entered this suburb of Damascus to force out FSA. Although it has not been verified, opposition activists reported that five FSA soldiers and 14 civilians, including at least one minor, were killed during the raid.
Kafr Nabl	15,455	Maarat al-Numaan District	Idlib Governorate	y	FSA takes control in December 2011–January 2012. After that, the government recaptured the town. On 11 August 2012, the FSA took it back after a 4 day fight and started reorganizing the town by working on reestablishing electricity, water, telephone and opening the bakeries.
Kesab	1,754	Latakia District	Latakia Governorate	y	Kesab is 3 kilometers away from the Turkish border and is mainly populated by Armenians with an Alawite minority. On October 13, 2012, rebels were attacking towards the town. Since November 2012, FSA has control.
Khan Shaykhun	34,371	Maarat al-Numaan District	Idlib Governorate	n	FSA takes control in December 2011–January 2012. Fell in government hands on 6 July 2012. The rebels withdrew when a larger force arrived, backed by attack helicopters that the rebels had no way of countering. Once inside the city, the troops set homes on fire and arrested dozens of people.
Khirbet Aljoz	1,644	Jisr ash-Shugur District	Idlib Governorate	y	in June 2011, the Syrian military attacked this town on the frontier with Turkey, with 40 tanks in a crackdown against pro-democracy protesters. On 6 October 2012, FSA takes control of the town. The fighting lasted 12 hours and resulted in at least 40 dead among the Syrian army forces, including five officers, and nine rebel fighters.
Ma'arrat al Bash			Rif Dimashq Governorate	y	Since June 2012, FSA has control.
Maarrat Misrin	17,519	Idlib District	Idlib Governorate		On 12 December 2011, opposition activists claimed the Syrian Army "indiscriminately" killed eleven people in the town. The incident began when soldiers allegedly shot dead two civilians in Maarrat Misrin prompting residents to block the main road leading to the town. The army then fired randomly, resulting in eleven deaths. The next day, two more residents were shot by Syrian security forces during a funeral procession for those killed the previous day. According to a Syrian military source cited by Syrian Documents, on 7 September 2012, the Syrian Army ambushed a rebel unit in Maarrat Misrin. A total of 42 were killed.
al-Ma'bada	16,000	Al-Malikiyah District	Al-Hasakah Governorate	v	On 24 July 2012, PYD announced that Syrian security forces withdrew from al-Ma'bada, located between Al-Malikiyah and Turkish borders. YPG forces afterwards took control of all government institutions. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Mare'	16,904	A'zaz District	Aleppo Governorate	y	The Ibn Walid brigade of FSA was formed in the town in August 2012.
Muadamiyat al-Sham	52,738	Darayya District	Rif Dimashq Governorate	r	After a two-day operation at the end of July 2012, which killed 120 people in this suburb, the Syrian Army started a new operation on 20 August. The rebels repelled the first attack but the Syrian Army quickly managed to overrun the rebels. The death toll of the operation was estimated at 86 dead, half of them executed by the Syrian Army for being suspected rebels. A car bomb exploded in the town on 31 October, injuring an unknown number of people. By this point, the town was being contested between rebels and government forces. See also: Rif Dimashq offensive.
Nawa	47,066	Izra' District	Daraa Governorate	r	On 21 August 2012, YouTube video seemed to show government tanks in streets. On 30 October 2012, fierce gunfire has been reported in the town
Qah	2,262	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	ln June 2012, the regime was reported to have control. On 16 October 2012, it was reported that Qah was the site for the first camp built inside Syria for those displaced by the fighting. This was the consequence of Syria's neighbours not willing to absorb more refugees. Since the town is near the frontier with Turkey, the Syrian war planes do not dare bombarding it. This provides a de facto safe-zone.
Al-Qahtaniya			Al-Hasakah Governorate	v	In late July 2012, YPG forces took control over the town. See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Qalat al-Madiq			Hama Governorate	y	Rebels ousted local government authorities in September 2011, and the military’s repeated attempts to install new police officers have proven unsuccessful. Meanwhile, the Suqour al-Ghab Battalion has taken on some responsibilities of local government, such as distributing precious cooking gas and rebuilding schools.
Saidnaya	5,194	Al-Tall District	Rif Dimashq Governorate
Salma	2,131	Al-Haffah District	Latakia Governorate	y	As of late July 2012, FSA controls the town, whose population has left (part to Latakia city and part to Turkey). FSA had declared that they were able to hold on to Salma thanks to its mountainous nature and the fact that it is surrounded by Sunni villages.
Salqin	23,700	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	Since June 2012, FSA has control. ln early October 2012, the town was reported under army control. However 28 October, the Free Syrian Army announced it had taken control of Salqin, the last regime controlled subburb of Idlib city. During the clashes, some 50 loyalist soldiers were killed or captured. The taking of Salqin means that loyalist forces now only control Jisr ash-Shigour, Idlib city and Khan Shaykun in the Idlib province.
Saraqib	32,495	Idlib District	Idlib Governorate	y	FSA takes control in December 2011–January 2012. Saraqib was considered an important strategic point because of its size, being the second largest city of the governorate, and its geographic position at the junction of two highways going to Aleppo: one going south towards Hama, Homs and Damascus, and one going west towards Latakia. It was also used as a base to launch attacks on military convoys. On 24 March, eleven days after the Syrian Army took back Idlib, the Syrian Army shelled the city briefly while leading a ground assault at the same time. A column of tanks entered the city to attack the defenses of the rebels, while infantry backed by snipers led the second wave to pursue the remaining fighters. The Free Syrian Army fighters fought back the first day and damaged a tank. After the first day, the rebels were forced to withdraw from the city after the army took full control of it. In July 2012, it was reported that the FSA had regained control of the city. On 11 October, 8 pro-government shabiha militia were killed on an attack on a checkpoint in Saraqib. with 16 soldiers being killed the next day. On 24 October, there were fierce shelling targeting the city from Hamsho check point. On 2 November 2012, France 24 reported that FSA has taken over the last military base that the regime had around Saraqib. See also: Battle of Saraqeb.
Sarmin	14,530	Idlib District	Idlib Governorate	n	FSA had gained control over Sarmin. By April 3, the Syrian Army had retaken Sarmin as part of the April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation which was initiated by the Syrian government in order to make gains against the rebels, prior to the implementation of the U.N. brokered ceasefire, planned for 10 April. Sarmin’s mosque was severely damaged.
Sayyidah Zaynab	136,427	Markaz Rif Dimashq	Rif Dimashq Governorate	n	Since late July 2012, the government troops control it. See also: Battle of Damascus (2012).
Taftanaz	8,540	Idlib District	Idlib Governorate	n	The town has been a center for opposition protests The Battle of Taftanaz started on April 3, 2012. Heavy fighting took place on the outskirts of the town, killing 20 people. By 5 April, the military captured Taftanaz's city center, which was defended by 200 FSA fighters, after a two-hour battle, following which the army reportedly rounded up and executed 82 people. It was unknown how many were opposition fighters and how many were civilians. Witnesses in the town said that tanks shelled the town from four sides before armored cars brought in dozens of soldiers who dragged civilians from their homes and gunned them down in the streets, and they also claimed that the soldiers looted, destroyed and torched hundreds of homes, bringing some down on their owners’ heads. Videos showed this, and 62 people were killed during the attack, despite the town only having a small rebel presence. Nine government tanks were destroyed by homemade bombs as they left the town. Two months after, two-thirds of the population had left. On 29 August 2012, rebels claim to have attacked a "military air base in Taftanaz" damaging several Government helicopters. Their claims could not be independently verified. On 3 November 2012, France 24 reported that FSA has attacked the military air base of Taftanaz.
Talbiseh	30,796		Homs Governorate	y	Talbiseh witnessed large demonstrations protesting against the government of Bashar al-Assad in April 2011. Since the beginning of the insurrection, the city has become a stronghold for the opposition and the anti-government Free Syrian Army (FSA). As such, Talbiseh has been targeted by the Syrian Army and security forces throughout the uprising. Between 29 May and early June 2011 Syrian troops backed by tanks entered and besieged the city with the stated aim of rooting out "terrorist groups." Opposition activists claimed troops were raiding houses and arresting suspected dissidents. Five residents and four soldiers were reportedly killed in the first day of the operation. On 8 June 2012, three civilians and nine Syrian troops were killed in fighting in the Talbiseh area. Heavy fighting between the Syrian Army and the FSA continued until at least 11 June. According to United Nations observers, the FSA took a number of government soldiers captive. The Syrian Army attempted to retake Talbiseh on 21 July, sparking heavy clashes in the city and subsequent artillery bombardment. On 25 September 2012, France 24 reported that Talbiseh was under siege from all directions by the army.
Tell Rifaat	20,514	A'zaz District	Aleppo Governorate	y	In the early summer of 2012, Syrian government authorities withdrew from Tel Rifaat and were replaced by a council made up of local scholars, judges and former Syrian Army officers. The city is currently under the authority of FSA. On 8 August 2012, Tel Rifaat was bombed by the Syrian Air Force, resulting in the deaths of six people, all members of the Blaw family. Opposition activists based in Aleppo claimed that Syrian Army forces were attempting to cut off the FSA's transport route between Tell Rifaat and Aleppo.
Tremseh	7,000		Hama Governorate	n	The Tremseh residents are mostly Sunni Muslims. A Syrian Army convoy was ambushed by rebels near Hama, which led to a counter-attack from the Syrian Army, and reports suggested government troops were trying to take back the town from rebel forces. On 12 July 2012, Tremseh was surrounded by government tanks and artillery, after which, the Syrian military launched a full-scale attack against FSA inside the town. Tanks entered Tremseh after forces had shelled the town continuously from 5 a.m. until noon. Syrian army forces, whose numbers were bolstered by "Shabeha", accompanied the tanks into Tremseh. See also: Battle of Tremseh.
at-Tulul	1,703	Harem District	Idlib Governorate	y	In June 2012, FSA was in control. In September 2012, the government was reported in control of the town On 30 October 2012, FSA announced it had taken control of at-Tulul and many villages (including Hayr Jamus, Kafrinnah, Jisr al Maksour, and Ayn Bakara) near the Turkish border and the town of Salqin and many of Assad’s soldiers were taken prisoners.
Urum al-Sughrah		Atarib District	Aleppo Governorate	y	Since June 2012, FSA has control. In October 2012, the military base of regiment 46 (west of town) was under siege by rebels who shelled it on a regular basis with mortar and rockets.
Zamalka	44,661	Markaz Rif Dimashq	Rif Dimashq Governorate	r	On 30 October 2012, the town was under attack by the army.
Outside of listed towns in Aleppo G.			Aleppo Governorate	rnorthsouth	In March 2012, fighting erupted for the first time in northern Aleppo governorate. Fighting even spilled over the border into Turkey in May, and by the end of that month, the rebels could report effective control over most of the northern Aleppo countryside. Assad's security forces lost control of almost all of countryside north of Aleppo in late July, fleeing an offensive by rebel groups from across the rural north. Since then, local village committees that steered the uprising have shifted gears, transforming themselves into interim village governments. Rebel checkpoints dot the winding single-lane roads between the region's farming villages and towns. Except for a lone air base (Mennigh Air Base) where loyalist soldiers are hunkered down and mostly surrounded by rebel fighters, the countryside stretching from Aleppo to the Turkish border about 30 miles away has been cleared of government forces. Across the scattered farm towns, locals have formed councils to remove rubble, restore utilities and funnel supplies to fighters in Aleppo. They organize security patrols to guard against thieves and government spies. Some are running prisons and rudimentary courts.
Outside of listed towns in Daraa G.			Daraa Governorate	p75%	Since June 2012, FSA controls two areas, west and east of Daraa city (about 1/4 of governorate). See also: 2011–2012 Daraa Governorate clashes and 20 April 2012 Daraa Governorate attacks.
Outside of listed towns in Deir ez-Zor G.			Deir ez-Zor Governorate	t90%	As Assad has concentrated his forces on wresting back control of Aleppo, rebels have slowly gained ground in the eastern tribal heartland where the big prize is the country's 200,000 barrel-a-day oil output. On 24 July 2012, it has been reported that 90% of Deir ez-Zor Governorate is in rebel control. In August 2012, units of the FSA targeted the remaining isolated outposts of Assad’s forces in north-east Syria, where the FSA control all the main roads. There were said to be only 3 Army outposts left in Deir ez-Zor province countryside and they were under attack. Moaz Al-Raqad battalion of FSA is based here.
Outside of listed towns in Hama G.			Hama Governorate	r	By June 2012, FSA controlled swathes of land in Northern Hama governorate. FSA, local people, administered justice and the distribution of supplies to residents.
Outside of listed towns in Al-Hasakah G.			Al-Hasakah Governorate	q	See also: 2012 Syrian Kurdistan campaign.
Outside of listed towns in Homs G.			Homs Governorate	r	Since June 2012, FSA has control of parts of rural Homs.
Outside of listed towns in Idlib G.			Idlib Governorate	t80%	By June 2012, large parts of Idlib Governorate are controlled by FSA who (along with local people), administered justice and the distribution of supplies to residents. Sham Falcons (lead by General Mustafa al-Sheikh) operate in Jabal al-Zawiya. Eight out of the 35 villages of the Jabal al-Zawiya, around 25% percent, were reportedly under opposition control. On Oct 18, 2012, Al Jazeera reported that rebels were giving classes to children in caves in Jabal al-Zawiya after the regime destroyed schools By 25 October 2012, the FSA had taken control of 80% of the Governorate. See also: 2011–2012 Idlib Governorate clashes, October 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya clashes, December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres, December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash and April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation.
Outside of listed towns in Latakia G.			Latakia Governorate	r	Since June 2012, FSA controls a small part in the north east. In late July 2012, France 24 reported that the army has been burning forests to avoid FSA hiding in them. By October the FSA has taken control over the half of the governate after the withdrawal of the Syrian regime forces from the Turkmen and Kurdish mountains in the north of the governate.
Outside of listed towns in Ar-Raqqah G.			Ar-Raqqah Governorate	rnorthcenter & south	Ahmad Nayif Al-Sukhni battalion of FSA is based here.
Outside of listed towns in Rif Dimashq G.			Rif Dimashq Governorate	r	Since June 2012, FSA controls rural areas between the Damascus-Homs highway and the Lebanese frontier (north of Zabadani) On July 2, it was also reported that FSA had taken control of a number of suburbs north of the capital Damascus, including Zamalka and Irbeen. FSA fighters openly patrolled the streets of the suburbs, and clashes occurred less than 10 KM from the center of Damascus city itself. See also: 2011 Rif Dimashq blockades and Rif Dimashq offensive.
Outside of listed towns in As-Suwayda G.			As-Suwayda Governorate	p95%	Since June 2012, FSA controls a small part near the frontier with Daraa Governorate. Sultan Pasha Al-Atrash battalion of FSA is based here.
Outside of listed towns in Tartus G.			Tartus Governorate	n	The government has maintained control of this governorate that has an Alawi majority.