Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 19:43, 17 July 2013

Willow Ptarmigan
Young male Alaskan Willow Ptarmigan (L. l. alascensis) in summer plumage, Denali National Park
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Subclass:	Neornithes
Infraclass:	Neognathae
Superorder:	Galloanserae
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Subfamily:	Tetraoninae
Genus:	Lagopus
Species:	L. lagopus
Binomial name
Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Lagopus albus Lagopus medius Woldřich, 1893 Tetrao lagopus Linnaeus, 1758

The Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) is a bird in the grouse subfamily Tetraoninae of the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is also known as the Willow Grouse and in the British Isles, where it was previously believed to be a separate species, as the Red Grouse. It is a sedentary species, breeding in birch and other forests and moorlands in northern Europe, the tundra of Scandinavia, Siberia, Alaska and northern Canada, in particular in the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the state bird of Alaska. In the summer the birds are largely brown, with dappled plumage, but in the winter they are white with black tails (though the red grouse does not adopt a winter plumage). The species has remained little changed from the bird that roamed the tundra during the Pleistocene. Nesting takes place in the spring when clutches of four to ten eggs are laid in a scrape on the ground. The chicks are precocial and soon leave the nest and while they are young, both parents play a part in caring for them. The chicks eat insects and young plant growth while the adults are completely herbivorous, eating leaves, flowers, buds, seeds and berries during the summer and largely subsisting on the buds and twigs of willow and other dwarf shrubs and trees during the winter.

Description

The Willow Ptarmigan is a medium to large ground-dwelling bird and is the most numerous of the three species of Ptarmigan. Males and females are about the same size, the adult length varying between 35 and 44 centimetres (14 and 17 in) with a wingspan ranging from 60 and 65 centimetres (24 and 26 in). The weight is 430 to 810 grams (15 to 29 oz). It is deep-chested and has a fairly long neck, a broad bill, short feathered legs and a moderately short rounded tail. In the summer, the male's plumage is marbled brown, with a reddish hue to the neck and breast, a black tail and white wings and underparts. It has two inconspicuous wattles above the eyes, which become red and prominent in the breeding season. The female is similar in appearance but lacks the wattles and has brown feathers scattered among the white feathers on the belly. During winter, the plumage of both sexes becomes completely white, except for the black tail. Immature birds resemble the adults.

The Willow Ptarmigan can be distinguished from the closely related Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) by its larger size and thicker bill and by the fact that it is not generally found above the tree line while the Rock Ptarmigan prefers more elevated, barren habitat. The summer plumage is browner and in the winter, the male Willow Ptarmigan lacks the Rock Ptarmigan's black stripe between the eyes and bill. The White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) in North America is smaller, has a white tail and finely-barred greyer plumage and lives permanently above the tree line.

The distinctive British Isles subspecies L. l. scoticus (Red Grouse) was once considered a separate true British species but is now classified as a sub-species. This moorland bird is reddish brown all over, except for the white feet, and is common across the north and west of Great Britain and in localised areas on Ireland.

The voice is low-pitched and guttural and includes chuckles, repeated clucking sounds, expostulations. When displaying, the male makes rattles and barking noises. When disturbed it flies off rapidly making a loud call that sounds like go-back, go-back, go-back.

Taxonomy and systematics

The Willow Ptarmigan's scientific name, Lagopus lagopus is derived from Ancient Greek lagos (λαγως) "hare" + pous (πους) "foot", in reference to the bird's feathered feet which allow it to negotiate frozen ground (see also Snowshoe Hare).

Subspecies

Nineteen subspecies have been recognised though some are believed not to be valid. Most differ little in appearance, though the Red Grouse (L. l. scoticus) is rather distinct. The taxonomy is confused, partly because of the complicated changes in plumage several times a year and the differing colour and pattern of the summer plumage.

• scoticus (Latham, 1787) - British Isles.
• variegatus Salomonsen, 1936 - islands off Trondheim, Norway.
• lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Scandinavia, Finland, N European Russia.
• rossicus Serebrovsky, 1926 - Baltic countries and C Russia E to Kama Basin.
• birulai Serebrovsky, 1926 - New Siberia Is.
• koreni Thayer & Bangs, 1914 - Siberia from Urals and Yamal Peninsula to Pacific, S to Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutsk and N coast of Sea of Okhotsk.
• maior Lorenz, 1904 - SE Russia, N Kazakhstan and SW Siberia, E to Altai foothills.
• brevirostris Hesse, 1912 - Altai and Sayan Mts.
• kozlowae Portenko, 1931 - W Mongolia, in Tannu Ola, Khangai and Kentei Mts.
• sserebrowsky Domaniewski, 1933 - E Siberia, from L Baikal to Sea of Okhotsk, S to Khingan Mts and Sikhote Alin Mts.
• kamtschatkensis Momiyama, 1928 - Kamchatka and N Kuril Is.
• okadai Momiyama, 1928 - Sakhalin I.
• muriei Gabrielson & Lincoln, 1959 - E Aleutian Is and Kodiak I.
• alexandrae Grinnell, 1909 - coastal islands of SE Alaska and NW British Columbia.
• alascensis Swarth, 1926 - Alaska.
• leucopterus Taverner, 1932 - Arctic islands of N Canada (Banks, Victoria, Southampton, Baffin) and adjacent mainland.
• albus (Gmelin, 1789) - N Canada, from N Yukon and C British Columbia to Gulf of St Lawrence.
• ungavus Riley, 1911 - N Quebec and N Labrador.
• alleni Stejneger, 1884 - Newfoundland.

Hybridises often with Tetrao tetrix and Bonasa bonasia and occasionally with Tetrao urogallus, Falcipennis canadensis and and Lagopus mutus.

During the Pleistocene, the Willow Ptarmigan widely occurred in continental Europe. Authors who recognize paleosubspecies have named the Pleistocene Willow Ptarmigan L. l. noaillensis (though the older name medius might be the correct one). These marginally different birds gradually changed from the earlier (Pliocene) Lagopus atavus into the present-day species. Pleistocene Willow Ptarmigan are recorded from diverse sites until the end of the Vistulian glaciation about 10,000 years ago, when the species, by then all but identical with the living birds, retreated northwards like its tundra habitat.

Diet

The Willow Ptarmigan has a varied and seasonal diet. The bird is herbivorous for most of its life and subsists on various plant materials. As juveniles, they may feed on insects due to an inability to digest plant material caused by underdeveloped cecums. In the summer, their diet is highly varied and may consist of berries, flowers, leaves, twigs, and seeds. During the winter, the majority of a Willow Ptarmigan’s nutrition is obtained from shrubs such as Salix alaxensis. Recently, there has been an increase in shrub expansion in arctic Alaska that is thought to be greatly affecting the Willow Ptarmigan’s diet. Combined with snow depth, ptarmigan browsing helps shape the landscape of the area. When the snow is very deep, the birds cannot access the shorter shrubs as they are covered, so they will eat the taller species that poke through the snow. In one study it was found that 90% of the buds of S. alaxensis within their reach had been browsed. This will stunt the willows and create a feedback cycle extending through the entire ecosystem. However, in winters with below average snowfall, the browsing of the ptarmigan will not have such a drastic effect as its feeding will be spread out across a range of lower plant species. It is also believed that the greening of parts of the Arctic is affecting Willow Ptarmigan populations by altering the shape and size of the shrubs they feed on.

Behaviour

Male Willow Ptarmigans are territorial birds. Males arrive in the breeding areas and set up territories in April and May, aggressively defending them against male interlopers. When the females arrive a few weeks later, the male performs courtship displays such as aerial manoeuvres, strutting and tail-fanning. When she has chosen a mate and a nesting site, the female lays a clutch of six to ten eggs in a shallow depression in the ground. The nest site is usually in a hidden location at the edge of a clearing.

A small minority of male Willow Ptarmigan are polygynous but most are monogamous. They are assiduous at guarding both nest and mate, particularly early in the incubation period and when the eggs are nearly ready to hatch. During this time, the greatest danger may be from conspecifics. In most other species of grouse, only the female takes care of the young, but the male Willow Ptarmigan also helps with feeding the brood and protecting them. He may take over completely if the female dies. In particular, the male defends the young from predators and both he and his mate can dive-bomb intruders or lure attackers away by pretending to have a broken wing. Nevertheless, the chicks face many dangers which range from attacks by foxes or birds of prey, getting separated from the rest of the brood, bad weather and coccidiosis. Fewer than 35% of chicks survive to eleven months and only a minority of these reach maturity. Despite this, in favourable seasons, many juveniles may survive and the population of Willow Ptarmigan is prone to wide fluctuations in size.

Willow Ptarmigans are hardy vegetarian birds, but insects are also taken by the hatchling young. The main diet of the adults at all times of year is willow, with leaves being eaten in summer and buds, twigs and catkins supplying the main nutritional needs in winter and early spring. Berries also form part of the diet when available. By September, families begin to form flocks. The females and young migrate to lower altitudes and may overwinter 100 miles (160 km) from their breeding grounds in wooded valleys and hilly country. The males also congregate in small groups but do not usually travel as far as the females.

Widespread and not uncommon in its remote habitat, the Willow Ptarmigan is classified as a species of "Least Concern" by the IUCN. This is because, even if, as is suspected, numbers are declining slightly, it has a very wide range with a total population estimated at forty million individuals.

• Adult female in summer plumage, Trollheimen (Norway)
• Adult female in summer plumage, near Saranpaul in the northeast Urals (Beryozovsky District, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
• Adult male L. l. alascensis in autumn plumage, Lake Clark National Park (Alaska, USA)
• Adult male in summer plumage, Denali National Park and Preserve (Alaska, USA)
• Juvenile, Denali National Park and Preserve (Alaska, USA)

References

1. ^ Template:IUCN2008
2. ^ Braun, C. E.; Martin, K.; Robb, L. A. (1993). "Willow Ptarmigan". All about birds. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 7 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. "White-Tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus)". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
4. Ridpath, S. M.; Thirgood, S. J. (1997). Birds of prey and red grouse. London: Stationery Office ISBN 0117021768.
5. Válóczi, Tibor (1999): A Vaskapu-barlang (Bükk-hegység) felső pleisztocén faunájának vizsgálata . Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis 23: 79–96 . PDF fulltext
6. Boev, Zlatozar (2002). "Tetraonidae VIGORS, 1825 (Galliformes – Aves) in the Neogene-Quaternary record of Bulgaria and the origin and evolution of the family" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 45 (Special Issue): 263–282.
7. Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World (Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
8. Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Philippe, M.; Quinif, Y.; Chaline, J.; Debard, E.; Guérin, C.; Hugueney, M. (2003). "Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des Abîmes de La Fage, at Noailles (Corrèze, France), in the European Pleistocene chronology". Boreas. 32 (3): 521–531. doi:10.1080/03009480310003405.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
9. Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005). "Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 48A (1–2): 43–65. doi:10.3409/173491505783995743.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. Wilson, Scott; Martin, Kathy (2008). "Breeding habitat selection of sympatric White-tailed, Rock and Willow Ptarmigan in the southern Yukon Territory, Canada". Journal of Ornithology. 149 (4): 629–637.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ^ Stokkan, K. A. (1992). "Energetics and adaptations to cold in Ptarmigan in winter". Ornis Scandinavica. 23 (3): 366–270. doi:10.2307/3676662. JSTOR 3676662.
12. ^ Tape, K. D.; Lord, R.; Marshall, H. P.; Ruess, R. W. (2010). "Snow-mediated ptarmigan browsing and shrub expansion in Arctic Alaska". Ecoscience. 17 (2): 186–193. doi:10.2980/17-2-3323.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
13. ^ "Willow Ptarmigan". Small Game Hunting in Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
14. Martin, Kathy (1984). "Reproductive defence priorities of male willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus): enhancing mate survival or extending paternity options?". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 16 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1007/BF00293104.

External links

• Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust Red Grouse Page
• RSPB Red Grouse Page
• Video clip of male Willow Ptarmigan in winter
• Stamps: Willow Ptarmigan (for Belarus, Canada, Finland, Ireland, United States) with worldwide RangeMap
• Willow Ptarmigan videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Willow Ptarmigan photo gallery VIREO

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Use dmy dates from February 2011
• Lagopus
• Animals described in 1758
• United States state birds
• Birds of Canada
• Birds of the United States
• Native birds of Alaska
• Birds of Europe
• Birds of Asia
• Grouse
• Animals that can change color