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The Duchy of Nysa (Template:Lang-pl) or Duchy of Neisse (Template:Lang-de) was one of the duchies of Silesia. Alongside the Duchy of Siewierz, it was the only ecclesiastical duchy in the region, as it was ruled by a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Nowadays the territory is divided between Poland and the Czech Republic.
In 1198 Jarosław Opolski, son of Bolesław I the Tall and also bishop of Wrocław, was given the territories near Nysa (Neisse) by his father. After Jarosław's death in 1201, Henry I the Bearded decided to leave Nysa, as well as the castellany of Otmuchów, under control of the Bishopric of Wrocław. In 1290 Henryk IV Probus gave the bishops privileges of autonomy on their lands in Nysa, creating the legal basis for the Duchy of Nysa. Henryk z Wierzbna, bishop of Wrocław (1302-1319), was the first to use the title of Duke of Nysa.
The duchy was abandoned by the bishops during the Silesian Wars. Following the wars, the Treaty of Breslau of 1741 divided the principality, with the larger part (1231 km²) becoming part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and the smaller (900 km²) remaining with the Austrian-ruled Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1810 the Prussian part was secularized, its autonomy removed and it was incorporated into the Prussian Province of Silesia administrative structure. The small part remaining in the Austrian Empire was likewise secularized in 1850.
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