| Revision as of 18:42, 26 November 2012 edit159.92.9.7 (talk) →Academic: Irrelevant statement of a non-academic person not involved into the discussion of the toopic.← Previous edit | Revision as of 15:46, 27 November 2012 edit undo86.52.212.38 (talk)No edit summaryTag: possible vandalismNext edit → | ||
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| {{islamophobia}} | |||
| '''Eurabia''' is a ].{{#tag:ref|The word is a ] of ] and ]. It was first used as a name for the newsletter of a Euro-Arab friendship committee in the 1970s.<ref name="Eurabianewsletter"></ref> See ] and {{ill|fr|Eurabia (newsletter)|Eurabia (revue)}}.}} The concept was coined by writer Gisele Littman (]) in the early 2000s. In Littman's use, it denotes a ], where European and Arab powers aim to Islamise and Arabise Europe, undermining previous alignment with the U.S. and Israel.<ref name="Yeor2"/><ref name="MarjanSapir"/> Several similar conspiracy theories have been developed from Littman's "Mother conspiracy theory".<ref name="MorgEur"/> The term is used by far-right activists<ref name="Zuquete"/>, by members of the ] movement,<ref name="examples">Examples of proponent's use: | |||
| * {{cite web|author=]|title=Speech in the Dutch parliament|url=http://www.geertwilders.nl/?option=com_content&task=view&id=1595|publisher=Geert Wilders' blog|date=September 16, 2009|accessdate=June 8, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=Bruce Thornton|title=The Civilization of Dhimmitude - A review of Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, by Bat Ye'or| url=http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/thornton032605.html|publisher=Victor Davis Hanson on the web|date=March 26, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=]|title=How Europe Became Eurabia|url=http://archive.frontpagemag.com/Printable.aspx?ArtId=12077|publisher=]|date=July 27, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite book|author=]|title=Betrayal: France, the Arabs, and the Jews|url=http://books.google.no/books/about/Betrayal.html?id=DJmYHDrAMTkC&redir_esc=y|publisher=]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-594032-20-2|year=2008|accessdate=June 8, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite book|author=]|title=The New Vichy Syndrome. Why European Intellectuals Surrender to Barbarism|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=BXIpqAzMVHwC|publisher=]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-59403-372-8|year=2011|accessdate=June 8, 2012}}</ref> by conservative writers.<ref>See: | |||
| * ], '''', ], 04 April 2004, retrieved 18 September 2012 | |||
| *Adrian Michaels, '''', telegraph.co.uk, 2009-08-08</ref> | |||
| The premises common to these theories are that Europe is undergoing a rapid demographic transition, induced by "European politicians and civil servants",<ref name = kundnani /> that will lead to a Muslim majority, and that these Muslims will have an unchanging, hostile attitude toward their national communities.<ref name=Vaisse2010>{{cite web|author=]|title=Eurabian Follies|work=]|publisher=The FP Group, a ] subsidiary|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/eurabian_follies?page=full|date=January/February 2010|accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref> Other premises, such as acquiring the compliance of or control over bureaucracies, intelligentsias and European political leaders are frequent.<ref>For instance in: | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Ye’or|first=Bat|authorlink=Bat Ye’or|title= Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis|year=2005|publisher=] Press|location=New Jersey, USA|isbn=978-0838640777}} | |||
| *{{cite book|author=Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen|title=Defeating Eurabia|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2008|isbn=9781409247159}}</ref> The conspiracy theories have been compared to antisemitic conspiracy theories such as ] or the ].<ref name=carr /><ref name="Kuper4" /> The prospect of a Muslim majority in Europe is regarded by leading demographers as extremely unlikely in the foreseeable future.<ref name="Pew"/> The ] notes that "the data that we have isn't pointing in the direction of 'Eurabia' at all"<ref>Brian Grim quoted in Richard Greene, , CNN, 2011-01-27</ref>, with the percentage of Muslims rising on the continent to 8% in 2030.<ref name="Pew"/> The theory has been dismissed by academics as an ] conspiracy theory.<ref name=ConspiracyTheory /> | |||
| ==Origin of the concept == | |||
| ''Eurabia'' was the title of a newsletter published in the 1970s by the ''Comité européen de coordination des associations d'amitié avec le monde Arabe'', a Euro-Arab friendship committee.<ref name="Eurabianewsletter">{{cite web|title=Eurabia (item listing)|publisher=Worldcat|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/eurabia/oclc/5966570 WorldCat.org|accessdate=May 11, 2012}}, <!--{{worldcat|name=Eurabia|oclc=5966570}} --> {{OCLC|5966570}}</ref> According to ], who has been perhaps the most influential Eurabia theorist in recent years, it was published collaboratively with ''France-Pays Arabes'' (journal of the ''Association de solidarité franco-arabe'' or ASFA), ''Middle East International'' (London), and the ''Groupe d'Etudes sur le Moyen-Orient'' (Geneva).<ref name="Yeor1">{{cite web|author=]|title=Le dialogue Euro-Arabe et la naissance d’Eurabia|work=|publisher=Observatoire du monde juif|url=http://obs.monde.juif.free.fr/pdf/omj04-05.pdf|format=pdf|language=French|trans_title=The Euro-Arab Dialogue and the Birth of Eurabia|date=December 2002|accessdate=May 11, 2012}} </ref> | |||
| After the ] Muslims and the Arab world emerged as a perceived threat.<ref name="Kuper4">{{cite news|author=]|title=The end of Eurabia|publisher=Financial Times|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/1c825298-d8f7-11e0-aff1-00144feabdc0.html|date=September 9, 2011|accessdate=May 11, 2012}}</ref> Muslim minority populations and Muslim immigration gained new political significance. Scholar José Pedro Zúquete notes that | |||
| <blockquote> the threat that the Crescent will rise over the continent and the spectre of a Muslim Europe have become basic ideological features and themes of the European extreme right <ref name="Zuquete">{{cite journal|last=Zúquete|first=José Pedro|title=The European Extreme Right and Islam: New directions?|journal=]|year=2008|volume=13|issue=3|pages=321–344|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569310802377019|doi=10.1080/13569310802377019|date=October 2008|accessdate=April 22, 2012}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| Eurabia had then re-entered into the vocabulary through Bat Ye’Or’s work, most notably the book published in 2005, ''Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis'',<ref name="Yeor2">{{cite book|last=Ye’or|first=Bat|authorlink=Bat Ye’or|title= Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis|year=2005|publisher=] Press|location=New Jersey, USA|isbn=978-0838640777}}</ref> although she first used the term in 2002.<ref name="Yeor1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Bat Ye'or|title=Eurabia|publisher=]|url=http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-yeor100902.asp|date=2002-10-09}}</ref> Subsequently, the coining of the term has been attributed to her.<ref name="Fekete">{{cite journal |last=Fekete |first=Liz |title=The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre |journal=Race & Class |volume=53 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=30–47 |doi=10.1177/0306396811425984 |url=http://rac.sagepub.com/content/53/3/30}}</ref> | |||
| In ''Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis'', Bat Ye'or claims that Eurabia is the result of the ] originally intended to increase European power against the United States by aligning its interests with those of the Arab countries. During the ], the ] (predecessor of the ]), had entered into the ] (EAD) with the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=Euro-Arab dialogue|url=http://www.medea.be/?doc=55&lang=en|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=May 2012}} </ref> | |||
| Ye’or notes it as a primary cause of alleged European hostility to Israel, referring to joint Euro-Arab foreign policies that she characterizes as ] and ].<ref name="Yeor1" /> Her definition of Eurabia is: | |||
| <blockquote>Eurabia is a geo-political reality envisaged in 1973 through a system of informal alliances between, on the one hand, the nine countries of the European Community (EC) which, enlarged, became the European Union (EU) in 1992 and on the other hand, the Mediterranean Arab countries. The alliances and agreements were elaborated at the top political level of each EC country with the representative of the European Commission, and their Arab homologues with the Arab League's delegate. This system was synchronised under the roof of an association called the Euro-Arab Dialogue (EAD) created in July 1974 in Paris.<ref name="Yeor3">Bat Ye'or quoted by Jamie Glazov, {{cite web|author=Jamie Glazov|title=Eurabia|work=Frontpage Magazine|publisher=]|location=Sherman Oaks, CA|url= http://archive.frontpagemag.com/Printable.aspx?ArtId=11429|date=September 21, 2004|accessdate=May 12, 2012}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| Ye’or established the close connection of the Eurabia conspiracy and the term "]", denoting alleged “western subjection to Islam”.<ref name="Fekete" /> | |||
| ==Impact== | |||
| ===Academic=== | |||
| The Eurabia theories are dismissed as ] and ]<ref name="MarjanSapir"/><ref name="Zuquete"/> conspiracy theories in the academic community<ref name=ConspiracyTheory>See: | |||
| *{{cite journal |last=Fekete |first=Liz |title=The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre |journal=Race & Class |volume=53 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=30–47 |doi=10.1177/0306396811425984 |url=http://rac.sagepub.com/content/53/3/30}} | |||
| *{{cite journal |last=Carland |first=Susan |title=Islamophobia, fear of loss of freedom, and the Muslim woman |journal=Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2011 |pages=469–473 |doi=10.1080/09596410.2011.606192 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09596410.2011.606192}} | |||
| *{{cite book|author1=]|author2=]|author3=]|url=http://expo.se/www/download/research_the_anti_muslim_environment_final.pdf|title=The Anti-Muslim Environment - The ideas, the Profiles and the Concept|publisher=]|location=Stockholm|year=2011|accessdate=June 8, 2012}} | |||
| *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Shooman|first=Yasemin|coauthors=Spielhaus, Riem |editor=Jocelyne Cesari |encyclopedia= Muslims in the West after 9/11: religion, politics, and law|title= The concept of the Muslim enemy in the public discourse|url= http://books.google.no/books?id=6OH3G0VESQsC&pg=PA198|year= 2010|publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-77654-6|pages=198–228}} | |||
| *{{cite journal |last=Fekete |first=Liz |title=Enlightened fundamentalism? Immigration, feminism and the Right |journal=Race & Class |volume=48 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1177/0306396806069519 |url=http://rac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/long/48/2/1}} | |||
| *{{cite doi|10.1177/0306396806066636}}.</ref> and in the mainstream media.<ref name="counterexamples"> For example: | |||
| * {{cite news|author=David Aaronovitch|title=It's the latest disease: sensible people saying ridiculous things about Islam|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/david_aaronovitch/article590235.ece|publisher=]|date=September 15, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=Johann Hari|title=Islam in the West|url=http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=752|publisher=]|date=Winter 2007|accessdate=June 8, 2012}} | |||
| </ref> At first academics showed little interest in the Eurabia theories due to their lack of factual basis.<ref name="MorgEur">{{Cite news |url=http://morgenbladet.no/samfunn/2011/eurabiske_vers |title=Eurabiske vers |language=Norwegian |trans_title=Eurabian verses |publisher=] |date=August 19, 2011 |accessdate=April 27, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kuper4" /> The theme was treated in studies of rightist extremism<ref name="Zuquete" /> and Middle East Politics.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|authorlink=Olivier Roy|title=The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-231-80043-3}}</ref> This changed after the ], which resulted in the publication of several works specifically treating the Eurabia conspiracy theories.<ref name="Fekete" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Gardell|first=Mattias|title=Islamofobi|language=Norwegian|location=Oslo|publisher=Spartacus|year=2011|isbn=9788243006683|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162521}}</ref> The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, a project under the ], released a comprehensive report in January 2011, which projected a 2 percentage point growth of the European Muslim population in the period 2010-2030, from 6% to 8% of the total European populace.<ref name="Pew">{{cite book|first1=Brian J.|last1=Grim|first2=Mehtab S.|last2=Karim|first3=Alan|last3=Cooperman|first4=Conrad|last4=Hackett|first5=Phillip|last5=Connor|first6=Sahar|last6=Chaudhry| first7=Mira|last7=Hidajat|first8=Becky|last8=Hsu |coauthors=Andrew J. Gully, Noble Kuriakose, Elizabeth A. Lawton, Elizabeth Podrebarac|editor1-first=Sandra|editor1-last=Stencel|editor2-first=Anne Farris|editor2-last=Rosen|editor3-first=Diana|editor3-last=Yoo|editor4-first=Tracy|editor4-last=Miller|editor5-first=Hilary|editor5-last=Ramp|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population (Projections for 2010-2030)|publisher=Pew Research Center|location=Washington D.C.|date=January 2011|url= http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|format=pdf|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} , retrieved 18 September 2012.</ref> The ] estimates the Muslim share of Europe's population to grow from 6% to 8% or, in absolute numbers, from 44.1 to 58.2 million people between 2010 and 2030.<ref name="Pew"/> In several Western and Northern European states, the Muslim population will approach double-digit percentages.<ref name="Pew"/> | |||
| ===European politics=== | |||
| The theories have failed to impact most policy makers and academics.<ref name="Kuper4" /> They have, however become a basic theme in the European extremist right. Through political competition with far-right parties with parliamentary representation the main anti-Islamic theme has also penetrated into mainstream European politics,<ref name="Zuquete" /> for instance in the case of Geert Wilders: | |||
| <blockquote>This government is enthusiastically co-operating with the Islamization of the Netherlands. In all of Europe the elite opens the floodgates wide. In only a little while, one in five people in the European Union will be Muslim. Good news for this multiculti-government that views bowing to the horrors of Allah as its most important task. Good news for the CDA : C-D-A, in the meanwhile stands for Christians Serve Allah.<ref>{{cite web|author=Geert Wilders|title=speech in the Dutch parliament, September 16, 2009|url=http://www.geertwilders.nl/?option=com_content&task=view&id=1595|accessdate=May 12, 2012}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| This has led to the adaption of political positions that were previously considered extreme, but has also led to significant alterations in the asserted positions of the far right, notably when it comes to the rights of women and homosexuals.<ref name="Zuquete" /><ref name="Bhandar">{{cite journal |last=Bhandar |first=Davina |year=2010 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=331–343 |title=Cultural politics: disciplining citizenship|journal=Citizenship Studies|doi=10.1080/13621021003731963 |accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Paul |last1=Mepschen |first2=Jan Willem |last2=Duyvendak |first3=Evelien H. |last3=Tonkens |year=2010 |title=Sexual Politics, Orientalism and Multicultural Citizenship in the Netherlands |journal=Sociology |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=962–979 |doi=10.1177/0038038510375740|url=http://soc.sagepub.com/content/44/5/962|accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ===2011 Norway attacks=== | |||
| '']'', the manifesto of ], the perpetrator of the ], includes a lengthy discussion of and support for the "Eurabia" theory. It also contains several articles on the Eurabia theme by Bat Ye’Or and ] (Fjordman). | |||
| <ref name="Saunders">See: | |||
| * {{cite news|author=Doug Saunders|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/norway-gunmans-manifesto-calls-for-war-against-muslims/article2107826/|title=Norway gunman's manifesto calls for war against Muslims|publisher=]|quote=|date=July 25, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite news|author=Doug Saunders|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/eurabia-opponents-scramble-for-distance-from-anti-muslim-murderer/article2109447/|title=‘Eurabia’ opponents scramble for distance from anti-Muslim murderer|quote=|publisher=]|date=July 26, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite news|author=Fredrik Mandal|author2=Kenneth Nodeland|url=http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/Terroristen-ville-bruke-atomvpen-2542322.html|title=Terroristen ville bruke atomvåpen|publisher=]|date=July 24, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012|language=Norwegian|trans_title=The terrorist wanted to use nuclear weapons}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|first=Toby|last=Archer|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1|title=Breivik's Swamp|journal=Foregin Policy|date=July 25, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725223|title=Massedrapsmannen kopierte "Unabomberen" ord for ord|language=Norwegian|trans_title=The mass killer copied the UNA bomber word by word|publisher=]|date=July 24, 2011|accessdate=July 24, 2011}} | |||
| * {{cite news|author=Timothy Rutten|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/27/opinion/la-oe-0727-rutten-20110727|title=The Norway attacks illustrate once again the danger posed by hate-laced propaganda|publisher=]|date=July 27, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite news|author=Scott Shane|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?pagewanted=print|title=Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.|publisher=]|date=July 24, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=Andrew Brown|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2011/jul/24/norway-anders-behring-breivik-beliefs/print|title=Anders Breivik is not Christian but anti-Islam|publisher=]|date=July 24, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=Seumas Milne|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/28/rage-muslims-no-loner-breivik/print|title=In his rage against Muslims, Norway's killer was no loner|publisher=The Guardian|date=July 28, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite news|author=Abel Mestre|author2=Caroline Monnot|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/07/26/l-inspiration-des-extremistes-post-11-septembre_1552858_3214.html|title=L'inspiration des extrémistes post-11-Septembre|language=French|trans_title=The inspiration of post 9/11 extremists|publisher=]|date=July 26, 2011}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=]|author2=]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/opinion/Gaarder-Eriksen.html|title=A Blogosphere of Bigots|publisher=The New York Times|date=July 28, 2011|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=]|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/aug/09/new-european-far-right|title=The New European Far-Right|publisher=]|date=August 9, 2011}}</ref> As a result, the theory received widespread mainstream media attention following the attacks.<ref name="tv2-breivik">{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/psykiater-om-breivik-saa-komplisert-at-vi-foerst-i-historiens-lys-kan-faa-svar-3547076.html |title=Psykiater om Breivik: – Så komplisert at vi først i historiens lys kan få svar |language=Norwegian|trans_title=Psychiatrist on Breivik: - So complicated that answers will only come in light of history|publisher=Tv2.no |date=July 28, 2011|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> In the verdict against Breivik, the court noted that "many people share Breivik's ], including the Eurabia theory. The court finds that very few people, however, share Breivik's idea that the alleged "Islamization" should be fought with terror."<ref>, nettavisen.no, 24.08.12</ref> | |||
| ===U.S. politics=== | |||
| In the United States, the theories have found strong proponents in the ] movement, among them the president of ], ]<ref>see for instance: | |||
| *{{cite book|editor-last=Spencer|editor-first=Robert|editor-link=Robert Spencer|title=The Myth of Islamic Tolerance:How Islamic Law treats Non-Muslims|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, NY|year=2005|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/myth-of-islamic-tolerance-how-islamic-law-treats-non-muslims/oclc/224273787}} | |||
| *{{cite web|author=]|title=Photos from Eurabia|work=]|publisher=Robert Spencer|url=http://www.jihadwatch.org/2007/10/photos-from-eurabia.html|date=October 21, 2007|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| *{{cite web|author=]|title=Eurabia’s capital: Rotterdam|work=]|publisher=Robert Spencer|url=http://www.jihadwatch.org/2009/05/eurabias-capital-rotterdam.html|date=May 19, 2009|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=]|title=Newsweek wants you to relax and forget about the jihad against Europe|work=]|publisher=Robert Spencer|url=http://www.jihadwatch.org/2009/07/newsweek-wants-you-to-relax-and-forget-about-the-jihad-against-europe.html|date=July 12, 2009|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| *{{cite web|author=]|title=Christmas in Eurabia|work=]|publisher=Robert Spencer|url=http://www.jihadwatch.org/2009/12/christmas-in-eurabia.html|date=December 25, 2009|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| </ref> and right-wing political commentator ].<ref>see for instance: | |||
| *{{cite web|author=]|title=Europeans fleeing Eurabia|work=|publisher=|date=October 10, 2004|accessdate=May 12, 2012|url=http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2004/10/europeans-fleeing-eurabia}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=]|title=Eurabian Nights|publisher=]|url=http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/eurabian-nights-1474|date=March 1, 2007|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=]|title=Europe or Eurabia?|publisher=]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/europe-or-eurabia/story-fna7dq6e-1111116061264|date=April 15, 2008|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} | |||
| </ref> Eurabia theories have also been espoused by less typical conservatives, for example, ].<ref>{{cite web|last = Bawer| first = Bruce| title = Crisis in Europe| publisher = ]| work = The Hudson Review Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter 2006) | date = Winter 2006 | url=http://www.hudsonreview.com/bawerWi06.html}}</ref> | |||
| In his 2011-2012 run for the Republican presidential nomination, ] warned that Europe was “creating an opportunity for the creation of Eurabia”, and that the continent was “losing, because they are not having children.”<ref>{{cite news|author=Max Blumenthal|title=Santorum warns of ‘Eurabia,’ issues call to ‘evangelize and eradicate’ Muslims|publisher=Al-Akhbar English|date=January 5, 2012|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/blogs/gadfly/santorum-warns-eurabia-issues-call-evangelize-and-eradicate-muslims|accessdate=May 12, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==Eurabia Literature== | |||
| {{see also|List of Eurabia literature}} | |||
| ===Main works=== | |||
| Bat Ye’Or’s ‘’Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis’’ was the first print publication in the Eurabia genre,<ref name="Fekete" /> which has since grown to a number of titles,<ref name="Kuper2" /><ref name=Vaisse2010 /> including ]’ ‘’Londonistan’’,<ref>{{cite book|author=Melanie Phillips|title=]: How Britain is creating a terror state within|publisher=]|location=London|year=2006|isbn=9781594031441}}</ref> ] ‘’The Last Days of Europe’’,<ref>{{cite book|author=Walter Laqeur|title=The Last Days of Europe|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=9780312368708}}</ref> ] ‘’]’’,<ref>{{cite book|author=]|title=La forza della ragione|language=Italian|trans_title=]|publisher=]|location=Milano|year=2004|isbn=9788817002967}}</ref> and Bruce Bawer’s ‘’While Europe Slept’’.<ref>{{cite book|author=]|title=While Europe Slept|publisher=Anchor/]|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=978-0767920056}}</ref> | |||
| The term is often used by the writers (]),<ref>{{cite web|author=]|title=Prophet of Decline|quote="Europe is no longer Europe, it is 'Eurabia,' a colony of Islam"|publisher=]|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/forms/printThis.html?id=110006858|date=June 23, 2005|accessdate=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Dopo Londra|title=Il nemico che trattiamo da amico| quote=Fallaci says''{{it}} "Sono quattr' anni che parlo di nazismo islamico, di guerra all' Occidente, di culto della morte, di suicidio dell' Europa. Un' Europa che non è più Europa ma Eurabia e che con la sua mollezza, la sua inerzia, la sua cecità, il suo asservimento al nemico si sta scavando la propria tomba." ("Since four years I am talking about the Islamic Nazism, the war to the West, the cult of death, the suicide of Europe. A Europe that is no longer Europe but Eurabia, which with its softness, its inertia, its blindness, its servitude to the enemy is digging its own grave.")''|publisher=]|url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/09_Settembre/15/falultimopezzo.shtml |date=September 15, 2006|accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref> (])<ref>{{cite book|author=]|title=]: The End of the World as We Know It|publisher=Regnery Publishing Inc.|location=Washington D.C.|year=2006|isbn=978-0847827534}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=]|title=It’s the Demography, stupid|publisher=]|date=January 2, 2006|url= http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/its-the-demography-1429|accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=]|title=The future belongs to Islam|publisher=Macleans.ca|url=http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20061023_134898_134898 |date=October 10, 2006|accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref> and several web sites, many of them affiliated with the counterjihad movement.<ref>including ], ]'s ], ], ], ]'s '''' article, ]'s <!-- http://jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/013667.php -->'''' article and his ''Defeating Eurabia'' compilation.</ref> ] ‘’]’’<ref>{{cite book|author=Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen|title=Defeating Eurabia|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2008|isbn=9781409247159}} ()</ref> earned him a high standing among far-right extremists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7736530 |title=Fjordman hevder han vil hjelpe politiet i terroretterforskningen |publisher=] |date=3 August 2011|first=Siv|last=Sandvik |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref> | |||
| Laqueur has since nuanced his position and written that "the fears that Europe risks becoming a Muslim-dominated Eurabia, adopting ], are a vast distortion of the views of serious students of Europe's present state and future prospects". He notes that Muslim immigrants to Europe come from many different countries, the majority non-Arab, and that they have "common interests... but also great differences, even in their attitudes to religion".<ref name=Laqueur2009p211>] (2009). ''Best of Times, Worst of Times''. ]. .</ref> | |||
| ===Critical comment=== | |||
| '']'', acknowledging that integration of immigrants was a difficult process, nevertheless rejected the concept of Eurabia as "]".<ref name="Economist">{{Cite news|first= |title=Tales from Eurabia |work=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/node/7086222 |date= June 22, 2006|accessdate=December 19, 2008|quote= Integration will be hard work for all concerned. But for the moment at least, the prospect of Eurabia looks like scaremongering.}}</ref> ] in '']'' described Ye'or's book as "little-read but influential", and akin to "] in reverse", adding that "though ludicrous, Eurabia became the spiritual mother of a genre".<ref name="Kuper2">{{cite news|author=]|title=The Crescent and the Cross.|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2ba1c9c0-8f31-11dc-87ee-0000779fd2ac.html|publisher=]|date=October 11, 2007|accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref> In another article, Kuper wrote that most academics who have analysed the demographics dismiss the predictions that the EU will have Muslim majorities.<ref name=Kuper1>{{cite web|author=]|title=Head count belies vision of ‘Eurabia’|publisher=]|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/123ade02-4e6f-11dc-85e7-0000779fd2ac.html |date=August 19, 2007|accessdate=August 12, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| According to Marján and Sapir, the very idea of "Eurabia" is "based on an extremist conspiracy theory, according to which Europe and the Arab states would join forces to make life impossible for ] and Islamize the old continent."<ref name="MarjanSapir">{{cite book |title= Europe's Destiny |last=Marján |first=Attila |authorlink= |coauthors=André Sapir |year=2010 |publisher=] |location= |isbn= 0-8018-9547-2 |page= 161 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
| Writing in '']'' in 2006, author and freelance journalist ] argued that Eurabia had moved from "an outlandish conspiracy theory" to a "dangerous Islamophobic fantasy". Carr states, | |||
| {{quote|"In order to accept Ye’or’s ridiculous thesis, it is necessary to believe not only in the existence of a concerted Islamic plot to subjugate Europe, involving all Arab governments, whether ‘Islamic’ or not, but also to credit a secret and unelected parliamentary body with the astounding ability to transform all Europe’s major political, economic and cultural institutions into subservient instruments of ‘jihad’ without any of the continent’s press or elected institutions being aware of it. Nowhere in this ideologically driven interpretation of European-Arab relations does Ye’or come close to proving the ‘secret history’ that she professes to reveal."<ref name=carr>{{cite doi|10.1177/0306396806066636}}</ref>}} | |||
| Arun Kundnani, writing for the International Centre for Counter-terrorism, notes that "Eurabia" fulfills the ]-movement's "structural need" for a conspiracy theory, and compares "Eurabia" to ].<ref name = kundnani>{{cite web|author=Arun Kundnani|title=Blind Spot? Security Narratives and Far-Right Violence in Europe|publisher=]|format=pdf|url=http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Kundnani-Blind-Spot-June-2012.pdf|date=June, 2012|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ], co-author of ''Integrating Islam Political and Religious Challenges in Contemporary France'', seeks to discredit what he calls, "four myths of the alarmist school," using ] as an example. Specifically he has written that the Muslim population growth rate was lower than that predicted by Eurabia, partly because the ] of immigrants declines with integration.<ref>See also , '''', 2004-04-13, ], "", '']'', 2008-09-20, '''', ], 2008-11-03<!-- thanks to http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.com/2008/11/gates-of-vienna-news-feed-1132008.html#3416 -->, Mary Mederios Kent, '''', ], prb.org, February 2008; for fertility of Muslims outside Europe, see the sentence "The dramatic decline in Iran's fertility provides a recent example of how strict Islamic practices can coexist with widespread use of ].", and (the articles) Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi and Mary Mederios Kent, '''', prb.org, April 2008, especially the , Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, '''', especially the ;<!-- Even by quoting , 2", '']'', 2008-10-28; --></ref> He further points out that Muslims are not a monolithic or cohesive group,<ref>See also "Merely speaking of a 'Muslim community in France' can be misleading and inaccurate: like every immigrant population, Muslims in France exhibit strong cleavages based on the country of their origin, their social background, political orientation and ideology, and the ] that they practice (when they do)." in Justin Vaisse, '''', 2006-01-12</ref> and that many Muslims do seek to integrate politically and socially. Finally, he wrote that despite their numbers, Muslims have had little influence on ].<ref>See also Justin Vaïsse, '''', April 2007 {{fr}}</ref> | |||
| ] writes that the proponents of Eurabia confuse Islamists with mainstream Muslims. He acknowledges that the threat of "jihadist terror" may be real, but that there was no threat of Eurabia. Aaronovitch concludes that those of study conspiracy theories will recognize Eurabia to be a theory that combines the "Sad Dupes thesis to the Enemy Within idea".<ref name="DA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/david_aaronovitch/article590235.ece|title=It's the latest disease: sensible people saying ridiculous things about Islam|accessdate=2008-03-08|author=]|date=2005-11-15|publisher=The Times| location=London|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080907211712/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/david_aaronovitch/article590235.ece|archivedate=7 September 2008}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| The Eurabia theory has been compared by British columnist ] to historically ] writing. He calls the two "startlingly similar" and says that "there are intellectuals on the British right who are propagating a conspiracy theory about Muslims that teeters very close to being a 21st century ]."<ref>]. , '']'', 21 August 2006; see also "It is not an exaggeration to see in these wild conspiracy theories a mutation of Europe’s old, toxic anti-Semitism. What are Fallaci and Ye’or offering but the Protocols of the Elders of Muhammad?" in Johann Hari, "", '']'' magazine'', winter 2007;</ref> | |||
| In his book ''Wars of Blood and Faith'', US military analyst ] states that far from being about to take over Europe through demographic change, "Europe's Muslims are living on borrowed time" and that in the event of a major terrorist attack in Europe, thanks to the "ineradicable viciousness" of Europeans and what he perceives as a historical tendency to over-react to real or perceived threats, European Muslims "will be lucky if they're only deported."<ref>{{cite book|title=Wars of blood and faith: the conflicts that will shape the twenty-first century|pages=333–334|first=Ralph |last=Peters|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8117-0274-4}}</ref> | |||
| Eric Kaufmann, author of ''Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century'' (2011), argues that a Muslim majority is extremely unlikely in Europe in the near or long-term. He states "Even if higher Muslim fertility rates do not persist, Islam will make a significant imprint on European life—so saner Eurabian ideas should be publicly discussed. Nonetheless, the overwhelming weight of demographic evidence points towards a decline in Muslim fertility and a more plural Europe."<ref>Kaufmann, Eric (20 March 2010). , '']'', Issue 169.</ref> | |||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Revision as of 15:46, 27 November 2012
poob^^?
Notes
See also
- Islamophobia
- Stop Islamisation of Europe
- Counterjihad
- Finlandization
- Political demography
- List of Eurabia literature