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Willard Anthony Watts
Anthony Watts speaking in Gold Coast, Australia, June 2010
Born	1958 (age 66–67)
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Purdue University(no degree earned)
Occupation(s)	Blogger business owner former broadcast meteorologist
Years active	1974-present
Known for	Viewpoints on climate change

Willard Anthony Watts (born 1958) is a former broadcast meteorologist from the USA, president of IntelliWeather Inc, and founder of the Surface Stations project, a volunteer initiative to document the siting and maintenance of U.S. weather stations. He operates Watts Up With That?, a weather and climate change blog that focuses on the global warming controversy and his opinion that the human role in global warming is small.

Education and career

He started his broadcast career by assisting with the setup of a radio program for his high school in Indiana. Watts attended electrical engineering and meteorology classes at Purdue University, but did not graduate or receive a degree. In 1978, Watts became an on-air meteorologist for WLFI-TV in Lafayette, Indiana.

He joined KHSL-TV, a CBS affiliate based in Chico, California in 1987. He stopped using his first name "Willard" to avoid confusion with NBC's The Today Show weatherman Willard Scott. Watts temporarily resigned from KHSL in 2001, but was able to negotiate more personal time to devote to his private business, ITWorks. Then in 2002 he left KHSL to focus on ITWorks full time. Watts has been the chief meteorologist for KPAY-AM, a Fox News affiliate based in Chico, California since 2002, and the director and president of IntelliWeather Inc. since 2000.

Watts was a member of the Chico, California school board from 2002 to 2006. In 2006, he was briefly a candidate for county supervisor, to represent Chico on the Butte County Board of Supervisors, but withdrew his candidacy due to family and workload concerns. In 2010, Watts went on a speaking tour to 18 locations around Australia.

Climate change opinion and activities

Watts rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He believes that global warming is occurring, but that it is not as bad as has been reported, and that carbon dioxide plays a much smaller part than the sun in causing climatic change. Watts claims in his blog that variations in solar irradiance, the Sun's magnetic field and solar wind are driving changes to the climate, contrary to the scientific consensus that the primary cause of climate change is an increase in greenhouse gasses, including carbon dioxide. Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent warming, and data collected on solar irradiance and ozone depletion, as well as comparisons of temperature readings at different levels of the atmosphere have shown that the sun is not a significant factor driving climate change.

Watts is a signatory to Manhattan Declaration, which calls for the immediate halt to any tax funded attempts to counteract climate change or reduce CO₂ emissions, and suggests the consensus among climate scientists is "false". Watts says he advocates for alternative energy sources and for the United States to "disengaged from Middle East Oil."

Climate change blogging

Watts established Watts Up With That? (WUWT) in 2006. The blog is focused on the global warming controversy, and hosts material disputing the scientific consensus on climate change, including claims the human role in global warming is insignificant and carbon dioxode is not a driving force of warming. It hosts several guest bloggers, such as Christopher Monckton and Fred Singer. It is among the most prominent climate change denial blogs, and according to Michael Mann, it is the most successful, having surpassed Climate Audit in popularity. It receives more than half a million views per month. Columbia Journalism School writer Curtis Brainard has written that "scientists have repeatedly criticized for misleading readers on subjects such as the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record."

Between 2008 and 2013, WUWT won internet voting-based awards for "best science blog" and "best blog" from the Bloggies and the conservative Wizbang Weblog Awards. In 2013, Leo Hickman wrote in The Guardian Environment Blog that 13 of the 17 blogs nominated for the Science or Technology category for the Bloggies "were either run by climate sceptics, or popular with climate sceptics". When asked about concerns that the awards were being gamed, Bloggies founder Nikolai Nolan said that "legitimate science blogs don't want to make an effort to compete."

The Guardian columnist George Monbiot described WUWT as "highly partisan and untrustworthy". Hickman, at The Guardian's Environment Blog, also criticized Watts, stating that Watts "risks polluting his legitimate scepticism about the scientific processes and methodologies underpinning climate science with his accompanying politicised commentary."

In 2009, Watts was involved in popularizing the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, wherein emails of several climatologists were published by a hacker. Watts argued that the emails showed the scientists were manipulating data, and while a series of independent investigations cleared the scientists of any wrongdoing, public accusations resulting from the event continued for years. The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged throughout the investigations, however, the reports may have decreased public confidence in the IPCC, and conclusively altered the Copenhagen negotiations that year.

Surface Stations project

In 2007, Watts launched the Surface Stations project, in which volunteers took photographs of weather stations forming part of the U.S. Historical Climatology Network to record their condition. By 2009, Watts' volunteers had reported on around 70% of the 1,221 stations, and suggested most were below "good or best" reliability. In March 2009 The Heartland Institute published a paper authored by Watts, in which he argued that the surface temperature record in the United States was inaccurate and that the actual temperature was lower than reported. Watts presented pictures from volunteers participating through his website to show that many surface weather stations were situated near artificial heat sources such as pavement and air conditioners, but did not show any comparison of the data from these sites and the data from well situated stations.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) investigated the matter. While acknowledging the suboptimal conditions of many stations, NOAA concluded that any bias had been nearly eliminated by their models, which compared stations over regions and time. To the very limited extent that there was any measurement bias, it was in the opposite direction of what Watts expected: stations that were considered poorly situated reported slightly cooler temperatures.

Watts was co-author with climatologists John Nielsen-Gammon, John Christy and Roger A. Pielke, Sr. on a paper with Souleymane Fall as lead author, which found that mean temperature trends were nearly identical between poorly sited and well-sited stations, but poor siting led to a difference in estimated diurnal temperature range. The poorly positioned stations led to an overestimate of trends in minimum temperatures, balanced by a similar underestimate of maximum temperature trends. This meant that the mean temperature trends were nearly identical across the stations.

Watts said he would accept the findings of the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project (BEST), but in 2012 it released a paper confirming previous results that surface temperature is rising. Richard A. Muller, founder of BEST, directly addressed Watts' concern about the condition of weather stations, saying, "we discovered that station quality does not affect the results. Even poor stations reflect temperature changes accurately." Watts subsequently released a draft paper which continued to claim that poor station quality had produced "spurious" results.

Connection with Heartland Institute

The Heartland Institute published Watts' preliminary report on weather station data, titled Is the U.S. Surface Temperature Record Reliable?. Watts has appeared as a paid speaker at the International Conference on Climate Change the Heartland Institute have sponsored since 2008.

Documents obtained from the Heartland Institute and made public in February 2012 reveal that the Institute had agreed to help Watts raise $88,000 to set up a website, "devoted to accessing the new temperature data from NOAA's web site and converting them into easy-to-understand graphs that can be easily found and understood by weathermen and the general interested public." The documents state that $44,000 had already been pledged by an anonymous donor, and the Institute would seek to raise the rest. Watts stated, "Heartland simply helped me find a donor for funding a special project having to do with presenting some new NOAA surface data in a public friendly graphical form, something NOAA themselves is not doing, but should be. I approached them in the fall of 2011 asking for help, on this project not the other way around." He added, "They do not regularly fund me nor my WUWT website, I take no salary from them of any kind."

Notes

1. "School board shakeup". Chico News & Review. October 31, 2002. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
2. ^ Watts, Anthony. "FAQS: Why do you blog?". http://wattsupwiththat.com. Retrieved 11 April 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
3. Black, Richard (15 February 2012). "Openness: A Heartland-warming tale". BBC News.
4. ^ Scherffius, Andrew; et al. (4 April 2013). "High School Students Debate Climate Change: Adapt or Geoengineer?". Scientific American.
5. ^ Mann 2013, p. 72: "Watts also started the Web site SurfaceStations.org, which purports to identify poorly sited meteorological stations in the United States in an effort to demonstrate that the instrumental record of warming temperatures is hopelessly compromised by instrumental measurement biases."
6. ^ Dunlap 2011, p. 153 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDunlap2011 (help): "In recent years these conservative media outlets have been supplemented (and to some degree supplanted) by the conservative blogosphere, and numerous blogs now constitute a vital element of the denial machine...the most popular North American blogs are run by a retired TV meteorologist (wattsupwiththat.com)...Having this powerful, pervasive, and multifaceted media apparatus at its service provides the denial machine with a highly effective means of spreading its message."
7. ^ Farmer 2013, p. 462 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFarmer2013 (help): "One of the highest trafficked climate blogs is wattsupwiththat.com, a website that publishes climate misinformation on a daily basis."
8. ^ Grant 2011, p. 301: "Anthony Watts is a TV journalist, a weather presenter who studied Electrical Engineering and Meteorology at Purdue University; there's no record of his having graduated, however, and he's been reticent in discussing this. After a career in local television, in 2004 he moved to radio, joining the FOX News affiliate KPAY-AM in Chico, California."
9. Katherine Bagley (March 2015). "Leaked Email Reveals Who's Who List of Climate Denialists". InsideClimate News. Watts studied electrical engineering and meteorology at Purdue University but never graduated. He then served as an on-air meteorologist for 25 years. He's a frequent speaker at anti-climate action events hosted by the Heartland Institute.
10. ^ "Anthony Watts, Meteorologist". KHSL-TV. Archived from the original on March 6, 2001. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
11. Gascoyne, Tom (September 6, 2001). "Forecast: Less Anthony Watts?". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
12. Smith, Laura (January 31, 2002). "Forecast: No more Watts for KHSL". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
13. Tuchinsky, Evan (December 6, 2007). "Watts, me worry?". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
14. "Anthony Watts: Chief Meteorologist". KPAY-AM. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
15. "KPAY 1290: Contact". KPAY-AM. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
16. "Chico Unified School District: Board of Education". Chico Unified School District. Archived from the original on April 25, 2003. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
17. "November 5, 2002 General Election Results". Butte County Election Office. Retrieved 2002-07-09.
18. "November 7, 2006 General Election Results". Butte County Election Office. Retrieved 2002-07-09.
19. Indar, Josh (March 16, 2006). "One out, one in, one on". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
20. AAP (June 10, 2010). "Climate sceptic to tour". The Weekly Times. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
21. ^ Mooney 2010, p. 114 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMooney2010 (help): "Anthony Watts is an extremely popular blogger, drawing hundreds of comments per post and well over half a millino visitors per month. Yet his blog contains highly questionable information–presented very "scientifically" of course, replete with charts and graphs–but all directed toward the end of making the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming seem faulty (in fact, it's extremely robust)
22. ^ Mann 2013, p. 72: "Since then, a number of other amateur climate change denial bloggers have arrived on the scene. Most prominent among them is Anthony Watts, a meteorologist...and founder of the site "Watts Up with That?" which has overtaken climate audit as the leading climate change denial blog."
23. ^ Anthony Watts. It's the Sun, stupid, wattsupwiththat.com, April 6, 2007.
24. Ryan Olson, Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Chico Enterprise Record, 2007.
25. Michels, Spencer. "Climate Change Skeptic Says Global Warming Crowd Oversells Its Message". PBS NewsHour.
26. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 & 60 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIntergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change200760 (help): "It is very likely that anthropogenic greenhouse gas increase caused most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century. Without the cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols, it is likely that greenhouse gases alone would have caused a greater global mean temperature rise than that observed during the last 50 years."}}
27. IPCC, "Summary for Policymakers", Detection and Attribution of Climate Change, «It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century» (page 15) and «In this Summary for Policymakers, the following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: (...) extremely likely: 95–100%» (page 2).
28. America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-14588-0. (p1) ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. * * * (p21-22) Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
29. IPCC 2007, Section 9.2: "Numerous experiments have been conducted using climate models to determine the likely causes of the 20th-century climate change. These experiments indicate that models cannot reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in solar output and volcanic activity."
30. US NRC (2008). "Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition, produced by the US National Research Council (US NRC)" (PDF). Washington, D.C., USA: National Academy of Sciences: 6. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
31. USGCRP 2009, p. 20: "Another fingerprint of human effects on climate has been identified by...studying the pattern of temperature changes from the surface up through the stratosphere. In all climate models, increases in carbon dioxide cause warming at the surface and in the troposphere, but lead to cooling of the stratosphere... models also calculate that the human-caused depletion of stratospheric ozone has had a strong cooling effect in the stratosphere. There is a good match between the...combined carbon dioxide and ozone changes and the observed pattern of tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling."
32. Simmon, R. and D. Herring (November 2009). "Notes for slide number 7, titled "Satellite evidence also suggests greenhouse gas warming," in presentation, "Human contributions to global climate change"". Presentation library on the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Services website. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
33. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, p. 60: "It is extremely unlikely (<5%) that the global pattern of warming observed during the past half century can be explained without external forcing. These changes took place over a time period when non-anthropogenic forcing factors (i.e., the sum of solar and volcanic forcing) would be likely to have produced cooling, not warming."
34. USGCRP 2009: "When human influences are removed from the model experiments, results suggest that the surface of the Earth would actually have cooled slightly over the last 50 years. The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors."
35. "Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change" (Press release). The Heartland Institute. March 4, 2008. Retrieved 2013-06-03. {{cite press release}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
36. Anthony Watts. Pipe Dream or Viable Energy? wattsupwiththat.com, October 19, 2007.
37. Schneider 2014, p. 171 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchneider2014 (help): "Despite the well-known facts under discussion, the original graph, based on a single outdated study published in 1991, continues to reappear again and again in climate skeptical media, trying to prove that the sun, not anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, is causing global warming. The original curve appears, for example, on Anthony Watts' climate skeptical blog "Watts Up With That?" in an article posted in 2011."
38. ^ Grant 2011, p. 302: "Watts is best known for his very heavily trafficked blog Watts Up With That?, began in 2006, which provides not just a megaphone for himself but a rallying ground for other AGW deniers, notably Christopher Monckton. The blog played an important role in the Climategate fiasco, through its dissemination of the hacked CRU emails."
39. Manne 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManne2012 (help): "More importantly, it was becoming clear that the most effective denialist media weapon was not the newspapers or television but the internet. A number of influential websites, like Watts Up With That?, Climate Skeptic and Climate Depot, were established."
40. Kirilenko 2014, p. 9 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKirilenko2014 (help): "The most authoritative climate change skepticism web sites included Watts Up With That? and Climate Depot"
41. Brainard 2015, p. 172: "At the other end of the spectrum are influential sites for "climate skeptics", such as Watts Up With That?, a blog run by meteorologist Anthony Watts, whom scientists have repeatedly criticized for misleading readers on subjects such as the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record."
42. Mooney 2010, p. 109 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMooney2010 (help): "With just days to go until voting closed, the 2008 weblog awards - an annual online popularity contest in which nearly 1 million voters pick their favorite opiners across forty-eight topic categories-featured a tight race for Best Science Blog...In the end, Watts Up With That defeated Pharyngula by a vote of 14,150 votes to 12,238."
43. Hickman, Leo (1 March 2013). "Climate sceptics 'capture' the Bloggies' science category". guardian.co.uk.
44. George Monbiot (15 May 2009). "How to disprove Christopher Booker in 26 seconds". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
45. Leo Hickman (24 February 2010). Academic attempts to take the hot air out of climate science debate "Academic attempts to take the hot air out of climate science debate". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
46. ^ Hansen 2015, p. 172 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHansen2015 (help): "In 2009, an unknown party acquired a large cache of private emails between climate scientists...and published them online. Cherry-picking quotes in order to make the scientists appear as though they were discussing data manipulation, bloggers such as Watts whipped up a pseudo-scandal that reverberated for years despite the fact that a series of nine investigations in the U.S. and the U.K. cleared the scientists of any wrongdoing.
47. The eight major investigations covered by secondary sources include: House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (UK); Independent Climate Change Review (UK); International Science Assessment Panel (UK); Pennsylvania State University first panel and second panel (US); United States Environmental Protection Agency (US); Department of Commerce (US); National Science Foundation (US)
48. Biello, David (Feb., 2010). "Negating 'Climategate'". Scientific American. (302):2. 16. ISSN 00368733. "In fact, nothing in the stolen material undermines the scientific consensus that climate change is happening and that humans are to blame"; See also: Lubchenco, Jane (2 December 2009) House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (House Select Committee). "The Administration's View on the State of Climate Science". House Hearing, 111 Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. "...the e-mails really do nothing to undermine the very strong scientific consensus and the independent scientific analyses of thousands of scientists around the world that tell us that the Earth is warming and that the warming is largely a result of human activities." As quoted in the report published by Office of Inspector General.
49. Jonas Anshelm, Martin Hultman (2014). Discourses of Global Climate Change: Apocalyptic Framing and Political Antagonisms. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 1317671066.
50. Dunlap 2013, p. 153 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDunlap2013 (help): "Having this powerful, pervasive and multifaceted media apparatus at its service provides the denial machine with a highly effective means of spreading its message, as reflected quite recently by its success in turning a tiny and highly unrepresentative sample of thirteen years worth of personal e-mails hacked from the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia into a major scandal that has generated a decline in public belief in climate change and trust in climate scientists...despite the fact that several investigations have concluded that the e-mails neither demonstrate unethical behavior nor undermine climate science."
51. Powell 2012, p. 136: "In 2007, Watts founded SurfaceStations.org...By early June 2009, thanks to a grass roots network of volunteers, SurfaceStations.org had examined about 70 percent of the 1,221 stations classified 70 of the stations as having "good or best" reliability... since 1950, temperatures recorded at the 70 "good or best" stations are indistinguishable from the rest."
52. Black 2014, p. 1328 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBlack2014 (help): "A few critics continued to seek confirmation of their denial of the warming data on air temperatures from weather stations and satellites. In particular, former TV weatherman Anthony Watts established a popular website that mobilized people to report continental U.S. weather stations that were poorly located, such as near the exhaust of air conditioners."
53. Powell 2012, p. 136: "By early June 2009, thanks to a grass roots network of volunteers, SurfaceStations.org had examined about 70 percent of the 1,221 stations classified 70 of the stations as having "good or best" reliability... since 1950, temperatures recorded at the 70 "good or best" stations are indistinguishable from the rest."
54. Powell 2012, p. 136: "deniers say that the U.S. historical temperature record is unreliable because some weather stations are sited near trees, buildings, parking lots, air conditioners, and the like, causing the stations to record unrepresentative, and presumably warmer, local temperatures. The person most behind this claim is Anthony Watts
55. Mann 2013, p. 72: "With the assistance of the Heartland Institute, Watts published a glossy, very official-looking report about the project... absent from that report, however, was any direct comparison showing what the surface temperature record looks like both with and without the sites that Watts deemed unworthy. Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) went ahead and calculated it themselves, producing versions of the continental U.S. average temperature curve both with and without the records in question...Eliminating the "suspect" data made virtually no difference at all; in fact, the small bias that was found was of the opposite sign. The "corrected" record showed slightly more warming!"
56. Weart 2015 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWeart2015 (help): "A study by members of the NOAA National Climatic Data Center separately analyzed the sites that Watts's volunteers identified as faulty, comparing them with the acknowledged good sites. They found that any bias introduced by poor siting had been mostly compensated for by the data reduction, which was designed precisely to remove biases by comparisons over regions and time. But if the raw data only were considered, the poor sites did not tend to overestimate warming compared with what NOAA had reported, as Watts had assumed; if anything the warming from these sites was greater than NOAA's earlier figures."
57. Washington 2013, p. 51: "There is a denial movement seeking to cast doubt on the surface temperature record using photographs of weather stations positioned near car parks, air conditioners and other warming influences (Watts, 2010). These photos attempt to communicate that the global warming trend is being inflated by poor temperature data... Poor sites show a cooler trend than good sites. All those photographed weather stations near car parks are actually giving cooler readings than pristine weather stations."
58. Manne 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManne2010 (help): "Recent photographic documentation of poor siting conditions at stations in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) has led to questions regarding the reliability of surface temperature trends over the conterminous United States (CONUS)...Results indicate that...associated instrument changes have led to an artificial negative (“cool”) bias in maximum temperatures and only a slight positive (“warm”) bias in minimum temperatures...In summary, we find no evidence that the CONUS average temperature trends are inflated due to poor station siting."
59. Fall, Souleymane; Watts, Anthony; Nielsen-Gammon, John; Jones, Evan; Niyogi, Dev; Christy, John R.; Pielke, Sr., Roger A. (2011). "Analysis of the impacts of station exposure on the U.S. Historical Climatology Network temperatures and temperature trends" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (D14120). Bibcode:2011JGRD..11614120F. doi:10.1029/2010JD015146.
60. Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century. 1998 ranks third in two records, and in Cowtan and Way's 2014 analysis...2013 is warmer than 1998."
61. Black 2013, p. 1505 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBlack2013 (help): "We have done an initial study of the station selection issue...we see a global warming trend that is very similar to that previously reported by the other groups. We have also studied station quality. Many U.S. stations have low quality rankings according to a study led by Anthony Watts. However, we find that the warming seen in the "poor" stations is virtually indistinguishable from that seen in the "good" stations."}}
62. Donald, Ros (3 August 2012). "'There's plenty of room for scepticism' – climate study author Richard Muller". The Guardian.
63. Watts, Anthony (2009). Is the U.S. Surface Temperature Record Reliable? (PDF). Heartland Institute. ISBN 978-1-934791-29-5. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
64. ^ Gascoyne, Tom (February 23, 2012). "Leaked documents hit home Climate-change scandal has a local connection". Chico News & Review. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
65. "2012 Fundraising Plan" (PDF). The Heartland Institute. January 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
66. Hickman, Leo (February 15, 2012). "Climate sceptics – who gets paid what?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
67. Watts, Anthony (February 15, 2012). "Some notes on the Heartland Leak". Watts Up With That?. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
68. ^ Hickman, Leo (February 15, 2012). "Leaked Heartland Institute documents pull back curtain on climate scepticism". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
69. Burleigh, Nina (February 17, 2012). "Secret papers turn up heat on global-warming deniers". Salon. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
70. Goldenberg, Suzanne (February 14, 2012). "Leak exposes how Heartland Institute works to undermine climate science". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

References

• Grant, John (2011). Denying Science: Conspiracy Theories, Media Distortions, and the War Against Reality. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1616144009. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Mann, Michael (1 October 2013). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231152558. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Manne, Robert (August 2012). "A dark victory: How vested interests defeated climate science". The Monthly.
• Dunlap, Riley; McCright, Aaron (2011). Dryzek, John S.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Schlosberg, David (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199566607. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Farmer, Thomas G.; Cook, John (2013). Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis: Volume 1-The Physical Climate. Springer Science & Business Media. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Menne, Mathew J.; Williams, Claude N.; Palecki, Michael A. (2010). "On the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record". J. Geophys. Res. 115 (D11). Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1029/2009jd013094. Retrieved 27 May 2015. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Susan Solomon (ed.). Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521705967. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Weart, Spencer. "The Discovery of Global Warming". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved May 2015. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Brainard, Curtis (2015). Hansen, Anders; Cox, Robert (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Environment and Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-52131-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• USGCRP (2009). Karl, T.R.; Melillo. J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S.J. (ed.). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14407-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
• IPCC (2007). "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007". Retrieved May 2015. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Schneider, Birgit; Nocke, Thomas (2014). Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kirilenko, Andrei; Stepchenkova, Svetlana (2014). "Public microblogging on climate change: One year of Twitter worldwide". Global Environmental Change. 26: 171, 172.
• Farmer, Thomas G. (2014). Modern Climate Change Science: An Overview of Today’s Climate Change Science. Springer. ISBN 3319092227. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Black, Brian C.; Hassenzahl, David M.; Stephens, Jennie C.; Weisel, Gary; Gift, Nancy (2013). Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science and History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1598847627. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Powell, James Lawrence (2012). The Inquisition of Climate Science. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231157193. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Washington, Haydn (2013). Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand. Routledge. ISBN 1136530053. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Mooney, Chris; Kirshenbaum, Sheril (2010). Summary of Unscientific America: How Scientific Illiteracy Threatens Our Future. Basic Books. ISBN 046501917X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Anders, Hansen; Cox, Robert (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Environment and Communication. Routledge. ISBN 1134521316. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

• Watts Up With That? website
• SurfaceStations.org

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