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Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist CULT. The religion emerged from the Bible Student Movement, founded in the late 19th century by Charles Taze Russell, and today claims an active worldwide membership of 7.0 million. They are most well-known for their door-to-door preaching ministry, and their refusal to serve in the military and take blood transfusions.

The religion has been acknowledged for its contributions to medical practice in bloodless surgery, its assistance in the development of constitutional law concerning civil liberties and conscientious objection to military service, and its international publishing and missionary activity. The religion's pacifist stance has brought it into conflict with governments that conscript citizens for military service, and activities of Jehovah's Witnesses have subsequently been banned in some countries.

The group has been criticized as authoritarian and accused of coercing members to obey doctrines including the ban on blood transfusions. The religion is said to demand unquestioning obedience from members, with the consequence of expulsion and shunning facing any who fail to comply with, express doubts about, or disagree with doctrines.

History

Charles Taze Russell and the Bible Students

In July 1879, Charles Taze Russell, who had earlier studied the Bible with the Millerist Adventist group and jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning, began leading a Bible study group and publishing a magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, highlighting Biblical time prophecies and Russell's belief that the world was in "'the last days' 'the day of the Lord' — 'the end' of the Gospel age, and consequently, in the dawn of the 'new' age". In 1881 Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to disseminate tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles. Three years later, on December 15, 1884, Russell became the president of the society when it was legally incorporated in Pennsylvania.

Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible and Russell's writings. Russell firmly rejected as "wholly unnecessary" the concept of a formal organization for his followers and declared his group had no record of its members' names, no creeds and no sectarian name. The group became known as "Bible Students". Russell died in 1916 and was succeeded by Joseph Franklin Rutherford (also known as "Judge" Rutherford).

Joseph Rutherford's organizational changes

A power struggle soon developed between Rutherford and the Society's Board of Directors, who objected to his dogmatic, authoritarian style of leadership. On July 17, 1917 Rutherford dismissed four of the directors and announced the release of The Finished Mystery, a book described as the "posthumous work of Russell", but actually written by two Bible Students. Controversy erupted over Rutherford's elimination of his opponents and the publication of the book and many Bible Students left to form splinter groups. Eight years later Rutherford dismissed the Watch Tower's Editorial Committee, which had strenuously objected to his publishing an article establishing 1914 as the starting date of the functioning of God's kingdom. The move gave him full control of the organization and material published in the Watch Tower.

The Finished Mystery was controversial for its criticism of Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in war. Citing this book, the United States federal government indicted Rutherford and the new board of directors for violation of the Espionage Act on May 7, 1918. They were found guilty and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. However, in March 1919, the judgment against them was reversed and they were released from prison. The charges were later dropped. Patriotic fervor during World War I fueled persecution of the Bible Students both in America and in Europe, including mob violence and tarring and feathering.

Rutherford continued to tighten and centralize organizational control of the Bible Students. In 1919 all congregations were asked to register with the Society and allow a "director" to be appointed by the Brooklyn headquarters. A year later all congregation members who participated in the preaching work were required to turn in a weekly report of their witnessing activity. In 1932, to reinforce his demand for unity and order, Rutherford eliminated the system of congregations electing bodies of elders and in 1938 introduced a "theocratic" or "God-ruled" organizational system in which the Brooklyn headquarters would make all appointments in congregations worldwide. On July 26, 1931, the name Jehovah's Witnesses was adopted by resolution at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, based on the scripture at Isaiah 43:10, "You are my witnesses, is the utterance of Jehovah...".

Doctrinal changes under Rutherford's presidency

At an international convention held at Cedar Point, on September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine were made under Rutherford's leadership, including the 1918 announcement that Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year reign, accompanied by an earthly paradise. The failed expectations for 1925 coupled with other doctrinal changes, led to a dramatic reduction in attendance at their yearly Memorial from 90,434 in 1925 to 17,380 in 1928. By 1933, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: pa'rou'si'a), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days", was moved from 1874 to 1914. From 1935 converts to the movement were generally identified as those who, if worthy, would survive Armageddon and live on a paradise earth. Membership before this time was generally composed of those who believed they would be resurrected to live in heaven to rule over the earth with Christ.

As the "body of theocratic law" continued to expand at a rapid pace, Witnesses were told they should refuse to salute the flag, stand for the national anthem or accept alternative service provided for those who had conscientous objection to military service. In Germany, Jehovah's Witnesses came under persecution, with as many as 5000 imprisoned in concentration camps. Witnesses also experienced mob violence in the US and were banned in Canada and Australia because of their pacifist stance.

Nathan Knorr and reorganization

On January 13, 1942, Nathan Homer Knorr succeeded Rutherford and was named the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Knorr founded the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead to train missionaries, as well as the Theocratic Ministry School to train preaching and teaching at the congregational level. In 1943, the United States Supreme Court ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education vs. Barnette that school children of Jehovah's Witnesses could not be compelled to recite the Pledge of Allegiance.

In 1946, Knorr proposed a fresh translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. A translation committee was formed in 1947 and the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) was released in 1950. The translation of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) was gradually released as a series of separate volumes in the following years, with the release of the complete New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures as a single volume in 1961. Knorr's vice-president Frederick William Franz became the leading theologian, and is believed to have been the principal translator of the New World Translation. Also produced were a Greek-English New Testament interlinear (The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures) and a Bible dictionary (Aid to Bible Understanding).

During the 1960s and early 1970s, various references were made in Witnesses' literature and at assemblies, implying that Christ's thousand-year millennial reign might begin by 1975. The chronology pointing to 1975 was noted in the secular media at the time. From 1975 to 1980, there was a drop in membership following an uneventful 1975. The Watchtower Society later admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding the year 1975.

Further reorganization

The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments being made from headquarters.

In 1976, the leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses was reorganized, and authority regarding doctrinal and organizational decisions passed from the president to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses of the Watch Tower Society. After Knorr's death in 1977, the presidents have been Frederick William Franz, Milton George Henschel and Don A. Adams.

Organization

Jehovah's Witnesses have no formal clergy-laity division. All baptized members are considered to be ordained ministers and share in proselytizing efforts. A body of Elders supervises each congregation, in accord with guidance and instructions provided by the Governing Body.

Beliefs

Unless explicitly stated, statements in this section reflect the beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses.

Jehovah

Jehovah's Witnesses give emphasis to the use of God's Biblical name, the Tetragrammaton, and in English they prefer to use the name, Jehovah. Jehovah's Witnesses see mankind as participants in a challenge involving the competing claims of Jehovah and Satan to universal sovereignty.

Jesus Christ

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus was created by Jehovah, and that Jehovah then created everything else by means of Jesus. While on Earth as a human, Jesus performed miracles, but he does not perform them now. Jesus served as a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of mankind. They believe that Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than the traditional cross.

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus and the Archangel Michael are the same being.

Salvation

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that salvation from sin is necessary because Jehovah punishes all sin with death, but that everlasting life is possible for those who repent. Their salvation is not experienced as a sudden moment of realization. Publications of Jehovah's Witnesses have stated that only those serving Jehovah have Scriptural hope of surviving God's judgment of the world.

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Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus' death was necessary to atone for the sin brought into the world by the first man, Adam, opening the way for the hope of everlasting life for mankind, and that 144,000 anointed Christians will receive immortal life in heaven as co-rulers with Christ, ruling over the rest of mankind during the Millennial Reign. They believe that God’s kingdom was established "in heaven with Christ Jesus as King" in 1914. During the war of Armageddon, the wicked will be destroyed, while the survivors along with millions of others who will be resurrected will form a new earthly society ruled by a heavenly government, with the possibility of living forever in an earthly paradise.

The vast majority of Jehovah's Witnesses expect to live in a renewed paradise on Earth. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus' first act as King in 1914 was to throw Satan out of heaven. Those of the 144,000 who had already died are believed to have been resurrected as spirit creatures to heavenly life 1918. Since then, any remaining members of the 144,000 who die are believed to be immediately resurrected to heavenly life, based on their understanding of 1 Corinthians 15:51, 52. They also teach that it is up to Jesus, and not people, to judge individuals. The prospect for small children and the mentally ill is unknown.

They believe that after Armageddon, the majority of mankind who have died, both righteous and unrighteous but specifically excluding those who die at Armageddon, will eventually be resurrected, with the chance of being judged righteous and living forever in paradise. The resurrected ones have a period of 1000 years to demonstrate obedience. During this period, the 144,000 rule as kings and judges along with Jesus. After the period of 1000 years, Satan and his demons will be given a chance to mislead people again. Then Satan and any who follow him will be destroyed. Thereafter, faithful humans will live forever on earth.

Mortality

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that death is a state of non-existence with no consciousness. They do not believe in any Hell of fiery torment. Hades and Sheol are understood to refer to the condition of death, termed common grave. They consider the soul and body to be the living being that expires. Their hope for life after death involves being resurrected by God, either with a new or renewed body on earth after Armageddon, or to heaven for the limited number of 144,000.

Authority of the Bible

Jehovah's Witnesses consider the entire Bible (following the Protestant canon, hence excluding the deuterocanonical books) to be the inspired word of God, historically and mostly literally true.They believe the Bible also uses symbolism, parable, figures of speech, and poeticism. They do not consider themselves to be fundamentalist.

Because of the intellectual expounding of their interpretation of the Bible, they have been termed a rational religion.

Jehovah’s Witness consider their religion the sole visible channel of Jehovah, and that the Bible cannot be understood without the assistance and guidance of what they call Jehovah’s visible organization.

Ethics and morality

Their view of morality reflects conservative Christian values. All sexual relations outside of marriage are grounds for expulsion (disfellowshipping) from the group. Abortion is considered murder. Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently emphasized. Gambling, drunkenness, illegal drugs, and tobacco use are forbidden.

The family structure is patriarchal. The husband is considered the final authority on family decisions, but is encouraged to solicit his wife's thoughts and feelings, as well as those of his children. Marriages are required to be monogamous. Divorce is condemned for any reason other than adultery. Abuse and willful nonsupport of one's family are considered grounds for separation.

Avoidance of interfaith activity

Jehovah's Witnesses contend that the Bible has always condemned the mixing of religions on the basis that there can only be one truth from God. They believe only their religion represents true Christianity and that all other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will be destroyed. They are opposed to 'councils' that unite or combine different religions.

Holidays

Weddings, anniversaries, and funerals are observed.

Religious holidays such as New Year's Day, Easter, Halloween, and Christmas are not celebrated, for they regard these as pagan (non-Christian) in origin. They have published information regarding the origins of these and other holidays. They also refrain from most celebrations that focus on individuals, such as birthdays.

Relationship with governments

Jehovah's Witnesses believe their allegiance belongs to God's Kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government. Thus they refrain from saluting the flag of any country or singing nationalistic songs. They believe that these acts are tantamount to worship. The political neutrality of Jehovah's Witnesses is also expressed by their refusal to participate in military service – even when it is compulsory – and by their detachment from secular politics. Voting in political elections is considered a compromise of their Christian neutrality. However, they believe that they owe the secular authorities their obedience. Members are expected to obey all laws of their native governments, so long as these do not violate their interpretations of scripture. They are instructed to pay all taxes of the country in which they reside, considering the government to be solely responsible for how they are used.

Education

Jehovah's Witnesses are instructed to make their preaching work the top priority in their life. Members who pursue tertiary education are instructed to keep their studies secondary to spiritual responsibilities.

Jehovah's Witnesses provide various religious training programs for their members. Some examples are the Theocratic Ministry School (available for everyone), Pioneer Service School, Ministerial Training School, Gilead Missionary School (which was officially recognized by the US Office of Education in 1953) and others, specifically focused on improving skills for their ministry.

Blood

Jehovah's Witnesses are opposed to blood transfusions based on their understanding of how the Bible says blood should be treated. In 1961, accepting a blood transfusion became grounds for expulsion from the religion. They do not accept the threat of death as sufficient to dissuade them from rejecting blood transfusions for themselves or their children. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible prohibits blood transfusions based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28-29:

“For the holy spirit and we ourselves have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to keep abstaining from things sacrificed to idols and from blood and from things strangled and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper. Good health to you!”

While Jehovah's Witnesses are not permitted to accept red cells, white cells, platelets or plasma, they may accept fractions made from these components at their own discretion. The Watchtower Society provides members with Power of Attorney documents to indicate which optional fractions they accept, with preformatted wording prohibiting major components. If a fraction, "makes up a significant portion of that component" or "carries out the key function of a primary component" it may be objectionable to some but is permissible.

Practices

Proselytization

Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs throughout the world. They do this mainly by visiting people from house to house. Free home Bible studies are offered to people who show interest in their beliefs. They use their publications, such as The Watchtower, to explain their beliefs. Literature is published in many languages through a wide variety of books, magazines and other publications, with some publications being available in as many as 410 languages. Witnesses are instructed to devote as much time as possible to preaching activities.

They believe that their preaching work is a form of humanitarian effort by helping people apply Biblical principles to improve their lives, and that their preaching work gives people hope for the future. All who qualify are encouraged to participate in the preaching work, but only active ministers are counted as current members.

Aid work

Aid work after large natural disasters is considered an important part of their work, though secondary to their preaching effort. Large sums of donated money are used in the affected areas to rebuild communities and provide aid. The focus of relief efforts is primarily on rebuilding Kingdom Halls, and helping fellow members, but assistance is also provided to non-members in need near the area in which they are working. Examples of relief work include that provided to Hutu and Tutsi victims during the Rwandan genocide, to Congo refugees, and after Hurricane Katrina in the United States of America.

The Memorial

Their most important annual event is the commemoration of Jesus' death on behalf of mankind, referred to as the Memorial or the Lord's Evening Meal. It is held after sundown on the day corresponding to the date of the Hebrew Passover (Nisan 14 on the Hebrew calendar). This is usually in March or April on the first full moon after the spring equinox. The event is open to anyone. Invitations are given out in communities about a month before. Over 17 million attended the Memorial worldwide in 2007.

During the event, unleavened bread and wine, emblems symbolizing Jesus' perfect body and shed blood, are passed to each person in attendance. Only those members who profess to be of the anointed 144,000 partake of the emblems. They believe that those who partake unworthily of the emblems will be judged by Jehovah.

Demographics

Jehovah's Witnesses have an active presence in most countries, though they do not form a large part of the population of any country. Brazil, Mexico, and the United States are the only countries where the number of active Witness publishers exceeds half a million. As of February 2008, Jehovah's Witnesses have an average of 6.8 million members actively involved in preaching. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 7.0 million. However, there has been a decline in growth rates, from over 8% per annum in the mid 1970s, to 5% per annum in the mid 1990s, to about 2%–3% per annum since 1999. Growth rates and activity reports tend to show significant geographical variation. The official published membership statistics only include those who have reported preaching activity. 'Inactive' and disfellowshipped members, and any who have either not been involved in preaching or have not submitted reports, are not included in the reported figures but may be reflected in the attendance at the Witnesses' annual Memorial. In the United States where the religion’s world headquarters is located, Jehovah’s Witnesses have a very low retention rate among individuals raised in the religion. About one-third of children among Jehovah’s Witnesses still identify themselves with the religion as adults.

Main publications used

The publishing arm of Jehovah's Witnesses, known as the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, engages in extensive publication work, with the production of books, brochures, and other media. The most widely spread are:

• New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. (1961, revised 1984) A translation of the Bible by the New World Bible Translation Committee. It extensively uses the name Jehovah, an English version of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, also replacing the Greek word for "Lord" some 237 times in the New Testament. It is available in 72 languages.

• The Watchtower. A 32-page magazine, published since 1879, for use in the public ministry; published twice per month, on the 1st and a 15th of each month. From 2008 onward, the issue published on the 15th of each month is a Study Edition for use at the Watchtower Study and not used in the public ministry. It is available in 169 languages.

• Awake!. A 32-page general interest magazine, with a wider scope than the Watchtower, usually including articles on science, nature, and geography, usually with a religious slant. Earlier titles for this magazine were The Golden Age (1919–1937) and Consolation (1937–1946). Until 2005, Awake! was published on the 8th and 22nd of each month; from 2006 onwards, one issue is published each month. It is available in 81 languages.

• What Does the Bible Really Teach? (2005) The textbook used to conduct Bible studies.

Criticism and controversy

Jehovah's Witnesses have attracted controversy over issues that include: doctrinal differences with mainstream Christianity, their views on blood transfusion, unfulfilled predictions and changes in doctrine; cult aspects, treatment of "apostates", sexual abuse,their Bible translation and their attitude towards other religions.

The religion has also been criticised for displaying a dogmatic and authoritarian form of leadership, reinforced with a disciplinary system that encourages informers and includes the sanctions of the disfellowshipping and possible lifetime shunning of members. Critics claim its use of "theocratic law" places coercive pressure on members to submit to doctrines without question.

Authoritarian control

There are claims that the Watchtower Society's emphasis of the term "theocratic organization" – used particularly since 1939 to describe the religion's authority structure, which places God at the apex of its organization – is designed to exercise control over every aspect of the lives of Jehovah's Witnesses and condition them to think it is wrong for them to question statements by the Watchtower Society. Witnesses are encouraged to feel dependent on "the organization", are discouraged from engaging in independent Bible study and are told they are incapable of understanding the scriptures without its involvement. Rejection of Watchtower teachings is equated with "rejection of divine rulership", and therefore of God. The organization's power to "dominate" its members is gained by "the acceptance of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society quite literally as the voice of Jehovah – God's 'mouthpiece'." The Watchtower Society's firm discouragement of members to read criticism of the organization or scriptural material published by other religions, is claimed to create a form of mental isolation that has been cited as an element of mind control. It is claimed the organization's aim is to create a sterile atmosphere in which its views and interpretations can circulate without challenge.

Coercion

Constant urging to devote increasing amounts of time to door-to-door preaching has been described as coercive pressure. Many Witnesses are said to constantly feel guilty that they are not doing more in "field activity". Since 1920 the Watchtower Society has required all congregation members to turn in written reports of the amount of their preaching activity and in 1943 it imposed personal quotas, requiring all active Witnesses to spend at least 60 hours of door-to-door preaching per month, claiming these were "directions from the Lord". Although these quotas were subsequently removed, critics claim "invisible" quotas remain, obliging Witnesses to meet certain levels of preaching work to remain in good standing in the congregation or to qualify for eldership. Medical and legal commentators have also noted cases of Witness medical patients being coerced to obey the religion's ban on blood transfusions.

Conformity

The religion's Governing Body has been accused of seeking to silence differences of viewpoint within the organization and demanding organizational conformity that overrides personal conscience. In the 1954 "Walsh case" trial in Scotland, Watchtower Society legal counsel Hayden C. Covington said of Jehovah's Witnesses: "We must have unity ... unity at all costs". Watchtower literature strongly emphasises the importance of avoiding or fighting against the "dangers" and "infection" of "independent thinking", such as "questioning the counsel that is provided by God's visible organization".

Watchtower publications are studied at meetings with "catechistical" question-and-answer sessions in which both questions and answers are provided by the organization, placing pressure on Witnesses to repeat the thinking of the headquarters organization. Witnesses who do voice dissenting viewpoints are said to be viewed with suspicion.

The Society has stated: "The true Christian congregation cannot rightly be accused of being harshly dogmatic", , but one study of the Society's teaching methods concluded: "Any suggestion that the society encourages genuine open debate, or even discussion ... must be rejected. Jehovah's Witnesses will brook no criticism from within, as many concerned members who have attempted to voice alternative opinions regarding the basic doctrine or application of social pressure have discovered to their chagrin."

References

1. Stark et al, Why Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application, Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 12, Num. 2, 1997: 133–157
2. OED definition of "Jehovah's Witness": "a member of a fundamentalist millenary sect..." (emphasis added)
3. Evans, Allan S. (1973). What man Believes: A study of the World’s Great Faiths. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 424. ISBN 0-07-077440-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
4. Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 7. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
5. "Armenia violates Jehovah's Witnesses' rights-Amnesty", Reuters news agency, January 16, 2008
6. UNHCR report, May 28, 2008
7. ^ “Jehovah's Witnesses case heads to B.C. court”, Vancouver Sun, April 1, 2007
8. Medical emergencies in children of orthodox Jehovah's Witness families: Three recent legal cases, ethical issues and proposals for management”, by J Guicho and, I Mitchell, Paediatrics & Child Health, Canadian Pediatric Society, December 2006.
9. Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Atlanta: Commentary Press. p. 754. ISBN 0-914675-17-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
10. Botting, Heather (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
11. The issues of Herald of the Morning from 1874-1876 are available online at: http://tjliberte.free.fr/Library/Watchtower_Publications/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf accessed August 23, 2007
12. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. (p.18) Routledge.
13. Online copies of The Watch Tower from 1879–1916 can be viewed by issue at or by article at or in a PDF at . These are taken from the seven-volume Watch Tower Reprints published by the Watch Tower Society in 1920 which reprinted all the issues from 1879–1919.
14. Text of Watchtower, July 1, 1879
15. Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. p. 576.
16. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. (p.18) Routledge.
17. ^ Raymond Franz, "In Search of Christian Freedom", Commentary Press, 2007, chapter 4 Cite error: The named reference "Franz4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
18. ^ M James Penton, "Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses", University of Toronto Press, 1997, ISBN 0802079733
19. ^ Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, Commentary Press, 2002, chapter 3.
20. A.H. MacMillan. Faith on the March (PDF). p. 80. Retrieved 2007-10-25.. Rutherford claimed the four directors had not been legally elected, but the ousted directors disagreed: "...if the directors were not legally elected, neither were the Society's three officers: Rutherford, Pierson, and Van Amburgh. In order to have been chosen officers in January 1917, they would have had to have been legally elected directors. Yet, they had not been, and hence, by Rutherford's own logic, did not hold office legally."—Apocalypse Delayed, M. James Penton, p. 52
21. The Finished Mystery. Watchtower., published 1917, was called the seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures. PDF version of The Finished Mystery
22. "Unrecognized charisma? A study of four charismatic leaders" by George D. Chryssides. Paper presented at the 2001 International Conference "The Spiritual Supermarket: Religious Pluralism in the 21st Century", organized by INFORM and CESNUR (London, April 19-22, 2001.
23. The Finished Mystery pp. 247–253 468 and 474. See also The Fall of Babylon, published in 1917, which contains extracts from The Finished Mystery.
24. Trial documents: Rutherford et al. vs. the United States, Application for Executive Clemency – 1919, Reversal by Appeals Court
25. M.J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed. pp. 55–56. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. pp. 647–654. Rutherford gives his defense against the charges in Souvenir Report of the Bible Student's Convention (1919) (PDF). Watchtower. pp. 62–63. and in the tract The Case of the IBSA
26. "Distress of Nations: Cause, Warning, Remedy" (PDF). The Golden Age: 712–718. 1920. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
27. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. pp. 72–77.
28. Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 144.
29. Edmond C. Gross, Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes, and Prophetic Speculation. What Does the Record Show?, Xulon Press, 2001, ISBN 193123230X, chapter 24.[
30. Your Will Be Done on Earth. Watchtower. 1958. p. 337.
31. Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watchtower. 1959. p. 313.
32. M. James Penton. Apocalypse Delayed—The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. p. 61.
33. When Pastor Russell Died (PDF). Dawn Bible Students Association. 1946. pp. 6–16. Attendance at the annual Memorial (statistics were published each year in the Watch Tower) shows the growth in the period before 1925. 1919: 17,961, 1922: 32,661, 1923: 42,000, 1924: 62,696, 1925: 90,434. 1926 marked the first decrease: 89,278. There are no published statistics from 1929–1934. In 1935, Memorial attendance was 63,146."Watchtower". August 15, 1996: 31. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
34. Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 62. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
35. Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 144.
36. The Harp of God. 1921. pp. 231–236. affirms that "the Lord's second presence dates from 1874." "Watchtower". Watchtower. 1922: 71. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) and Prophecy. 1930. pp. 65–66. reiterated this position. The eschatological changes during this period are documented in Thomas Daniels. Historical Idealism and Jehovah's Witnesses (PDF). pp. 3–37. Retrieved 2006-02-01.
37. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. pp. 84–85.
38. Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 247.
39. See article on the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses from the "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
40. Hans Hesse (2001). Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi Regime. p. 10.
41. American Civil Liberties Union (1941). The Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses (PDF). pp. 1–24. Barbara Grizzuti Harrison (1978). Visions of Glory. pp. 185, 281. Jayne Persian (2005). "The Banning of Jehovah's Witnesses in Australia in 1941" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Adelaide Company of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc. v. The Commonwealth of Australia
42. At a trial in Scotland, Fred Franz was asked: "Were you yourself responsible for the translation of the Old Testament?" He replied: "I cannot answer that question." Pursuer's Proof: Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, p. 92.
43. Superseded in 1988 by the two-volume set Insight on the Scriptures.
44. The year 1975 was first mentioned in 1966. See Sniecinski, Roman M. (1966). "How Much Longer Will It Be?". Awake!. 104: 17–20. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
45. See 1975: 'THE APPROPRIATE TIME FOR GOD TO ACT'. Page 14 of the October 8, 1968 Awake! demonstrates the disclaimer that was made at the time: "Does this mean that the above evidence positively points to 1975 as the complete end of this system of things? Since the Bible does not specifically state this, no man can say...If the 1970s should see intervention by Jehovah God to bring an end to a corrupt world drifting toward ultimate disintegration, that should surely not surprise us."
46. "Witnessing the End". Time. 1969. Retrieved 2006-09-12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
47. Raymond Franz. "1975—The Appropriate Time for God to Act". Crisis of Conscience (PDF). pp. 237–253. Retrieved 2006-07-27. This drop in membership has been variously analyzed. Richard Singelenberg ("The '1975'-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses") in Sociological Analysis 50(1)1989, pp 23–40 notes a nine per cent drop in total publishers (door-to-door preachers) and a 38 per cent drop in pioneers (full-time preachers) in the Netherlands. Stark and Iannoccone have analyzed the impact on US Witnesses. "The Journal of Contemporary Religion" (PDF). 1997: 142–143. {{cite journal}}: |article= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) The January 30, 1982 Los Angeles Times ("Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth" by John Dart, p. B4) cited statistics showing a net increase of publishers worldwide from 1971–1981 of 737,241, while baptisms totaled 1.71 million for the same period.
48. The Watchtower, March 15, 1980, p.17 "With the appearance of the book Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, ... considerable expectation was aroused regarding the year 1975. ... there were other statements published that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility. It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated. ... persons having to do with the publication of the information ... contributed to the buildup of hopes centered on that date."
49. Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. 1993. p. 106.
50. 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 258
51. Love, C. (2005) 20 Questions Jehovah's Witnesses Cannot Answer, (p.22). Xulon Press.
52. Holden, A. (2002) Cavorting With the Devil: Jehovah’s Witnesses Who Abandon Their Faith, (Endnote ). Published by the Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK at www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/papers/holden-cavorting-with-the-devil.pdf
53. The Bible Answers Vital Questions of Our Day (November 15, 1999) The Watchtower. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society.
54. Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. p. 1019.
55. Jesus Christ—God’s Beloved Son The Watchtower June 1 1988 p. 13 par. 17
56. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: portrait of a contemporary movement, (p.180). Routledge.
57. ""His Vital Place in God's Purpose" and "Chief Agent of life"". Insight on the Scriptures Vol. e2. Watchtower. pp. 60–61.
58. Angels: how they affect us (2006) The Watchtower, January 15. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society
    "The angel foremost in power and authority is Michael the archangel, or Jesus Christ. (1 Thessalonians 4:16; Jude 9) Seraphs, cherubs, and other angels are under him."
59. Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. pp. 393–394.
60. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement, (p.84). Routledge.
61. Beckford, (1975) in Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement, (p.60). Routledge. "Jehovah’s witness converts certainly experience no sudden conviction that they have miraculously received God’s grace nor that they attained an immediate assurance of salvation. In fact, very few Witnesses can isolate a particular moment in time as a decisive turning point in their religious or spiritual development: certainly none could remember having an overwhelming religious experience."
62. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1989). "Remaining Organized for Survival Into the Millennium". Watchtower. 104: 19. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. Only Jehovah's Witnesses, those of the anointed remnant and the "great crowd", as a united organization under the protection of the Supreme Organizer, have Scriptural hope of surviving the impending end of this doomed system now dominated by Satan the Devil. When will that day of judgment come? The bible states in several scriptures that only God himself knows when he will execute his judgment. For an example, see Mathew 24:36–39, Mark 13:23,33, {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
63. Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses (1975) in Gruss, (2001) Jehovah's Witnesses. Xulon Press.
64. The Watchtower (1945) 1 September (p. 259) in Gruss, E. (2001) Jehovah's Witnesses. Xulon Press.
65. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement Routledge.
66. What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower. 2005. pp. 33–36..
67. "Do they believe that they are the only ones who will be saved?", Jehovah's Witnesses—Who Are They? What Do They Believe?
68. "??". Watchtower: p. 20 par. 18. 8/15/98. 18 ... 'How will babies and small children be judged? Might it be that a large number of people will not yet have been reached with the good news when Armageddon arrives? One comforting answer to such questions can be found at Matthew 24:14. What about the mentally ill? ... at present we may not know how Jehovah will resolve these issues. He will do so, however, in a righteous and merciful way. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
69. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1998). "Strengthening Our Confidence in God's Righteousness". Watchtower. 104: 20. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
70. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1998). ""Death Is to Be Brought to Nothing"". Watchtower. 104: 19–24. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
71. What Does The Bible Really Teach? p. 214 par. 3 Judgment Day—What Is It? "To live forever, both Armageddon survivors and resurrected ones will have to obey God's commandments, including whatever new requirements Jehovah might reveal during the thousand years. Thus, individuals will be judged on the basis of what they do during Judgment Day"
72. "Is There LIFE After Death?". The Watchtower. 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
73. Sniecinski, Roman M. (1993). "Hell—Eternal Torture or Common Grave?". The Watchtower. 104: 6. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
74. Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. p. 189.
75. "The...Scriptures show 'soul' to be a person, an animal, or the life that a person or an animal enjoys." Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2. 1988. p. 1004.
76. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement (p.23) Routledge.
    "The exceptions are the recorded visions in the Books of Daniel and Revelation."
77. A Book for All People (2005) Watchtower Bible and Tract Society.
78. Watchtower 10/151974 p. 629 "How Are Jehovah's Witnesses Different?" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
79. Watchtower 10/15 1977. 618 par. 8 | "Obedience to the Good News a Way of Life" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
80. Watchtower 9/1 1994. 6 | "Science, Religion, and the Search for Truth" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
81. Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement>. (p.61) Routledge.
82. Holden, A. (2007) "True to thee 'til death: why Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood" The Journal, 20 November. The Edinburgh Journal Ltd.
83. Watchtower, October 1, 1967, pages 587, 590, as cited by R. Franz, “In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 4.
84. Chryssides, G.D. (1999) Exploring New Religions, (p.103). Continuum International Publishing Group
85. "Why Living a Godly Life Brings Happiness". Knowledge that Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower. 1995. p. 118.
86. Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower. 1995. p. 120.
87. "The Bible's Viewpoint What Does It Mean to Be the Head of the House?". Awake!: 26. 2004. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
88. Watchtower 2/1/52 p. 69 Is Interfaith God's Way?"JEHOVAH is a God of truth. He does not compromise with error"
89. Awake! 11/22/89 p. 22 "this willingness to compromise has become more pronounced because of a growing acceptance of the idea that all "Christian" religions have an inherent God-given unity."
90. What Does The Bible Really Teach? chap. 15 p. 145 par. 3 Worship That God Approves | "3 ... Many people believe that all religions are pleasing to God, but the Bible does not teach that. It is not even enough just to claim to be a Christian. Jesus said: "Not everyone saying to me, 'Lord, Lord,' will enter into the kingdom of the heavens, but the one doing the will of my Father who is in the heavens will." "
91. Watchtower 12/15/53 pp. 741–742 Should the Religions Unite? "While these councils may provide a strong political lobby, or aid in mission work, they have no unity of doctrine, no message for the world, no direction to the kingdom of God as earth's only hope, no counsel for the Christian conscience in the present crisis. They are merely "United Nations" of religions, 'agencies of cooperation' between widely divided denominations, but are not organizations that could bring their members to a unity of correct belief."
92. ""Salvation Belongs to Jehovah"". Watchtower: 21. 2002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
93. "Watchtower" 11/15/00 p. 15 par. 18 Christians Find Happiness in Serving "There are many people who claim to worship God, but their worship is really directed to the gods of nationalism, tribalism, wealth, self, or some other deity"
94. "Watchtower" 2/15/67 p. 115 par. 15 "(Dan. 2:44) "Thus the nationalistic governments on which the various religious systems depend so heavily for support are destined to be crushed by God's heavenly kingdom."
95. Watchtower 11/1/90 p. 24 par. 5 " … what if part of the tax money is used to finance something we disagree with, such as free abortions, blood banks, or programs that conflict with our neutral views? We still pay all our taxes. It is the authority that must take responsibility for how it uses the tax money."
96. "God and Caesar". Watchtower: 9. 1996. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
97. Watchtower 10/1/84 p. 17 par. 10
98. Watchtower 12/1/62 p. 709 par. 3 "the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead had been established by Jehovah’s witnesses, the School was officially recognized by the United States Office of Education in Washington, D.C."
99. Penton, M.J. (1997) Apocalypse Delayed (p. i)
100. Muramoto, O. (January 6, 2001). "Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses". BMJ. 322: 37–39. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7277.37. PMID 11141155.
101. Bowman, R.M, Beisner, E.C., Ehrenborg, Rev. T. (1995) Jehovah's Witnesses, (p. 13). Zondervan.
102. The Watchtower, June 15, 2000 p. 30. Sniesinski; et al. (2007). "Coagulopathy After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Jehovah's Witness Patients: Management of Two Cases Using Fractionated Components and Factor VIIa" (PDF). Anesthesia & Analgesia. 104: 763. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
103. Durable Power of Attorney form, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, January 2001 p. 1, "I accept all fractions derived from any primary component of blood." Examples of permitted fractions are: Interferon, Immune Serum Globulins and Factor VIII; preparations made from Hemoglobin such as PolyHeme and Hemopure. Examples of permitted procedures involving the medical use of one's own blood include: Cell Salvage, Hemodilution, Heart-Lung Machine, Dialysis, Epidural Blood Patch, Plasmapheresis, Labeling or Tagging of Blood and Platelet Gel (Autologous). See November 2006 Our Kingdom Ministry, pp. 5–6
104. Awake! August 2006 box on P. 11
105. Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, chap. 25 pg. 570" –1993| "House-to-House Preaching —An Identifying Mark" | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
106. The Watchtower – May 15, 1981, p. 17. | "Showing Lifesaving Neighbor Love" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
107. The Watchtower – January 15, 1987, p. 6. | "Social Ministry—How It Affects People" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
108. The Watchtower – July 15, 1971, p. 426. | "How the True Church Helps" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania "The most important thing for you, for every individual—including the poor and afflicted—is to enter into a right relationship with God and Christ. To that end the Christian witnesses of Jehovah are sent into the world, not with material bread, which would be only a temporary help, but with spiritual food, the word of life. These words from God will open the way to peace with Him, and at the same time the way to eternal life in God's new order, when there will be plenty for all."
109. "Watchtower". November 1, 1966: 647. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
110. Awake! 6/8/89 p. 30 From Our Readers "By no means do Jehovah's Witnesses ignore the plight of others when disasters occur. Previous articles have demonstrated how willing Jehovah's Witnesses are to assist their neighbors during such times. See, for example, the article entitled "The Levee Has Broken!" (October 8, 1986) We thus endeavor to "work what is good toward all, but especially toward those related to us in the faith." (Galatians 6:10)
111. Awake! 6/06 p. 19 Heeding the Warnings Made a Difference "This group cares for the Louisiana area, which took the brunt of Hurricane Katrina. Of the 2,700 homes of Witnesses needing repair there, work on 1,119 had been completed by the middle of February, so a huge task was still facing that relief committee. Again, neighbors and families with dire need were also helped."
112. Sniecinski, Roman M. (2007). "Christianity in Action: Amid Turmoil". Watchtower. 104. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania: 763. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. Retrieved 2005-12-04. Since 1994, Jehovah's Witnesses in Europe alone have sent more than 190 tons of food, clothing, medicine, and other relief supplies to the Great Lakes region of Africa to fellow Jehovah's Witnesses {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
113. "Awake!". 2006: 14–19. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
114. "What Does the Bible Really Teach?", Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2005), p. 206.
115. To be counted, an individual must be approved as a minister and report at least 15 minutes in the ministry. In 2007, these reports indicated a total of over 1.3 billion hours.
116. Yearbooks of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1996–2008.
117. Facts about truth and Jehovah's Witnesses
118. Statistics
119. If Witnesses counted members like other churches, the number of members (1995 data) would then be over 15 million. (See study by Rodney Stark on Jehovah's Witness growth at http://www.geocities.com/rogueactivex/JWGrow-O.pdf and article comparing Mormon and other churches' growth, including the Witnesses, at http://www.sltrib.com/ci_2890645).
120. U.S.Religious Landscape Survey Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic, the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, February 2008, p. 9, 30
121. "Our Kingdom Ministry 1/06 p. 1 "The Bible Teach Book—Our Primary Bible Study Aid" … "publishers are encouraged to begin using it immediately to start and conduct Bible studies."
122. Associated Jehovah's Witnesses for Reform on Blood
123. Waldeck, Val Jehovah's Witnesses: What do they believe?. Pilgrim Publications SA. ISBN 1-920092-08-0; Buttrey, John M (2004). Let No One Mislead You. iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-30710-8.
124. Kane, H.J. (1986) in Bjork, D.E. (1997) Unfamiliar Paths: The Challenge of Recognizing the Work of Christ in Strange Clothing : a Case Study from France, (p.66) William Carey Library.
     "They regard as a cult, just as we regard the Mormons, the Moonies, and the Jehovah’s Witnesses."
125. In Search Of Christian Freedom by Raymond Franz, 2002, and In Search of Christian Freedom, pp.374–390 'The Misuse of Disfellowshipping', by Raymond Franz
126. Robinson, B.A (2005). "Jehovah's Witnesses (WTS) Handling of Child Sexual Abuse Cases", Religious Tolerance.org Retrieved Mar 3, 2006.
127. Robert M. Bowman Jr, Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses, (Grand Rapids MI: Baker Book House, 1992); Ankerberg, John and John Weldon, 2003, The New World Translation of the Jehovah's Witnesses, accessible from this site, which quotes a number of scholars regarding theological bias of the New World Translation; Samuel Hass stated: "While this work indicates a great deal of effort and thought as well as considerable scholarship, it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages." Journal of Biblical Literature, December 1955, p. 283.
128. Penton, James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
129. ^ R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 11.
130. Muramoto, O. (January 6, 2001). "Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses". BMJ. 322: 37–39. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7277.37. PMID 11141155.
131. Watchtower, May 15, 1963, page 300, as cited by R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, page 239.
132. R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 5.
133. R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 17.
134. ^ Botting, Heather & Gary (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
135. Watchtower, October 1, 1967, page 587, as cited by R. Franz, "In Search if Christian Freedom", page 105.|"The Bible is an organizational book and belongs to the Christian congregation as an organization, not to indivduals, regardless of how sincerely they may believe they can interpret the Bible. For this reason the Bible cannot be properly understood without Jehovah's visible organization in mind."
136. The Watchtower, February 15, 1976, page 124, as cited by R. Franz, "In Search if Christian Freedom", page 107|"Would not a failure to respond to direction from God through his organization really indicate a rejection of divine rulership?"
137. "Do not be quickly shaken from your reason", Watchtower, March 15, 1986
138. "At which table are you feeding?" Watchtower, July 1, 1994
139. Watchtower, May 1, 1984, page 31, as cited by R. Franz, "In Search if Christian Freedom", chapter 12
140. "Firmly uphold godly teaching," Watchtower, May 1, 2000, page 9.
141. ^ R. Franz, "In Search if Christian Freedom", chapter 12
142. ^ R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 6.
143. Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose", page 96, as cited by R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 4.
144. "Righteous requirements", Watchtower, July 1, 1943, pages 204-206, as cited by R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 4.
145. ^ R. Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, chapter 16.
146. Medical emergencies in children of orthodox Jehovah's Witness families: Three recent legal cases, ethical issues and proposals for management”, by J Guicho and, I Mitchell, Paediatrics & Child Health, Canadian Pediatric Society, December 2006.
147. Organized to Accomplish Our Ministry, published by Watchtower Bible & Tract Society, 1983, page 154, as cited by Heather & Gary Botting, The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1984, page 83.
148. Court transcript as cited by Heather & Gary Botting, The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1984, page 67-68, also at Pursuer's Proof: Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954.
149. "Exposing the Devil’s Subtle Designs" and "Armed for the Fight Against Wicked Spirits", Watchtower, January 15, 1983, as cited by Heather and Gary Botting, The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1984, page 92.
150. According to Randall Watters, who in 1981 published a pamphlet, "What happened at the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses in the spring of 1980?", cited by Heather and Gary Botting, a former Governing Body member is said to have referred Brooklyn headquarters staff to an organizational handbook containing 1,177 policies and regulations, telling them: "If there are some who feel that they cannot subject themselves to the rules and regulations now in operation, such ones ought to be leaving and not be involved here."
151. "Questions from readers", Watchtower, April 1, 1986.

Further reading

Books

• Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses by M. James Penton. Penton, professor emeritus of history at University of Lethbridge and a former member of the religion, examines the history of Jehovah's Witnesses, and their doctrines. Read selections from: Apocalypse Delayed: the Story of Jehovah's Witnesses University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3 (Canada, 1998) (Google book search)
• Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement by Andrew Holden. An academic study on the sociological aspects of Jehovah's Witnesses phenomenon. Publisher: Routledge; 1st edition 2002, ISBN 978–0415266109. 224 pages.
• Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (1993) by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Official history of the development of the beliefs, practices, and organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses. 750 pages.
• A People for His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation by Tony Wills, (2006) 2nd edition. (The first edition was published under the pseudonym Timothy White.) He explores the Witnesses' doctrinal growth and shifts and notes schisms from the main body. 300 pages. ISBN 978–1-4303–0100–4 Selections from Google Books
• Controversies regarding Jehovah's Witnesses#Books Critical of Jehovah's Witnesses

External links

Official sites

• Jehovah's Witnesses: Watchtower Society Official Web Site
• Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses
• The Worldwide Association of Jehovah's Witnesses

Other sites

• BBC Religion: Jehovah's Witnesses
• Jehovah's Witnesses entry at Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry
• Jehovah's Witnesses entry at Freedom of Mind Resource Center
• Watchtower Documents LLC – A collection of historical Watchtower documents.
• Facts About Jehovah's Witnesses – Evaluation of the claims of Jehovah's Witnesses concerning key topics using Watchtower literature.
• Jehovah's Witnesses United – A collection of information supporting the Watchtower Bible & Tract Society's teachings and its New World Translation bible.
• Strictly Genteel Theocratic Resources – Scans of complete books and booklets from Russell's era to Knorr's.
• 'Knocking' – An independently made documentary about Jehovah's Witnesses. Sample Trailer
• Theocratese Glossary – Glossary of terms and loaded language used by Jehovah's Witnesses.

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• Antitrinitarianism
• Jehovah's Witnesses
• Premillennialism
• Restorationism