Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by LaneMaher1 (talk | contribs) at 22:56, 13 April 2023. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Formal scientists have attempted to combine logic and dialectic through formalisation. These attempts include pre-formal and partially formal treatises on argument and dialectic, systems based on defeasible reasoning, and systems based on game semantics and dialogical logic.

History

Since the late 20th century, European and American logicians have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for dialectic through formalisation, although logic has been related to dialectic since ancient times. There have been pre-formal and partially-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as Stephen Toulmin (The Uses of Argument, 1958), Nicholas Rescher (Dialectics: A Controversy-Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge, 1977), and Frans H. van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst (pragma-dialectics, 1980s). One can include works of the communities of informal logic and paraconsistent logic.

Logic

Logic is a science that deals with the principles and criteria of validity of inference and demonstration: the science of the formal principles of reasoning . This type of reasoning is the basis of what communication can lead to provide clarity and truth to a statement. This type of processing can be used to draw on conclusion about multiple statements and how they correlate(correlation does not imply causation). To use logic in any setting you need to have a proposition or a statement, once having understood the statement trying to prove whether that statement is true or false is necessary. Understanding fact from opinion is needed to justify whether truth is undeniable fact or ones own belief. Once truth or opinion has been observed one can make more propositions to create a premises that then can lead to a conclusion of what is fact or not.

Example

Premises: All dog has four legs. Pit-bulls are a type of dog.

Conclusion: All pit-bulls have four legs.

This type of reasoning is deductive reasoning where we can add the pieces together to form a conclusion with two or more premises.

Defeasibility

Building on theories of defeasible reasoning (see John L. Pollock), systems have been built that define well-formedness of arguments, rules governing the process of introducing arguments based on fixed assumptions, and rules for shifting burden. Many of these logics appear in the special area of artificial intelligence and law, though the computer scientists' interest in formalizing dialectic originates in a desire to build decision support and computer-supported collaborative work systems.

Dialog games

Dialectic itself can be formalised as moves in a game, where an advocate for the truth of a proposition and an opponent argue. Such games can provide a semantics of logic, one that is very general in applicability.

See also

• Argumentation framework
• Argumentation theory
• Logic of argumentation

References

1. ^ Eemeren, Frans H. van; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014). Handbook of argumentation theory. New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5. ISBN 9789048194728. OCLC 871004444.
2. Toulmin, Stephen (2003) . The uses of argument (Updated ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511840005. ISBN 978-0521827485. OCLC 51607421.
3. Hitchcock, David; Verheij, Bart, eds. (2006). Arguing on the Toulmin model: new essays in argument analysis and evaluation. Argumentation library. Vol. 10. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4938-5. ISBN 978-1402049378. OCLC 82229075.
4. Hetherington, Stephen (2006). "Nicholas Rescher: Philosophical Dialectics". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (2006.07.16).
5. Jacquette, Dale, ed. (2009). Reason, Method, and Value: A Reader on the Philosophy of Nicholas Rescher. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag. doi:10.1515/9783110329056. ISBN 9783110329056.
6. "Definition of LOGIC". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
7. "Examples of Logic: 4 Main Types of Reasoning". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
8. For surveys of work in this area see, for example: Chesñevar, Carlos Iván; Maguitman, Ana Gabriela; Loui, Ronald Prescott (December 2000). "Logical models of argument". ACM Computing Surveys. 32 (4): 337–383. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.702.8325. doi:10.1145/371578.371581. And: Prakken, Henry; Vreeswijk, Gerard (2005). "Logics for defeasible argumentation". In Gabbay, Dov M.; Guenthner, Franz (eds.). Handbook of philosophical logic. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 219–318. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.2649. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0456-4_3. ISBN 9789048158775.

This philosophy-related article is a stub. You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it.

• v
• t
• e

• Dialectic
• Logic
• Philosophy stubs