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Hosea Ballou
Born	(1771-04-30)April 30, 1771 Richmond, New Hampshire, US
Died	June 6, 1852(1852-06-06) (aged 81) Boston, Massachusetts, US

Hosea Ballou (April 30, 1771 – June 7, 1852) was an American Universalist clergyman and theological writer. He has been called one of the fathers of American Universalism.

Biography

Hosea Ballou was born in Richmond, New Hampshire, to a family of Huguenot origin. The family claimed to be of Anglo-Norman heritage, but this has no foundation, and due to his ancestor being named Mathurin (Maturin) Ballou (Bellou), a French given name not found anywhere in England, nor is any English version of the name, so an Anglo-Norman origin is highly unlikely. The son of Maturin Ballou, a Baptist minister, Hosea Ballou was self-educated, and devoted himself early on to the ministry. In 1789 he converted to Universalism, and in 1794 became pastor of a congregation in Dana, Massachusetts. Ballou was also a high-ranking freemason, who attained the position of Junior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of New Hampshire in 1811.

Ballou preached at Barnard, Vermont and surrounding towns in 1801—1807; at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1807—1815; at Salem, Massachusetts in 1815—1817; and, as pastor of the Second Universalist Church of Boston, from December 1817 until his death there.

He founded and edited The Universalist Magazine (1819—later called The Trumpet), and The Universalist Expositor (1831—later The Universalist Quarterly Review), and wrote about 10,000 sermons as well as many hymns, essays and polemic theological works. He is best known for Notes on the Parables (1804), A Treatise on Atonement (1805) and Examination of the Doctrine of a Future Retribution (1834). These works mark him as the principal American expositor of Universalism.

Ballou married Ruth Washburn; children included Maturin Murray Ballou. He is the grand-uncle of Hosea Ballou II, the first president of Tufts University.

Beliefs

Ballou has been called the "father of American Universalism," along with John Murray, who founded the first Universalist church in America. Ballou, sometimes called an "Ultra Universalist," differed from Murray in that he divested Universalism of every trace of Calvinism, and opposed legalism and trinitarian views. As he wrote, "Real happiness is cheap enough, yet how dearly we pay for its counterfeit."

Ballou also preached that those forms of Christianity that emphasized God as wrathful in turn hardened the hearts of their believers:

"It is well known, and will be acknowledged by every candid person, that the human heart is capable of becoming soft, or hard; kind, or unkind; merciful or unmerciful, by education and habit. On this principle we contend, that the infernal torments, which false religion has placed in the future world, and which ministers have, with an overflowing zeal, so constantly held up to the people, and urged with all their learning and eloquence, have tended so to harden the hearts of the professors of this religion, that they have exercised, toward their fellow creatures, a spirit of enmity, which but too well corresponds with the relentless cruelty of their doctrine, and the wrath which they have imagined to exist in our heavenly Father. By having such an example constantly before their eyes, they have become so transformed into its image, that, whenever they have had the power, they have actually executed a vengeance on men and women, which evinced that the cruelty of their doctrine had overcome the native kindness and compassion of the human heart."

Notes

1. 1
2. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ballou, Hosea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 282. This cites:
   • The biography by Thomas Whittemore (4 vols., Boston, 1854-1855) and that by Oscar F. Safford (Boston, 1889);
   • and J. C. Adams, Hosea Ballou and the Gospel Renaissance (Boston, 1904).
3. Sister Mary Monica, M.I.C.M., Tert. "Hosea Ballou — Son of Richmond — Father of Universalism". catholicism.org. Saint Benedict Center, Richmond, New Hampshire. Retrieved July 21, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. Safford. 1890
5. Ballou, Hosea (1834). An Examination of the Doctrine of Future Retribution, On the Principles of Morals, Analogy and the Scriptures. Boston: Trumpet Office. p. 36.
   quoted from: Southern, Vanessa R. (February 22, 2004). "Is There More to Universalism than Universal Salvation?". The Unitarian Church in Summit, New Jersey. Retrieved December 13, 2006.

1. Universalist Quarterly and General Review, Volumes 11-12, pg. 176

Further reading

• Universalist Magazine. v.9 (Boston: Henry Bowen, Province House Row, 1827)
• "Rev. Hosea Ballou". Gleason's Pictorial. 1. Boston, Mass. 1851.
• M.M. Ballou. Biography of Rev. Hosea Ballou. Boston : A. Tompkins, 1852. Google books
• M.M. Ballou. Life story of Hosea Ballou: for the young. Boston: A. Tompkins, 1854. Illustrations by Billings. Google books
• Oscar F. Safford. Hosea Ballou: a marvellous life-story, 4th ed. Boston: Universalist Pub. House, 1890. Google books
• Bressler, Ann Lee. The Universalist Movement in America, 1770–1880. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

External links

• The Ballou family papers are in the Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• "The European Origin of the Ballou Family: A Review of the Evidence". Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• The historical papers and sermons of Hosea Ballou are in the Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• "Hosea Ballou". in "Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography". Retrieved November 28, 2007.
• "Hosea Ballou: Son of Richmond, Father of Universalism". at "Saint Benedict Center". Retrieved September 8, 2008.
• Works by Hosea Ballou at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Hosea Ballou at the Internet Archive

• 1771 births
• 1852 deaths
• Writers from Boston
• Clergy from Boston
• 19th-century American people
• Writers from Salem, Massachusetts
• Writers from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
• Baptists from the United States
• People from Windsor County, Vermont
• American Christian theologians
• Clergy of the Universalist Church of America
• Christian radicals
• 18th-century Christian Universalists
• 19th-century Christian Universalists
• Christian Universalist theologians
• Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery