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| fuck you and stick it up your ass and cum in my face mother fucker i cant wait for you too CUM too me, uh uh oh yea haaaaaaaaaa haaaaaaaaaaaaaa o yes bitch harder yeaa yea yea yea yeay yea yea oh oh uh fuck oh deeper | |||
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| '''Pornography''' (from ] πορνη "]" and γραφία "written material") (also informally referred to as "'''porn'''," or "'''porno'''") is the representation of the ] or ] with the ] of ], similar to, but ] from, ], though the two ]s are often used interchangeably. | |||
| Pornography may use any of a variety of media — written and spoken text, ]s, ], ]s, moving ]s (including ]), and ]s such as heavy breathing. ]s combine moving ]s, spoken erotic text and/or other erotic sounds, while ]s often combine photos and written text. ]s and ] provide written text, sometimes with illustrations. A live ] may also be called pornographic. | |||
| ==Terminology== | |||
| In its original meaning, ''pornography'' was literally "writing about ]s", from the classical Greek roots ''πορνη'' and ''γραφειν''. Πορνη started as a euphemism and literally meant '(something) sold.' It is related to the verb περνημι meaning 'to sell.' It derived from a Greek term for men who chronicled the well-known "pornai", or skilled prostitutes of ]. In more modern times, the term was adopted by ] to describe the work of men like ] and ], who in the ] and ] published treatises studying prostitution and proposing to regulate it. The term retained this meaning in the ] until ]. | |||
| There is some confusion between ] and pornography. The definition of erotica is the depiction of sexual acts, pure and simple. The depiction may be arousing or it may not. In some cases, the depiction has a religious significance, usually relating to fertility. In many civilizations, the depiction of sex is a reference to an everyday part of life, just as one might depict any other activity. This applies to the erotic ]n ] carvings. This confusion is well illustrated by the ]. It was originally intended to be a guide to enable an Indian courtier of a particular historical period have a happy, contented, and spiritually fulfilling life. Parts of it relate to etiquette, the sports he should play, the food he should serve guests, what he should read, and a number of other matters. But it is only the part dealing with sex that the modern public talks about! Similarly there are Japanese erotic woodcuts in the form of ], traditionally given to newly married couples as a form of sex education. | |||
| The people who were responsible for these depictions would perhaps have been amazed that a future culture would create a special category to describe depictions of sex made for such a variety of purposes - religious worship, a lifestyle manual, a book of sex instruction. | |||
| In the modern West, we have created a category of printed and illustrated material in the nineteenth century, called it 'pornography', and sought to control it. Why? Social historians have suggested that the uncertainties of the new ] resulted in an urgent need to control the circulation of dangerous ideas, particularly amongst the masses. Material calculated to influence sexual emotions and feelings was considered particularly dangerous. | |||
| ] has demonstrated a link between the nineteenth century mechanistic view of the body and a fear of sex activity resulting in a loss of bodily energy. For the ] this might mean impairment of business abilities. As for the ], it was feared that stimulation of sexual desire might result in a loss of self control, making them less amenable to societal and work discipline. | |||
| One perhaps might also remember the dictum of ], that "sex is politics". To seek to control aspects of personal sexual behaviour is perhaps the best way to attempt to control people in general. | |||
| Conseqently, the term then came to mean the publication about anything sexual, especially in a base manner, when the creation, presentation, or consumption of the material was for sexual stimulation. The term now refers to sexually related material of all kinds, both written and graphical. The term "pornography" often has negative connotations of low artistic merit, as compared to the more esteemed ]. ]s such as '''adult film''', '''adult video''' and '''adult bookstore''' are generally preferred within the industry producing | |||
| these works (namely the ]). Pornography can also be contrasted with ], which uses sexual titillation in the service of ]. Having said that, the definition of pornography is highly subjective, with generally accepted works of art such as ]'s '']'' being considered pornographic by some people. | |||
| A distinction is sometimes made between ] and ]. The former generally refers to materials that feature ], sexually suggestive scenes, and simulated sex, while hardcore or ] pornography contains close-ups of aroused ] and ] including ]. Within the industry itself, informal classification breaks down even further. The distinctions may seem trivial to many people, but the precarious legal definition and differing standards at different outlets cause producers to shoot and edit different cuts of films and to first screen those differing versions for their legal teams. The internal rating decision is primarily made by considering the exposure of an erect penis, inclusion and duration of close-up shots of genitals and penetration, types of penetration, and the presence or lack of an external ]. | |||
| In some ] jurisdictions the depiction of ] or ] contributes to the conclusion that a particular image is pornographic (see e.g. Arizona Criminal Code , 9f, 11, in combination with , A2, and for Utah , 8h). | |||
| == History == | |||
| ] wall painting from ]. The distinction between pornography and ] is subjective, see ].]] | |||
| Nude human beings and sexual activities are depicted in some ] art (e.g. ]). Archaeologists in ] reported in April 2005 that they had found what they believe is a 7,200-year-old pornographic scene depicting a male figurine bending over a female figurine in a manner suggestive of sexual intercourse. The male figure has been named ] von Zschernitz. | |||
| However, it is not certain that the purpose of these artifacts was individual sexual arousal. Instead, the images may have had a spiritual significance, and are probably connected with fertility rituals. | |||
| There are numerous pornographic paintings on the walls of ruined ] buildings in ] but the original purposes of the depictions can vary. The distinction between pornography and ] is subjective, see ]. On the one hand, in the "Villa of the Mysteries", there is a ritual flagelation scene that is clearly associated with a religious cult, This can be seen as religious rather than pornographic. On the other hand pornographic paintings in a brothel advertise various sexual services in murals above each door. In Pompeii you can also see phalli and testicles engraved in the sidewalks, pointing the way to the ] and entertainment district, to aid visitors in finding their way (see ]). But it also should be remembered that, to the Romans, the phallus was seen as a good luck charm, and so called 'herms' were as common in their gardens as gnomes in some of ours. | |||
| There are depictions of erotic scenes in medieval ], but it is not until the invention of the printing press that so called pornographic images entered into mass circulation. A classic example of this is the scandal caused in the sixteenth century by ] and ], who produced the 'I Modi', an illustrated book of "postures" or sexual positions. | |||
| In the 17th century, a large number of examples of pornographic or erotic literature began to circulate, mostly printed in Amsterdam, and smuggled into various European states. These included the "School of Venus", a French work. In his famous diary, ] records purchasing a copy for solitary reading, and then burning it so that it would not be discovered by his wife. | |||
| The market for this mass produced material was, of course, the bourgeoisie. Consequently, in the ], many of the French free-thinkers began to exploit pornography as a medium of social criticism and satire. The stories and illustrations were often ], full of misbehaving priests, monks, and nuns (a tradition that, in French pornography, continued into the twentieth century). Later, ] was targeted (with fantasies involving her and the Ladies in Waiting), and much was made of the supposed sexual inadeqacies of ]. | |||
| This had a faint echo across the Channel. In 'Fanny Hill', ] used the text to satirise the literary conventions and fashionable manners of 18th century England. | |||
| The 19th century saw the impact of photographic technology. ] invented the first commercial photographic process in 1839. Although a number of erotic photographs survive from this period, they were really rich men's toys. The invention of the ] permitted an almost limitless number of prints to be produced from a glass negative. This, and the reduction in exposure time, made a market for pornographic pictures possible. | |||
| Paris was the centre for this trade. The pictures were produced in sets, and exported all over the world. The invention of the ] meant that (when seen through a viewer), a three-dimensional effect could be obtained. | |||
| The Victorian pornographic tradition in Britain had three main elements. There were, of course, 'French' photographs; erotic prints (sold in shops in Holywell Street, a long vanished London thoroughfare, swept away by the ]); and printed literature. | |||
| The latter has been extensively researched, particularly by ], a Dickensian scholar. In his pioneering work 'The Other Victorians', Marcus recreated the life and work of ], a victorian collector and indexer of erotica. (Ashbee has been identified as the author of 'Walter: My Secret Life', a classic of 19th-century sexual autobiography.) | |||
| High-Victorian pornography had a number of characteristics. It reflected a very mechanistic view of the human anatonomy and its functions. Consequently, the sex is often depersonalised, and is without any passion or tenderness. Studies of this sexual context can be found in the work of ], a British social historian. | |||
| The level of literacy is much below that of the previous century — they were written by 'hacks'. There are borrowings from established literary models, such as Dickens. | |||
| There is also a curious form of social stratification. Even in the throes of the orgy, the social distinctions between master and servant (including form of address) are scrupulously observed. | |||
| A large element of ] is present in some examples, perhaps refelecting the influence of the ]. | |||
| Towards the end of the century, a more 'cultured' form of erotica began to appear. This was assocated with the ], in particular, with ] and the ]. But it was also to be found in France, amongst such writers as ], author of the 'Chanson de Bilitis' (a celebration of lesbianism and sexual awakening). | |||
| Two developments took pornography and erotica in new directions in the twentieth century. The invention of new printing processes allowed photographic images to be reproduced. Illustrated magazines containing erotic or risque material began to appear in France at the the turn of the century. The majority of these publications would now be termed 'soft core', and the majority of the publications either masqueraded as 'art magazines' or publications celebrating the new cult of ]. 'Health and Efficiency' was typical of the latter in Britain. Models were carefully posed, and female genitalia was hidden or ] out There were exceptions, in the form of some underground pornographic magazines, but these tended to be crude productions, often incorporating hand drawn illustrations. | |||
| Pornographic comic books known as ]s began appearing in the U.S. in the ]. | |||
| ]''.]] | |||
| In the second half of the ], pornography in the United States evolved from the so-called "men's magazines" such as '']'' and '']'' of the ]. These magazines featured nude or semi-nude women, sometimes apparently engaging in the act of ], although their genitals or pubic hair were not actually displayed. By the late ], however, these magazines, which by then included '']'', began to evolve into more explicit displays, eventually, by the ], featuring ], ] and ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| The second important development was that of the moving image. ], an ] employee, is credited with inventing the continuous celluloidstrip of film. From this came the ], a peep show machine showing a continuous loop of film. One of the first showed 'Fatima', doing her 'Egyptian shimmy'. | |||
| The ], a form of hand cranked machine later appeared. These machines produced moving images by means of a revolving drum of card illustrations, taken from an actual piece of film. They were known in Britain as 'What the Butler Saw' machines and featured at seaside locations, showing (usually) sequences of women undressing or acting as an artist's model. | |||
| Pornographic ]s are nearly as old as the medium itself. The idea of projecting a moving film onto a screen in front of the audience was a European invention of the 1890s. Almost immediately, erotic films (largely of women disrobing) were produced. Two of the earliest pioneers were ] (who had a background in pornographic photography) and ], whose trade name was 'Lear'. Oddly enough, Kirchner is chiefly rememberd by film historians as the first man to produce a film of the 'Life Of Christ'. Many of the early mainstream films produced by ] and ] included female nudity, but this was soon forbidden by the censor (it took some years for the law to catch up with the new technology). This type of filming then went underground, and found a ready market in brothels and gentlemen's private functions. | |||
| According to ]'s ''Film Facts'', "the earliest pornographic motion picture which can definitely be dated is ''A L'Ecu d'Or ou la bonne auberge''", made in ] in ]; the plot depicts a weary soldier who has a tryst with an inn servant girl. The Argentine ''El Satario'' might be even older; it has been dated to somewhere between 1907 and 1912. Robertson notes that "the oldest surviving pornographic films are contained in America's ]. One film demonstrates how early pornographic conventions were established. The German film ''Am Abend'' (c1910) is, as Robertson writes, "a ten-minute film which begins with a woman masturbating alone in her bedroom, and progresses to scenes of her with a man performing straight sex, ] and ]." (Robertson, p. 66) | |||
| Many such pornographic films were made in subsequent decades, but given the usually clandestine nature of the filming and distribution, details of such "stag films" are often difficult to obtain. | |||
| The first explicitly pornographic film with a plot that received a general theatrical release in the U.S. is generally considered to be '']'' (also known as ''Mona the Virgin Nymph''), a 59-minute ] feature by ] and ], who went on to create the relatively high-budget hardcore/softcore (depending on the release) ] '']''. | |||
| The 1971 film '']'' represented a number of pornographic "firsts." It was the first generally available gay pornographic movie. It was the first porn film to include on-screen credits for its cast and crew (albeit largely under pseudonyms). It was the first porn film to parody the title of a mainstream movie (in this case, '']''). And it is the only ] pornographic film to be reviewed by '']''. | |||
| The post-war era saw a number of developments that further stimulated the growth of a mass market. | |||
| Technological developments, particularly the introduction of the 8mm and super-eight ], resulted in the widespread use of ]. A number of entrepreneurs emerged to supply this market. In Britain, the productions of ] were 'soft core', but considered risque in the 1950s. On the continent, such films were more explicit. ] can be mentioned as a pioneer in quality colour productions. Interestingly enough, in the early days, these were distributed by making use of his father's diplomatic privileges. | |||
| The relaxation or abolition of censorship in the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries in the 1960s led to an explosion of commercially produced pornography. Now that being a pornographer was a legitimate occupation, there was no shortage of businessmen to invest in proper plant and equipment capable of turning out a mass-produced, cheap, but quality product. Vast amounts of this new pornography, both magazines and films, were smuggled into other parts of Europe, where it was sold 'under the counter' or (sometimes) shown in 'members only' cinema clubs. | |||
| The invention of the ] enabled anyone to take their own amateur sex photographs without having to set up their own darkroom. The photographs from one of the first polaroid cameras available in Britain featured in the divorce case involving the ]. | |||
| == Technology and pornography == | |||
| {{cleanup-date|March 2006}} | |||
| Mass-distributed pornography is as old as the printing press. Almost as soon as photography was invented, it was being used to produce pornographic photographs. Indeed some claim that pornography has been a driving force in the take up of technologies from the printing press, through photography (still and motion) to video, satellite TV and the internet. Calls to regulate or prohibit these technologies have often cited pornography as a concern. | |||
| ===Video: Betamax, VHS, DVD, and future formats=== | |||
| The movie camera has also been used for pornography throughout its history, and with the arrival of the home ] the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like ], ], and ] (later found to have been under the legal age of 18 during most of her tenure in the industry). One could now not only watch pornography in the comfort and privacy of one's own home, but also find greater choices available to satisfy specific fantasies and fetishes. | |||
| It has been suggested that Sony ] lost the ] to VHS (in becoming the general home video recording/viewing system) because the adult video industry chose ] instead of the technically superior Sony system. Other attempts at innovation came in the form of "interactive" videos that let the user choose such variables as multiple camera angles, multiple endings (i.e "Devil in the Flesh", 1999, Private Films), and computer-only DVD content. | |||
| Erotic film producers are expected to play a major role in deciding the next DVD standard. Large outfits tend to support the high-capacity ], while small outfits generally favor the less-expensive ]. According to a 2004 Reuters article, "The multi-billion-dollar industry releases about 11,000 titles on DVD each year, giving it tremendous power to sway the battle between two groups of studios and technology companies competing to set standards for the next generation" . | |||
| With the arrival of affordable consumer-level video cameras, or ], members of the public had the means of producing their own pornographic or erotic films. These were intended for personal enjoyment, and perhaps circulated amongst an intimate circle of friends. | |||
| However, this development soon became part of a reaction against the prevailing aesthetic of (particularly American) commercial productions. Many people tired of the absolute perfection, indeed, the seeming unreality and plasticity, of the models and their unreal settings. In order for the films to be stimulating, they needed to be true to life, they needed to depict people that the viewers could identify with. Interestingly enough, one finds here an echo of the philosophy of ].....'junk art' for a 'junk society', in which everyone is famous for fifteen minutes. | |||
| Consequently, two pornographic movements evolved. The first involved 'amateur porn', films or scenes produced by ordinary people, finding its way on to commercial video releases. There was clearly a market for this, both in America and Europe, and companies started to offer cash incentives for (usually) couples to send their contributions to them. So called ] remains one of the the most important pornographic genres. | |||
| The technology of the cheap hand held camera liberated the pornographic film maker from the studio, and gave birth to the second development, ]. (The term comes from the journalistic approach of ]). In this mode of production, a wandering cameraman goes in search of members of the public and persuades them to perform sexual acts, either in an off- street location, or back in a hotel room. The pioneer of this type of approach is said to be ], who went on to broadcast the results on a ] programme. 'Gonzo' has many imitators, including some producers and directors who try and create the approach using amateur models. In Britain, the principal proponent of this mode is probably ]. | |||
| Warhol's strictures may be a little unkind. This amateurism may revolutionise the pornographic landscape, in that ] may be repaced by a more participatory process on the part of the consumer. | |||
| ===Video and computer games=== | |||
| Pornographic ]s have also existed almost since the start of the industry — some of the earliest were Mystique's ] video games, including ], ] and ]. The Japanese company ], which also published games under the name ], produced several pornographic titles for the ] — three of these, renamed to ], ] and ], were distributed in the USA by ]. | |||
| These games largely disappeared from the marketplace as the industry matured and the user base broadened, due primarily to increased production cost and complexity, severely limited distribution options (most national retailers such as ] and Target won't stock games with the AO (Adults Only) rating), and potential legal issues associated in developing a game without official sanction and/or licensing from the respective console manufacturers. Recent media coverage of titles like ], ], ] and ] (article: ) suggest a reversal towards producing and marketing adult-themed games. | |||
| In contrast to the console market, niche PC developers have continued to produce adult games with pornographic content. A ] search for "PC strip poker" conducted November 1, 2005 returned slightly over 2 million results. The Japanese market has a particular interest in pornographic ] (often referred to as "H games" outside of Japan). | |||
| === Photo manipulation and computer-generated pornography === | |||
| Some pornography is digitally manipulated in sophisticated image editors such as ]. This practice ranges from applying mild changes to photographs to improve the appearance of the models, such as removing skin defects, improving brightness and contrast of the photo, to extensive editing to produce ]s of non-existent creatures such as ]s, or images of ] who may not have consented to be filmed for pornography. | |||
| Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely ] pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering. | |||
| The creation of highly realistic computer-generated images creates new ethical dilemmas. As illusionistic images of torture or rape become widely distributed, law enforcement faces additional difficulties prosecuting authentic images of criminal acts, due to the possibility that they are synthetic. The existence of faked pornographic photos of celebrities shows the possibility of using fake images to blackmail or humiliate any individual who has been photographed or filmed, although as such cases become more common, this effect will likely diminish. Finally, the generation of entirely synthetic images, which do not record actual events, challenges some of the conventional criticism of pornography. | |||
| Until the late ] digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In early ] it became a growing segment, as the modeling and animation software matured and rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of ], computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving ] and sex with ]s such as ] is already produced on a limited scale. The ] ] issue of ] featured topless pictures of the title character from the ] | |||
| videogame. | |||
| === The Internet === | |||
| <!-- Unsourced image removed: ], model and adult website owner.]] --> | |||
| With the arrival of the ], the availability of pornography increased greatly. Some of the most successful internet entrepreneurs are those who operate pornographic internet sites.{{citation needed}} As well as conventional photographic or video pornography, some sites offer an "interactive" ]-like entertainment. Due to the international character of the Internet, it provides an easy means whereby consumers, residing in countries where pornography is either entirely illegal, or at least that which does not furnish physical ], can easily acquire such material from sources in another country where it is legal or remains unprosecuted. See ]. | |||
| The low cost of copying and delivering digital data boosted the formation of private circles of people swapping pornography. With the advent of peer-to-peer file sharing applications such as ], pornography swapping has reached new heights. Free pornography became available en masse from other users and is no longer restricted to private groups. Large amounts of free pornography on the Internet is also distributed for marketing purposes to encourage subscriptions to paid content. | |||
| Since the late 1990s, "porn ''from'' the masses ''for'' the masses" seems to have become another new trend. Cheap digital cameras, increasingly powerful and user-friendly software, and easy access to pornographic source material have made it possible for individuals to produce and share home-made or home-altered porn for next to no cost. | |||
| On the Internet, pornography is sometimes referred to as '']'' which is misspelled ''p0rn'' — ''porn'' written with zero, a common style in a so called '']''. One theory on the origins of this spelling is that it was devised to fool text filters on instant messaging programs or chat rooms. | |||
| According to Google, 68 million searches including some variation of the word "porn" occur every day.{{citation needed}} | |||
| The accumulation of pornography on a hard drive is becoming known as a ]. More specifically, a gigity is a gigabyte of downloaded pornographic content. The term "gigity" is a reference to (and quote from) the character ] on the TV show ]. | |||
| ==Legal Status of Pornography== | |||
| The legal status of pornography varies widely. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. ] is illegal in almost all countries, and most countries have restrictions on pornography involving violence or animals. | |||
| Some people, including pornography producer ] and the writer ], have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography. | |||
| Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to ]s, mail-order, via television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance of pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, ] is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered moot by the wide availability of ]. | |||
| There are recurring ]s of ]s, in which ]s are filmed for pornographic purposes. Extensive work by law enforcement officials to ascertain the truth of these rumors have been unable to find any such works. | |||
| * ]: Regulation has increased somewhat under the ], but remains reasonably widely available. See ]. X-Rated pornographic videos may be bought and hired in ] and ], and may not contain ], child sexual abuse or demeaning portrayals (such as bestiality, scat etc). The various states have different laws on pornography, but the edited highlights are that there are numerous adult shops in each state and territory, all of which can sell or rent R-rated material (books, magazines, videos) and many also illegally sell X-rated and RC (refused classification) material openly. Technically it is illegal to sell X-rated material in all states, but it is not illegal to possess X-rated material. | |||
| * ]: "Youth-imperiling" materials or those which violate human dignity may not be displayed or sold to persons under 18 years of age. ] is not assumed as such material. | |||
| * ]: Child pornography is a crime. Regular pornography (not involving bestiality/snuff) is legal. Male actors in local movies must wear condoms in penetration scenes. All actors must be 18 or older. When sold at public places, magazine and DVD covers that depict genitalia must be hidden from public view. Any pornography can only be sold to people 18 or older. | |||
| * ]: Hardcore pornographic material is "not recommended" for distribution to persons under the age of 18. Softcore material is rarely censored, even by the state TV stations. Magazines and pornographic papers have become increasingly available since the fall of communism in the early 1990s. Due to the unstable economy, by the late 1990s only a few publishers remain. | |||
| * ]: Laws vary from province to province, however sale to persons under 18 (varies by province) is generally prohibited. Most materials are sold in adult stores, despite no specific law controlling the distribution. ] is empowered to stop the importation of materials prohibited under ] laws; many ] and ] bookstores have charged that this is applied in a discriminatory way to same-sex pornographic materials. Conversely, some over-the-air ]s (particularly ] and ]) have broadcast softcore pornographic films after midnight. Child pornography is illegal, although a controversial recent ] decision on privacy rights significantly impacted government efforts to track and confiscate it. See also ]. | |||
| * ]: Recently legalized, adult magazines are sold publicly, although specifics of the regulation is not known. | |||
| * ]: Child pornography prohibited under new constitution. Marketing is very strictly regulated. Most materials are sold on the black market. Bogota has at least 300 places where pornography (hardcore) may be legally obtained. | |||
| * ]: Ban on pornographic literature was lifted in ]. In ] Denmark was the first country in the world to legalise (hardcore) pornography. | |||
| * ]: Extremely violent or graphic pornography is considered ], may be shown only in specific theaters, and may not be displayed to ]s. Incurs special taxes on revenue (33% for X-rated movies, 50% for pornographic online services). The rating system is controversial; for instance, in ], the sexually explicit and violent '']'' was initially rated as only "restricted" by the French government, but this classification was overturned by the '']'' ruling on a lawsuit brought by associations supporting ] and ]. | |||
| * ]: Child pornography is banned. Although law defines a child to be a person up to the age of 14, no pornographic material may involve persons below the age of 18. Hard pornography (violence and animal related) may not be produced or distributed; possession is allowed. Hardcore pornography is restricted to buyers of 18 years or older. If a store is accessible to minors, the material must not be on display and may only be sold discreetly and by request. Special parental privilege to show hardcore pornography to their children for educational purposes. The law defines pornography to be hardcore pornography, thus anything else is not restricted. | |||
| * ]: Softcore magazines, calendars, and decks of cards are sold openly at roadside kiosks and tourist shops. Extreme or graphic pornography is generally restricted to adults or X-rated. | |||
| * ]: Illegal if sold or shown to children under 18 of age, or if publicly displayed (except within the confinements of and only visible from inside "a bona fide art gallery or museum"), or if published without being wrapped completely without an "easily noticeable" notice stating that the material may be offensive and may not be distributed to minors.<sup></sup> | |||
| * ]: Illegal if sold or shown to children under 18 of age. Display of genitals on cover of magazine is prohibited unless obscured. | |||
| * ]: Illegal until the mid-]. | |||
| * ]: Pornography is illegal and attracts several penal provisions. However, enforcement is extremely lax and pornographic materials are easily available. | |||
| * ]: Illegal, however enforcement is extremely lax. | |||
| * ]: Legal, Pornography in all its form can be found in any video rental shop (including video vending machines), and there are Israeli stores that specialize in pornography, as well as several companies that produce Israeli porn. In the past years hardcore pornography was broadcasted on ] television but it's currently illegal and only softcore porn allowed on TV. | |||
| * ]: As in Europe, photographs of nudes are not uncommon in the mainstream media. In the 1970's and 1980's, the strongest prohibition was against showing pubic hair or adult genitalia. Imported magazines would have the pubic hair scratched out, and even the most explicit videos could not portray it. Starting around 1991, photobook publishers began challenging this ban to the point where pubic hair is now fairly well accepted. Close-ups of genitalia remain proscribed. In 1999, the government enacted a law banning photos and videos of naked children, which were a fairly common sight in mainstream media before that time. Manga and anime remain largely unregulated, although large publishers tend to self-censor to avoid the wrath of parental lobby groups. | |||
| * ]: Illegal, however enforcement is extremely lax. | |||
| * ]: Illegal if sold or shown to children under 18 of age, yet enforcement is lax. | |||
| * ]: Very liberal laws. Sold openly at normal newsstands. Material involving animals recently declared illegal due to new animal-welfare laws. | |||
| * ]: Hardcore material has for long been illegal ], but legal in practice, that is, illegal to produce, distribute and sell, but legal to possess. One may e.g. acquire it abroad, on the internet, or via satellite TV. There are also some illegal porn shops, especially in the larger cities. To satisfy legal requirements, editors of erotic magazines, domestic TV channels and cable TV have obscured ''sexual organs in activity'' using black rectangles etc. After the Supreme Court on ] ] unanimously acquitted a former magazine editor for publishing unobscured hardcore pornography in 2002, however, it is understood that printed hardcore pornography is no longer illegal, and it is expected that pornographic magazines will be introduced in general stores. It is not yet clear if the Supreme Court decision will affect film or TV. (NB! It is still illegal to depict illegal sexual activities, i.e. involving children, animals, necrophilia, rape, violence or the use of force.) <!--Some references in Norwegian:--> , , <!--Illegal to show hardcore material on cable TV while satellite TV remains a grey area and graphically demonstrates the legal ambivalence Norway has towards hard pornography. When it is shown, digital text is used to obscure the screen, but this is easily circumvented by turning off the "Subtitle" function on the channel.--> | |||
| * ]: Since September ] according to section 202 of national penal code pornography is legal except pornography materials with minors below 18 years old, bestiality (zoophilia) and “scenes of violence/rape”. Also illegal is presenting/showing pornography materials to the people who do not want to have any contacts with pornographical materials and to the persons under 18 years old. Pornography magazines and movies are sold in transparent plastic bags openly in kiosks, oil stations, supermarkets etc. | |||
| * ]: Production and distribution explicitly prohibited, but ] has repeatedly failed to pass laws regulating pornographic materials, leaving status of most material unclear. '']'' all pornography is allowed (including child porn), but '']'' there are some limitations on where it can be sold, and zoophilia and child pornography are de facto prohibited. Openly sold erotic magazines usually do not display nipples and pubic area on covers. Most material is filmed in ] where the law defines pornography as materials including rape, bestiality, necrophilia or ], making all other subject matters legal erotica. | |||
| * ]: Illegal, including softcore publications such as Playboy. Legal to view over Internet but illegal to download it. | |||
| * ]: Illegal if sold or shown to children under 18 of age. Display of genitals on cover of magazine is prohibited unless obscured. | |||
| * ]: Material involving animals is de-facto legal but subject to animal-welfare laws. May be viewed beginning at age 18, no age limits for magazines. Illegal for persons below 18 to act in films made in Sweden. | |||
| * ]: Legal, subject to exceptions: sale or display to persons under 16 or to non-consenting audiences is punishable by a fine or up to three years imprisonment. The same penalty is applicable for the possession, sale, import, etc. of child pornography, bestiality, excretions or violent acts. There is an exception for pornography with cultural or scientific merits. See of the Penal Code. | |||
| * ]: Illegal if sold or shown to children under 18 years of age. Display of genitals on cover of magazine is prohibited unless obscured. | |||
| * ]: Illegal to sell to children under 18 years of age. | |||
| * ]: Hardcore material was illegal until ], when trade-barrier difficulties with regards to ] membership ensured the relatively free movement of such goods for personal importation only. ]-rated videos are only available in licensed sex shops, but hardcore pornographic magazines are available in newsagents in some places. Purely textual pornography has not been prosecuted since the ''Inside Linda Lovelace'' trial of ]. The ] plans to introduce legislation to ban violent pornography. | |||
| * ]: Hardcore material is legal at the Federal level unless it meets the ] of ], which is rare. ] involving depictions of actual children engaged in sex acts or posing is a crime. Prosecution for and tolerance of pornography varies widely from state to state and city to city. Certain materials/acts have been self-regulated out of mainstream porn. Pornographic materials may not be made available to persons under 18 years of age or 21 in some jurisdictions. Some attempts at restricting pornography on the ] have been struck down by the courts; see: ]. | |||
| * ]: Illegal. Enforcement is strict. According to the legislatures, pornography harms Vietnamese standard values. | |||
| The potential ability to create realistic images using ] or digital manipulation has led to some debates of legality. For instance, the ] struck down in ] the ] that prohibited, among other things, simulated child pornography. The court ruled that it violated the ] to ban material depicting fictional illegal conduct when no such conduct had been involved in production. However, in the UK, the ] reached entirely the opposite conclusion, that if an image creates a convincing enough impression, it becomes an ] and is equally prosecutable under the law as an actual photograph. | |||
| The Internet has also caused problems with the enforcement of age limits regarding performers. In most countries, women and men under the age of 18 are not allowed to appear in porn films, but in several European countries the age limit is 16, and in the UK it is legal for women as young as 16 to appear topless in mainstream newspapers and magazines. This material often ends up on the Internet and viewed by people in countries where this constitutes child pornography, creating challenges for lawmakers wishing to restrict access to such material. | |||
| == Anti-pornography movement == | |||
| {{main|Anti-pornography movement}} | |||
| Opposition to pornography generally, though not exclusively, comes from one of two sources: ] or ]. Religious groups frequently decry pornography as immoral. They tend to believe that God has reserved sexual intercourse for a man and a woman within the confines of marriage, and that both the production and use of pornography contribute to immoral behavior in society. | |||
| ] critics of pornography generally consider it demeaning to women. They believe that most pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment, and contributes to the male-centered ] of women. Some feminists distinguish between pornography and erotica, which they say does not have the same negative effects of pornography. | |||
| Neither viewpoint is shared by all feminists or by all religious conservatives, however. | |||
| Critics from both groups have sometimes expressed belief in the existence of "]", a concept whose scientific validity is still being currently debated. In the United States in 2005, Attorney General Gonzales made obscenity and pornography a top prosecutorial priority of | |||
| the ]. | |||
| == Pornography and sex crimes == | |||
| It has long been theorized that there may be a link between pornography, particularly violent pornography, and an increase in sex crime. This theory has relatively little empirical support and indeed ], which is noted for large number of rape fantasy pornography, has the lowest reported sex crime rate in the ] world, which has led some researchers to speculate that an opposite relationship may in fact exist—that wide availability of pornography may reduce crimes by giving potential offenders a socially accepted way of regulating their own sexuality. Conversely, some argue that reported sex crime rates are low in Japan because the culture is such that victims of sex crime are less likely to report it (e.g. ] ). | |||
| === Japanese study === | |||
| ] and Ayako Uchiyama write in "Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan" (International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22(1): 1-22. 1999) : | |||
| : Our findings regarding sex crimes, murder and assault are in keeping with what is also known about general crime rates in Japan regarding burglary, theft and such. Japan has the lowest number of reported rape cases and the highest percentage of arrests and convictions in reported cases of any developed nation. Indeed, Japan is known as one of the safest developed countries for women in the world (Clifford, 1980). (...) | |||
| : Despite the absence of evidence, the myth persists that an abundance of sexually explicit material invariably leads to an abundance of sexual activity and eventually rape (e.g., Liebert, Neale, & Davison, 1973). Indeed, the data we report and review suggest the opposite. Christensen (1990) argues that to prove that available pornography leads to sex crimes one must at least find a positive temporal correlation between the two. The absence of any positive correlation in our findings, and from results elsewhere, between an increase in available pornography and the incidence of rape or other sex crime, is ] evidence that no link exists. But objectivity requires that an additional question be asked: "Does pornography use and availability prevent or reduce sex crime?" Both questions lead to hypotheses that have, over prolonged periods, been tested in Denmark, Sweden, West Germany and now in Japan. Indeed, it appears from our data from Japan, as it was evident to Kutchinsky (1994), from research in Europe, that a large increase in available sexually explicit materials, over many years, has not been correlated with an increase in rape or other sexual crimes. Instead, in Japan a marked decrease in sexual crimes has occurred. | |||
| There has also been a recent increase in sex crimes in Japan which parallels an increase in all crimes. Some in Japan have blamed the increase on violent pornography and indeed, some sex offenders report having been inspired by themes in commonly available pornography. The counter argument is that some sex offenders will likely use any defense they can to lower their culpability. | |||
| == Pornographic stereotypes == | |||
| Pornographic work contains a number of stereotypes. Although pornography targeted at heterosexual males often includes interaction between females, interaction between males is never seen. In hardcore materials, a male generally ejaculates outside his partner's body, in full view: the so-called "]". Penises are almost always shown fully erect (except where prohibited, e.g. in legal ] magazines). In heterosexual pornography the choice of position is naturally geared to giving the viewer the fullest view of the woman, making the ] position, and the man holding the woman in a "dog-and-lamp-post" position among the most popular. ] scenes usually involve the woman looking into the camera or at the man, for similar reasons. Especially in American or Japanese porn, women tend to be unrealistically vocal and loud during hardcore scenes. | |||
| These conventions apply to mainstream pornography. Homosexual and ]-related pornography, for example, often operate under different rules. | |||
| ==Pornography by region== | |||
| {{main|Pornography by region}} | |||
| The ] and ] of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it plays in political circles are matters of controversy. | |||
| == Economics == | |||
| ]: In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of all the hard-core porn in the United States was no more than $10 million. Although the revenues of the adult industry are difficult to determine, by 2003, Americans were estimated to spend as much as $8 to $10 billion on pornography. | |||
| == Sub-genres of pornography == | |||
| {{main|List of pornographic sub-genres}} | |||
| In general, ] refers to pornography that does not depict penetration, and ] refers to pornography that depicts penetration and/or extreme fetish acts. | |||
| The '''main''' genres of pornography are: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (e.g. ]/]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (]; ]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (e.g. ], ], ], ]) | |||
| * ] (e.g. ]; ]) | |||
| * ] (e.g. hidden camera pornography, "upskirt" pornography) | |||
| ==Media== | |||
| {{multi-video start}} | |||
| {{multi-video item|filename=Blonde stag film.ogg|title=Silent "stag" film|description= Silent, black and white video clip featuring a topless blonde woman (6.5], ]/] format).|format=]}} | |||
| {{multi-video end}} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{portal}} | |||
| * ] | |||
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| ==External links and sources== | |||
| ===Advocacy=== | |||
| * The feminist classic on pornography. | |||
| * Association of sites advocating child protection -- ''Organization of adult sites against child pornography.'' | |||
| * big list of anti-pornography advocacy resources | |||
| * by Linnea Smith | |||
| * : anti-porn advocacy page of feminist t-shirt designer "one angry girl" | |||
| * — big list of resources on the sex industry (primarily focused on prostitution) | |||
| * by Robert Jensen | |||
| * | |||
| * Diana Russell's from Diana Russell's book. | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * by Dick Thornburg and Herbert S. Lin, Editors | |||
| ===Commentary=== | |||
| * A look into the sordid subject on February 2, 2005 | |||
| * (A little dated, but valuable information). Forbes, May 25, 2001 | |||
| ===Databases=== | |||
| * Searchable adult film database. | |||
| * Ad-free, searchable database of adult images and movies. ''(Note: Contains nudity)'' | |||
| ===Government=== | |||
| * July 1986 U.S. Department of Justice, Washington D.C. 20530. | |||
| * | |||
| * Kutchinsky, Berl, Professor of Criminology: (Denmark) | |||
| ===News=== | |||
| * RealTechNews, February 21, 2006 | |||
| * Washington Post, September 20, 2005 | |||
| * by Krysia Diver, ''The Guardian'', April 4, 2005 | |||
| * Berkowitz, Ben: , Reuters, 2004. | |||
| * ''Wired Magazine, June 7, 2004 --Includes a detailed summary of Hentai games and discusses their lack of success in the United States'' | |||
| * Informationweek March 17, 2006 | |||
| ===Sociology=== | |||
| * Beck, Marianna Ph.D., "", , history of pornography in the West. | |||
| * Diamond, M. and Uchiyama, A: , International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22(1): 1-22 (1999). Reports that a significant increase in the availability of pornography in Japan was accompanied by a decrease in sex crimes, in accordance with similar findings in other countries. | |||
| * Morality in Media with a number of sources that purports to show that there is a link between violent crime and pornography. | |||
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Revision as of 15:27, 10 April 2006
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