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Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health (MVAH) (also known as Maharishi Ayurveda and Maharishi Vedic Medicine) was founded internationally in the mid 1980s by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique. Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health is considered an alternative medicine and aims at being a complementary system to modern western medicine. Maharishi Ayur Veda emerges from and consistently reflects the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Maharishi Ayur Veda presents itself as representing the entirety of the Ayurvedic tradition.

MVAH is based on Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine from ancient India. It aims to restore balance in the physiology, eliminate toxins and impurities, and awaken the body's natural healing mechanisms, according to Nancy Lonsdorf, Medical Director of The Raj Ayurveda Health Center in Vedic City, Iowa. Entities within the Transcendental Meditation movement, such as Maharishi Ayurveda Products International and various health centers, offer a variety of products and services related to the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health, including therapies and herbal supplements.

An article in 1991 in the Journal of the American Medical Association alleged that promoters of MVAH have failed to disclose financial incentives received when they submitted a letter for publication and alleged that marketing practices were misleading. According to a 2008 Journal of the American Medical Association study, two of 19 Maharishi Ayurveda products that were tested contained detectable lead. In Britain in 1991, two doctors were charged with "Serious Professional Misconduct" for using MVAH in the treatment of HIV.

Principles

According to Robert Schneider and Jeremy Z. Fields, researchers at Maharishi University of Management, MVAH is the Maharishi's attempt to revive the ancient Vedic system of health care. The authors explain that Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health uses 40 approaches, each one based on one of the 40 branches of Vedic literature. According to MVAH, each of these 40 branches of Vedic literature has a direct correlation to various aspects of the human physiology. These 40 approaches are further reduced to three areas of practical application: mind, body, and environment.

According to Hari Sharma, Maharishi Ayur-Veda represents a restoration of the wholistic perspective of the original texts of Ayurveda found in the Vedas to the modern practice of Ayurveda. The Vedas attributed most disease and bad luck to demons, devils, and the influences of the stars and planets. Maharishi Ayur Veda emerges from and consistently reflects Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Maharishi Ayur Veda represents itself as representing the entirety of the Ayurvedic tradition. As with traditional Ayurveda, Maharishi Ayur Veda describes material creation according to panchamahabhutas theory, in which the five elements of earth, air, fire, water and ether combine to form three doshas: vatta, pitta and kapha. The theory of both traditional and Maharishi Ayurveda is that the body's function is governed by the three doshas, which designate body types and the physical and mental traits they typify. An individual's dosha contains various combinations of vatta, pitta and kapha, which can vary with the seasons and time of day. Disease symptoms are attributed to imbalances in ones dosha, which can be detected through pulse diagnosis or a questionnaire. Balance is achieved through a variety of products and procedures, many of which are specific to one's dosha. Maharishi Ayur-Veda does not stray from these traditional common interpretations of dosha. Francis Zimmerman states that the practices of Maharishi Ayur-Veda are authentic, but that they are biased toward gentleness, avoiding treatments he characterizes as "violent", and involving an ideological confusion of Ayurvedic categories. Decisions on what traditional Ayurvedic practices and products Maharishi Ayur-Veda would offer to the American public, and which to drop, were made by consulting outside marketing experts. The principal difference between Maharishi Ayur-Veda and traditional Ayurveda is the emphasis on the role of consciousness and the use of Transcendental Meditation, as well as the highlighting of the need to express positive emotions and attuning ones life to the natural rhythms of the body.

Maharishi Ayur Veda also holds that perfect health is a state present within every person, that can be chosen by the individual, and that the physical body is a portal to a "quantum mechanical body" that exists at the subatomic level where matter and energy are one, and that every organ and process in the body has a quantum equivalent. Tony Nader, called Maharajadhiraj Raja Ram, who is the Soverign Ruler of the Global Country of World Peace, identifies this concept of "quantum healing" with the Maharishi's theories of Vedic Science.

Components

Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health involves reconnecting physiological functioning with the body's inner intelligence by reducing and eliminating impurities and imbalances, which are said to be the cause of disease. In Alternative Medicine and Ethics, Stephen Barrett writes,

The full range of the Maharishi Ayur-Veda program 'for creating healthy individuals and a disease free society' has 20 components: development of higher states of consciousness through advanced meditation techniques, use of primordial sounds, correction of the "mistake of the intellect', strengthening of the emotions, Vedic structuring of language, music therapy, enlivening of the senses, pulse diagnosis, psychophysiological integration, neuromuscular integration, neurorespiratory integration, purification (to remove 'impurities due to faulty diet or behavioral patterns'), dietary measures, herbal food supplements, other herbal preparations, daily behavioral routines, prediction of future imbalances , religious ceremonies, nourishing the environment and promoting world health and peace. Most of these cost several hundred dollars but some cost thousands and require the service of an Ayurvedic practitioner.

According to Andrew Weil, in India Ayurveda is an inexpensive alternative to allopathic medicine available to all people, while Maharishi Ayurveda is expensive. A traditional Vaidya treats patients individually, diagnosing them and then individually preparing or instructing the patient how to prepare treatments for the entire complexity of their individual symptoms, whereas Maharishi Ayur-Veda takes a mass-market approach. While TM and other relaxation techniques may temporarily relieve stress, the balance of these claims have no scientific basis.

Transcendental Meditation

The Transcendental Meditation technique is the main modality for improving mental health and promoting collective health in MVAH. Studies have suggested a positive correlation between the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique and various health-related behaviors and physiological parameters including decreased cigarette smoking, decreased alcohol use, decreased anxiety, decreased insomnia, reduction of high cholesterol, improvement in lung function for patients with asthma, and an effect the researchers termed "younger biological age". Reduced illness and medical expenditures and decreased outpatient visits have also been observed in TM practitioners. It may also have an effect on a variety of disorders, including ADHD, pain, diabetes, and congestive heart failure. The National Institutes of Health, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the National Center for Research Resources have funded research on the Transcendental Meditation program. Further research is on-going and researchers have been particularly interested in its potential usefulness in treating heart disease and hypertension, especially among African-Americans, and in promoting longevity.Proponents of Transcendental Meditation and Maharishi Ayur-Veda claim that stress is the basis for all illness, and that TM is the most effective technique for improving all aspects of health.

Deepak Chopra on the role of positive thoughts

Deepak Chopra, founding president of Maharishi Ayur-Veda Products International, Inc (MAPI), the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine and former medical director of the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center for Stress Management and Behavioral Medicine, has stated that "If you have happy thoughts, then you make happy molecules. On the other hand, if you have sad thoughts, and angry thoughts, and hostile thoughts, then you make those molecules which may depress the immune system and make you more susceptible to disease."

Pulse diagnosis

The MVAH practitioner uses pulse diagnosis (also known in Sanskrit as "nadi vigyan") to determine the levels of imbalance and impurities in the patient and offer recommendations related to herbal preparations, diet, daily and seasonal routines, exercise, and physiological purification. Procedures that strengthen digestion and proper nutrient absorption are also given importance. Proponents claim that the pulse can be used to detect “imbalances at early stages when there may be no other clinical signs and when mild forms of intervention may suffice”. It is thought that herbal remedies, dietary adjustments and changes in routine initiated at this stage can prevent imbalances from developing into disease. Chopra and Sharma said in their JAMA article that pulse diagnosis can diagnose a variety of diseases, including those unrelated to the cardiovascular system, including asthma, cancer, and diabetes. The JAMA article says that National Council Against Health Fraud President William Jarvis describes pulse diagnosis as a variety of palm reading and that Chopra refused to have pulse diagnosis tested by JAMA in a blinded protocol "on the grounds that a blinded experiment would 'eliminate the most crucial component of the experiment, which is consciousness.'"

Architecture

MVAH also considers the patient's environment. Maharishi Sthapatya Veda, a system of Vedic architecture, is the main modality for improving the immediate environment.

Maharishi Vedic Astrology

Maharishi Vedic Astrology (also known as Maharishi Jyotish) is said to address planetary influences on individual health. The Maharishi explained that Maharishi Jyotish is an aspect of Maharishi Ayurveda that is premised on the ability to precisely calculate mathematically the unfolding pattern of life, and to locate the trends and tendencies of an individual life within that pattern, making it possible to determine in advance whether a difficult period was coming, and to take action in the present to amend a future difficulty. This was possible, he claimed through the performance of "Yagyas" by Vedic Pandits in India, ceremonies designed to restore the balance between the individual and the environment. According Maharishi Jyotish, the solar system has an influence on the human brain, cells and DNA, and Maharishi Yagya performances are Vedic engineering technologies to avert and dissolve negativity, and through which perfection of life can be created. According to the Maharishi and Nader, there is a correspondence between the nine Grahas of Vedic Astrology and the structure of DNA: the Sun to the hydrogen bonds that form the central axis of the DNA strand; Jupiter to guanine; Saturn to adenine; Mars to cytosine; Venus to thymine; Mercury to sugar; the Moon to phosphate; and the Ascending and Descending Lunar Nodes to enzymes. They claim a similar correspondence between the Grahas and components of the brain: the Sun to the thalmus; the Moon to the hypothalmus; Mars to the amygdala; Mercury to the subthalmus; Jupiter to the globus pallidus; Venus to the substantia nigra; Saturn to the putamen; and the lunar nodes to the nucleus caudatus head and tail respectively. They also write that there is a correspondence in the structure of the cell: the Sun to the nucleus; the Moon to cytosol; Mars to mitochondria; Mercury to cell membranes; Jupiter to the golgi apparatus; Saturn to the lysomi; Venus to the endoplastic reticulum; Ascending lunar node to the endosome; and descending lunar node to the pores. With respect to the nervous system, Maharishi Vedic Astrology associates the Grahas with the basal ganglia, thalmus and hypothalmus; the 12 Bhavas (astrological houses) with cortical areas; the 12 Rashis (zodiac signs) with the cranial nerves; and the 27 Nakshatras (lunar mansions) with groups of the brainstem.

Products

Ayurvedic herbal products are manufactured and sold by Maharishi Ayurveda Products Pvt. Ltd. (MAPPL) of New Delhi, India, Maharishi Ayurveda Products International (MAPI) of Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Maharishi Ayurveda Products Europe B.V., the Netherlands. Maharishi Ayurveda products and services are also sold through contacts in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Zeland, Norway, Paraguay, Phillipines, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.

Maharishi Amrit Kalash

The original Maharishi Ayurveda product is Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK), prepared according to an ancient recipe that includes over two dozen fruits and herbs such as amla, haritaki, turmeric, and long pepper, the exact contents of which MAPI refuses to disclose. Amrit is available only from MAPI, which calls it a "'broad-spectrum' super-antioxidant formula".

There have been more than twenty research studies conducted with Maharishi Amrit Kalash. These studies appeared in the following scientific journals: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, the Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, the Biochemical Archives, Complementary Medicine International, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, The Pharmacologist, Pharmacological Research, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. Other research has been presented at the Scientific Conference on Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Proliferation and the American Heart Association, Joint Meeting of the International Union of Biochemists.

Maharishi Amrit Kalash is a two part herbal formula referred to as MAK-4 and MAK-5 in some research studies. At Ohio State University MAK-4 and MAK-5 were studied individually and together and were shown to be “highly effective against breast cancer” according to Christine Horner in her book, Waking the Warrior Goddess. Horner goes on to say that MAK is “an effective anti-aging supplement” and “alleviates the horrendous side effects of chemotherapy”.

The study published in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences found that it was an effective antioxidant and may be useful in the treatment of atherosclerosis. The study involved 10 hyperlipidemic patients over an 18-week period.

A double blind, randomized study of 48 subjects published in the International Journal of Psychosomatics found that Maharishi Amrit Kalash improved performance on an age-related visual task. The treatment group showed significantly more improvement after periods of three and six weeks than the placebo group. The study, by Paul Gelderloos, et al, concluded that this herbal formula may enhance attentional capacity or alertness, thereby reversing some of the detrimental cognitive effects of aging.

Two studies produced by MAV researcher Hari Sharma suggesting positive effects of Maharishi Amrit Kalash on platelet aggregation in a test tube were criticized in a 1991 article by Mount Sinai Medical Center professor Victor Herbert as having "no relation to human disease", that there is no way of knowing how much of MAV products are actually absorbed, and that the compounds in MAV products, once transformed in the gut, may be harmful to humans.

Other

According to a 2001 review of research on the ayurvedic treatment of diabetes by the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), there were few randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials, and most of the studies had a small number of subjects. Also, most were on Type 2 diabetes. The report said that no conclusions could be drawn regarding treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes based on the available research. The NCCAM review included two books about Maharishi Ayur-Veda in the bibliography, and Robert Schneider of the Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention was one of the peer reviewers.

Professional training

Maharishi Ayur-Veda Association of America

Courses to train physicians, nurses and health professionals in the principles and practices of Maharishi Ayurveda are offered by the Maharishi Ayur-Veda Association of America (MAAA) in various locations in the USA. These courses include Continuing Medical Education credit. The faculty and curriculum committee of the MAAA include: Stuart Rothenberg, Robert Schneider, Walter Moelk, Nancy Lonsdorf, Richard Averbach, Gary Kaplan, and Vaidya Manohar Palakurthi.

Maharishi College of Perfect Health

Courses in Maharishi Ayur-Veda for health professionals are also conducted at the Maharishi College of Perfect Health, International Maharishi Ayur-Veda Training Centre in Vlodrop, the Netherlands. These courses include: post graduate training, Maharishi Aroma Therapy, Maharishi Light Therapy with Gems, Maharishi Ayur-Veda Health Educator, Vedic Mind-Body program and Presentation of Medical Research. The faculty includes Rainer Picha, Walter Mölk, Robert Keith Wallace, Roswitha Margarete Geelvink-Tradel, and Bob Apon.

Services

Spas and health centers

The Transcendental Meditation movement operates dozens of spas and health centers around the world. They offer a series of purification therapies known as Maharishi Panchakarma. One of these purification therapies is "abhyanga", the Sanskrit word for a highly regimented oil massage. Preliminary research suggests that these Maharishi Panchakarma therapies, when used in concert with one another, may be effective in reducing cholesterol, reducing fat soluble toxins and creating an improved sense of well being.

Jyotish Gems and Maharishi Light Therapy with Gems

A TM-Movement company called Jyotish Gems sells gemstones prescribed by Maharishi Jyotish astrologers to ward off the effects of bad influences in one's horoscope. Nader states that various gemstones correspond to the planets of Maharisi Jyotish, and also correspond to parts of the body.

The Maharishi described Maharishi Light Therapy with Gems (MLG) as a Vedic technology, according to Rainer Picha, Minister of Health for the Global Country of World Peace. Training in the therapeutic use of gemstones is conducted at the Maharishi European Research University in Holland. Picha says that MLG "approach is absolutely harmless. There is nothing invasive about it. It is pure cosmic light that enters the physiology, bringing order and helping in every way. Order in the physiology basically means health, and health is promoted through this approach."

Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology

Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology (MVVT) is performed by an MVVT Vedic expert who whispers within themselves some specific traditional Vedic sounds that have been chosen to address the health concerns of that individual, and then administers the sound vibrations by blowing on the affected area of the body. A website for the Maharishi Medical Centers says that MVVT offers "relief from a wide range of chronic health problems", including athlete's foot, baldness, HIV, and cancer of the blood.

A double-blinded randomized controlled trial involving 167 subjects found that the Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology was effective in reducing pain and stiffness in arthritic subjects. Those in the treatment group also had improved range of motion. One hundred percent relief of symptoms was the most commonly reported category of improvement due to treatment. Overall, the results were highly significant. Analysis of subcategories found significant results for the treatment of peripheral arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

An uncontrolled study of the Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology involving 213 subjects found that after three sessions the average self-reported improvement in chronic illness was 40.97 percent. The conditions that were treated included neck pain, which improved the most, respiratory ailments, digestive problems, mental health (including anxiety and depression), back pain, headaches, cardiovascular conditions, and eye problems. Findings also showed significant reductions in frequency of discomfort or pain, in intensity of pain, and in the disturbing effects of the pain in daily activity.

Other sound therapies

MVAH also utilizes two other kinds of sound therapy:

• 1. Listening to Vedic Literature recited in Sanskrit from a specific branch of the Vedic Literature that corresponds to the appropriate area of the body as determined by a MVAH expert.

• 2. Listening to a form of classical Indian music called Maharishi Gandharva Veda that are purported to integrate and harmonize the cycles and rhythms of the body.

Compact discs of the music are published by the Maharishi University of Management Press. Research by David Orme-Johnson, a former professor at Maharishi International University, and David K. Wallace, the founding president of the university, indicates that listening to Maharishi Gandharva Veda music produces brain waves that correlate with relaxation and the experience of bliss.

Multimodal treatments

A study published in 2002 in the American Journal of Cardiology found that a multimodal approach of Maharishi Vedic Medicine can be a treatment for carotid atherosclerosis in older subjects. The randomized controlled trial involving 57 subjects found that subjects in the research group had reduced thickness of the carotid artery after one year of treatment. The treatment consisted of practicing Transcendental Meditation, taking the Maharishi Amrit Kalash herbal formula, practicing Maharishi Yoga asanas and Surya Namaskar, and eating an ayurvedic diet.

Controversies

Chalmers and Davis

In October 1991, the Professional Conduct Committee of the British General Medical Council found Roger Chalmers, Dean of Medicine of the unrecognized Maharishi University of Natural Law, Mentmore and Leslie Davis, Dean of Physiology at that institution, guilty of "Serious Professional Misconduct" in connection with their use of Maharishi Ayur-Veda for the treatment of AIDS and HIV, and ordered them erased from the Register. The Committee found, among other things, that there were no proper and approved clinical trials for the treatments, there was inadequate scientific evidence to support the treatments, that they were prescribing and that they had made false and misleading statements on the value of MAV in the treatment of HIV and AIDs and about the TM-affiliated "World Medical Association for Perfect Health". Independent tests of the pills prescribed by Chambers and Davis showed that they had, at best, a negligible effect on the HIV virus, but were 100,000 times more toxic than AZT. Separate warnings were issued on side-effects of both Transcendental Medication and the Maharishi Ayurvedic diet, and by the British Dietetic Association on the potential dangers of the Maharishi Ayurvedic diet to AIDS patients. MAV became the subject of the GMC trial because it had been marketing its treatments specifically to one of the most vulnerable and controversial groups in the late 1980s: HIV-positive homosexuals.

Sharma and Chopra

In 1991, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article on the benefits of Maharishi Ayur-Veda titled Letter from New Delhi: Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Modern Insights into Ancient Medicine, authored by Hari Sharma, of the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Brihaspati Dev Triguna, of the All India Ayur-Veda Congress, and Deepak Chopra, of the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine.

A subsequent article in JAMA alleged that the authors of the first article had not disclosed their financial ties with organizations that sell the products and services about which they wrote. The article also investigated the marketing practices surrounding Ayur-Veda products and services. It was alleged that the media had been intentionally deceived for financial gain. It also challenged the Sharma et al. claim that Maharishi Ayur-Veda was more cost effective than standard medical care. Additionally, the article reported that in the late 1980s, herbal researcher Tony Nader, at the time a Ph.D. candidate in neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, had been criticized for misrepresenting his research promoting Maharishi Ayurveda Products International (MAPI) herbal products as being sponsored by MIT and Harvard. The article reported that Nader and David Orme-Johnson were criticized by the organizers of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany, which was held at the University of Illinois in Chicago in June 1987. According to the organizers, Nader and Orme-Johnson submitted research abstracts for the conference, but the presentation that they made had little to do with the abstracts, but instead was a promotion for the herbal remedies of MAPI and for Transcendental Meditation. The JAMA article quotes a former TM teacher and chair of the TM center in Washington, D.C., as saying that he had been told to deceive the media.

A letter to the editor by Chopra and Sharma was published in JAMA in October, 1991. Chopra and Sharma wrote that many of the criticisms they had received in letters to the editor were inflammatory and had depended heavily on emotional and unfounded charges, without sound scientific backing and few references. They went on to say that the criticisms were directed largely at the TM organization, rather than to the approaches of Maharishi Ayur-Veda. Andrew Skolnick, in letter to the editor of JAMA, says Chopra and Sharma did not deny and made no apology that they had concealed from JAMA their financial ties to organizations selling and marketing the products and services about which they had written.

Flint

In 1994, Jonie Flint sued Chopra, the Maharishi Ayur-Veda Health Center in Palo Alto California and Brihaspati Dev Triguna over her husband David's death from leukemia. Two months following a visit to the center at which a primordial sound treatment was prescribed by Chopra, Triguna declared Flint cured of leukemia. Flint followed other Maharishi Ayur-Veda treatements at Triguna's directions over a period of nine months, at a cost of more than $10,000, but died of leukemia. Flint was assisted in filing her lawsuit by the National Council Against Health Fraud. Chopra's attorneys said that the suit against him would be dismissed before trial. They said that David Flint was desperate and that Chopra saw him for 45 minutes for spiritual counsel and gave him a primordial sound technique. They also said that Flint signed a form saying that he understood that sound therapy wasn't a substitute for conventional therapies. The form Flint signed also absolved Chopra and his organization of responsibility in the event the treatment was unsuccessful.

Heavy metals

According to a 2008 study by Robert B. Saper, published in JAMA, one-fifth of the US-manufactured and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines purchased via the Internet contained detectable lead, mercury, or arsenic. Michael McGuffin, president of the American Herbal Products Association said that eliminating every trace of arsenic, mercury or lead from products would require "an entirely new food supply". According to McGuffin the government and professional agencies set widely different safety standards for lead, mercury and arsenic and that while most of the products in Saper's article have lead levels that exceed California's standard, only two violate the World Health Organization's standard.

More than 213 products were included in the study. Two Maharishi Ayurveda Products International Inc. USA (MAPI) products, "Vital Lady" and "Worry Free" were found to have detectable levels of lead, and seventeen other MAPI products tested had no detectable levels of lead, mercury, or arsenic. Ted Wallace, president of MAPI, stated that the company tests its products before and after shipment from India to the US, and that its products are examined for purity, heavy metals, residual pesticides, and biological contaminants.

In 2008, a lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court against Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation ("MVED"), Maharishi Ayurveda Foundation and Maharishi Ayurveda Products Ltd. ("MAP Ltd"). The Plaintiff claims that she contracted lead poisoning from Garbhapal Ras, an herbal product she purchased in India. According to the Iowa Department of Public Health, Garbhapal Ras contained nearly 3% lead. The product was manufactured by MAP Ltd. in India, and prescribed for her by a physician at the Maharishi Ayurveda Arogyadham clinic in Delhi. A spokesperson said that MVED is not involved in the manufacturing, prescribing, or sale of products from the Indian clinic where the product was prescribed and purchased. The spokesperson said that products sold in the U.S. are subject to inspection, testing, and quality control.

David Whitley, Director of Ayurveda Limited in the United Kingdom, writes that the Maharishi Ayurveda Council of Vaidyas approves of the use of arsenic, lead, and mercury under the supervision of trained and certified vaidyas, in accordance with ancient Ayurvedic texts. Whitley writes that the benefits of heavy metals are increased and the side effects are minimized when used properly. Whitley acknowledges that these compounds would be required to be licensed as medicines in the UK, but are unlicensed and thus cannot be sold there.

Trademarks

Maharishi Ayur-Veda, Maharishi Ayurveda, Maharishi University of Management, Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health, Maharishi Vedic Astrology, Maharishi Vedic Medicine, Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology, and Transcendental Meditation are trademarks licensed to Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation.

Notes

1. Wallace 1993, pp. 64–66
2. Sharma & Clark 1998
3. Reddy & Egenes 2002
4. Sharma & Clark 1998, Preface
5. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 309
6. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 326
7. ^ Lonsdorf
8. Schneider & Fields 2006, p. 261
9. Fields
10. ^ Schneider & Fields 2006, p. 5
11. Nader 2000
12. Schneider & Fields 2006, p. 64
13. ^ Sharma 1995
14. Zysk 1998, pp. 8–9
15. ^ Barrett 1998, pp. 11–13
16. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 309
17. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 326
18. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 292
19. O'Connell & Alexander 1995, p. 345 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFO'ConnellAlexander1995 (help)
20. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. p 318
21. Leslie & Young 1992, p. 213 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLeslieYoung1992 (help)
22. Pettus, p 30
23. "Ayurveda" Complementary and Alternative Medicine Index University of Maryland Medical Center
24. Baer 2004, pp. 124–125
25. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 326
26. Weil 2000, p. 296
27. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 232
28. Sharma & Clark 1998, pp. 147–149
29. Orme-Johnson & Alexander 1988 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFOrme-JohnsonAlexander1988 (help)
30. ^ Paul-Labrador 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPaul-Labrador2007 (help)
31. ^ Walton & Levitsky 1994
32. Eppley, Abrams & Shear 1989
33. Journal of Counseling and Development 64: 212–215, 1985
34. Cooper & Aygen 1979
35. Wilson et al. 1975
36. Wallace et al. 1982
37. ^ Orme-Johnson & Herron 1997
38. Anonymous 2006 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAnonymous2006 (help)
39. Hitti 2006
40. Jayadevappa 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJayadevappa2007 (help)
41. Schneider 2002 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchneider2002 (help)
42. Wallace 1993, pp. 76–79
43. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, pp. 54–56
44. http://74.125.95.132/u/maharishi?q=cache:XAVAKZUJspoJ:www.mum.edu/pdf/msvs/v02/glaser.pdf+research+ayurveda&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&ie=UTF-8
45. Wallace 1993, p. 76-89
46. ^ Sharma & Chopra 1991
47. ^ Skolnick 1991
48. Sharma & Clark 1998, pp. 145–146
49. Wallace 1993, pp. 107–109
50. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 144-145
51. O'Connell & Alexander 1995, p. 419 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFO'ConnellAlexander1995 (help)
52. Bonshek, Bonshek & Fergusson 2007, p. 155
53. Bonshek, Bonshek & Fergusson 2007, p. 156
54. MAV Europe web site
55. ^ Radford 2000
56. MAV official web site
57. Ayurveda Ltd. 2009
58. ^
59. Waking the Warrior Goddess, Dr. Christine Horner, 2003, Basic Health Publications Inc., ISBN 1-59120-155-1, pp 117-118
60. Sundaram et al. 1997
61. Gelderloos et al. 1990
62. Nanda, Meera, "Ayurveda under the scanner" Frontline Vol 23 No 7, April 8-21, 2008)
63. Hardy, Mary, et al, "Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review" AHRQ Publication No. 01-E040 September 2001 ISBN 1-58763-068-0 ISSN: 1530-4396
64. MAAA 2009
65. Maharishi College of Vedic Medicine web site
66. http://www.mcvm.info/faculty.html
67. Wallace 1993, p. 105-107
68. Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 109
69. http://74.125.95.104/u/maharishi?q=cache:XAVAKZUJspoJ:www.mum.edu/pdf/msvs/v02/glaser.pdf+panchakarma+research&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&ie=UTF-8
70. Waldschutz 1988
71. Fagan & Herron 2002
72. Schneider R H, Cavanaugh K L, Kasture H S, et al. 1990 Health promotion with a traditional system of natural health care: Maharishi Ayur-Veda, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 5(3):1-27
73. Sharma H M, Nidich S, Sands D, Smith D E 1993 Improvements in cardiovascular risk factors through Panchakarma purification procedures, Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine 12(4):2-13
74. The Maharishi Ayurveda Treatment of Ten Chronic Diseases — A Pilot Study,Netherlands Magazine of Integrated Science, Vol. 5, No. 35, pp. 586-594, 1989, G.W.H.M. Janssen, MD
75. Gilpin, Geoff, The Maharishi Effect: A Personal Journey Through the Movement that Transformed American Spirituality, J.P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2006 ISBN 1585425079, 9781585425075 p 21
76. Bonshek, Bonshek & Fergusson 2007, p. 236ff
77. Global Good News staff writer 2009
78. ^ Wallace 1993, p. 99-102
79. Scheider & Fields 2006, pp. 214–216 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFScheiderFields2006 (help)
80. maharishimedical 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFmaharishimedical2009 (help)
81. vedicvibration 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFvedicvibration2009 (help)
82. Nader et al. 2001
83. Nidich et al. 2001
84. Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 142
85. Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 143
86. Scheider & Fields 2006, p. 212 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFScheiderFields2006 (help)
87. Music 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMusic2009 (help)
88. Vedic 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVedic2009 (help)
89. Fields et al. 2002
90. "Cult doctors investigated over herbal anti-AIDS pills", The Independent (August 19, 1990)
91. Anonymous 1991
92. Press Release : The General Medical Council, London, England (October 25, 1991).
93. Emery 1991
94. Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 274
95. A 1992 lawsuit brought against the article's author and the editor of JAMA was dismissed in 1993.(Perry 1994)(Anonymous 1996) A Newsweek article published four years later stating that there had been a monetary settlement of the case was later withdrawn as untrue."Correction", Newsweek (November 17, 1997)
96. Skolnick 1992 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSkolnick1992 (help)
97. Pettus, Elise, "The Mind-Body Problems", New York Magazine (August 14, 1995) p.28ff, p. 95
98. ^ Saper et al. 2008
99. ^ Ellin 2008
100. ^ Szabo 2008
101. ^ Associated Press 2008
102. Whitley, David. "Maharishi Ayurveda Medicines and Heavy Elements". Maharishi Ayurveda Products. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
103. TM 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTM2009 (help)

References

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• Fagan, John B; Herron, Robert E (September, 2002). "Lipophil-mediated reduction of toxicants in humans: an evaluation of an ayurvedic detoxification procedure". 8 (5): 40–51. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Fields, JZ; Walton, KG; Schneider, RH; Nidich, S; Pomerantz, R; Suchdev, P; Castillo-Richmond, A; Payne, K; Clark, ET (2002). "Effect of a multimodality natural medicine program on carotid atherosclerosis in older subjects: a pilot trial of Maharishi Vedic Medicine". The American Journal of Cardiology. 89 (8): 952–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02245-2. PMID 11950434. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Fields, Jeremy. "Curriculum Vitae — Jeremy Fields". ScientificWritingServices.com. Retrieved November 15, 2009. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gelderloos, P; Ahlström, HH; Orme-Johnson, DW; Robinson, DK; Wallace, RK; Glaser, JL (1990). "Influence of a Maharishi Ayur-vedic herbal preparation on age-related visual discrimination". International Journal of Psychosomatics. 37 (1–4): 25–9. PMID 2246098. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Global Good News staff writer (June 18, 2009). "Maharishi Light Therapy with Gems: A Vedic technology that is part of Maharishi Ayur-Veda". Global Good News. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |citeref= ignored (help)
• Hardy, Mary; Coulter, Ian; Venuturupalli, Swamy; Roth, Elizabeth A.; Favreau, Joya; Morton, Sally C.; Shekelle, Paul (September 2001). Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. ISSN 1530-4396Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |isnb= ignored (|isbn= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Hitti, Miranda (2006-08-09). "Meditation May Help Brain Handle Pain". WebMD. Retrieved 2009-11-17. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) "CBS News Article"
• Jayadevappa, Ravishankar; Johnson, Jerry C.; Bloom, Bernard S.; Nidich, Sanford; Desai, Shashank; Chhatre, Sumedha; Raziano, Donna B.; Schneider, Robert H. (2007). "Effectiveness of transcendental meditation on functional capacity and quality of life of African Americans with congestive heart failure: a randomized control study" (PDF). Ethnicity & Disease. 17 (1): 72–7. PMC 2048830. PMID 17274213. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) "PennMedical Article"
• Leslie, Charles M.; Young, Allan; American Anthropological Association. Meeting (84th : 1985 : Washington D.C.) (1992). Paths to Asian medical knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07318-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Lonsdorf, Nancy. "The Maharishi Ayurveda Approach to Allergies". www.pointshop.com/. Retrieved November 16, 2009. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• MAAA (2009). "Faculty and Curriculum Development Committee". Retrieved November 16, 2009. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Maharishi Amrit Kalash – The Rasayana of Rasayanas". www.maharishi.co.uk. 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
• "Maharishi Medical Centers and Alternative Medicine". www.maharishi-medical.com. Retrieved 2009-11-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |citeref= ignored (help)
• Nader, Tony (2000). Human Physiology; Expression of Veda and Vedic Literature. Maharishi Vedic University. OCLC 34051833. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Music- Maharishi Gandharva Veda". Maharishi University of Management Press. Retrieved 2009-11-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |citeref= ignored (help)
• Nader, TA; Smith, DE; Dillbeck, MC; Schanbacher, V; Dillbeck, SL; Gallois, P; Beall-Rougerie, S; Schneider, RH; Nidich, SI (2001). "A double blind randomized controlled trial of Maharishi Vedic vibration technology in subjects with arthritis". Frontiers in Bioscience. 6: H7 – H17. PMID 11282569. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Nanda, Meera (April 8–21, 2008). "Ayurveda under the scanner". Frontline. Vol. 23, no. 7. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
• Nidich, SI; Schneider, RH; Nidich, RJ; Rainforth, M; Salerno, J; Scharf, D; Smith, DE; Dillbeck, MC; Nader, TA (2001). "Maharishi Vedic vibration technology on chronic disorders and associated quality of life". Frontiers in Bioscience. 6: H1–6. PMID 11282570. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• O'Connell, David F.; Alexander, Charles Nathaniel (1994). Self-recovery : treating addictions using transcendental meditation and Maharishi Ayur-Ved. New York: Harrington Park Press. ISBN 978-1-56024-454-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orme-Johnson, D. W.; Alexander, C. N.; Davies, J. L.; Chandler, H. M.; Larimore, W. E. (1988). "International Peace Project in the Middle East: The Effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 32: 776. doi:10.1177/0022002788032004009. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orme-Johnson, DW; Herron, RE (1997). "An innovative approach to reducing medical care utilization and expenditures". The American Journal of Managed Care. 3 (1): 135–44. PMID 10169245. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Pettus, Elise (August 14, 1995). "The Mind-Body Problems". New York Magazine. p. 28ff, 95. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Paul-Labrador, M; Polk, D; Dwyer, JH; Velasquez, I; Nidich, S; Rainforth, M; Schneider, R; Merz, CN (2006). "Effects of a randomized controlled trial of transcendental meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease". Archives of Internal Medicine. 166 (11): 1218–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1218. PMID 16772250. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) "AMA Article"
• Perry, Tony (1994-09-19). "Alternative care edges into medical mainstream". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. ISSN 0458-3035. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Radford, Bill (Jan 18, 2000). "Herbal warfare: Local company hopes ancient Indian science takes hold as modern health care alternative". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colo. p. LIFE.1. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Reddy, Kumuda; Egenes, Linda (2002). Conquering Chronic Disease Through Maharishi Vedic Medicine. Lantern Books. ISBN 978-1-930051-55-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Saper, RB; Kales, SN; Paquin, J; Burns, MJ; Eisenberg, DM; Davis, RB; Phillips, RS (2004). "Heavy metal content of ayurvedic herbal medicine products". JAMA. 292 (23): 2868–73. doi:10.1001/jama.292.23.2868. PMID 15598918. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Saper, RB; Phillips, RS; Sehgal, A; Khouri, N; Davis, RB; Paquin, J; Thuppil, V; Kales, SN (2008). "Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet". JAMA. 300 (8): 915–23. doi:10.1001/jama.300.8.915. PMC 2755247. PMID 18728265. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Schneider, Robert H.; Fields, Jeremy Z. (2006). Total heart health : how to prevent and reverse heart disease with the maharishi vedic approach to healt. Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications. ISBN 978-1-59120-087-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Schneider, RH; Alexander, CN; Salerno, JW; Robinson Jr, DK; Fields, JZ; Nidich, SI (2002). "Disease prevention and health promotion in the aging with a traditional system of natural medicine: Maharishi Vedic Medicine". Journal of Aging and Health. 14 (1): 57–78. doi:10.1177/089826430201400104. PMC 2211377. PMID 11892761. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Sharma, Hari M.; Chopra, Deepak (1991-10-02). "Maharishi Ayur-Veda-Reply". JAMA. 266 (13): 1774. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130045030. Retrieved 2009-11-17. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help)
• Sharma, HM; Triguna, BD; Chopra, D (1991). "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: modern insights into ancient medicine". JAMA. 265 (20): 2633–4, 2637. doi:10.1001/jama.265.20.2633. PMID 1817464. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sharma, Hari (1995). "Maharishi Ayur-VedaAn Ancient Health Paradigm in a Modern World". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 1: 364. doi:10.1089/act.1995.1.364. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sharma, Hari M.; Clark, Christopher (1998). Micozzi, Marc (ed.). Contemporary Ayurveda : medicine and research in Maharishi Ayur-Ved. Medical Guides to Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Foreword by Gary Kaplan. New York: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-05594-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Skolnick, A. A. (1991). "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's marketing scheme promises the world eternal 'perfect health'". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 266: 1741. doi:10.1001/jama.266.13.1741. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tompkins, VD (1992). "Closing the chapter on Maharishi Ayur-Veda". JAMA. 267 (10): 1339, author reply 1339–40. doi:10.1001/jama.267.10.1339. PMID 1740850. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Sundaram, V; Hanna, AN; Lubow, GP; Koneru, L; Falko, JM; Sharma, HM (1997). "Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by oral herbal mixtures Maharishi Amrit Kalash-4 and Maharishi Amrit Kalash-5 in hyperlipidemic patients". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 314 (5): 303–10. doi:10.1097/00000441-199711000-00007. PMID 9365332. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Szabo, Liz (2008-08-26). "Study finds toxins in some herbal medicines". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2009-11-17. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Vedic Music Research". Global Good News. Retrieved 2009-11-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |citeref= ignored (help)
• Waldschutz, Rainer (1988). "Influence of Maharishi Ayurvedaa Purification Treatment on Physiological and Psychological Health". Erfahrungsheilkunde—Acta Medica Empirica (German medical journal). 11: 720–729. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wallace, Robert Keith (1993). The physiology of consciousness. Fairfield, Iowa: Maharishi International University Press. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-0-923569-02-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wallace, RK; Dillbeck, M; Jacobe, E; Harrington, B (1982). "The effects of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the aging process". The International Journal of Neuroscience. 16 (1): 53–8. doi:10.3109/00207458209147602. PMID 6763007. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Walton, Kenneth; Levitsky, Debra (1994). "A Neurondocrine Mechanism for the Reduction of Drug Use and Addictions by Transcendental Meditiation". Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 11: 89. doi:10.1300/J020v11n01_03. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Weil, Andrew (2000-04-04). Spontaneous Healing. Random House, Inc. p. 381. ISBN 0804117942, 9780804117944. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Weintraub, Michael I.; Mamtani, Ravinder; Micozzi, Marc S. (2008). Complementary and integrative medicine in pain managemen. New York: Springer Pub. Co. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8261-2874-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wilson, Archie F.; Honsberger, Ronald; Chiu, John T.; Novey, Harold S. (1975). "Transcendental Meditation and Asthma". Respiration. 32 (1): 74. doi:10.1159/000193637. PMID 1118672. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wujastyk, Dagmar; Smith, Frederick M. (2008). Modern and global Ayurveda : pluralism and paradigm. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7489-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Zysk, Kenneth G. (1998). Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda (Indian Medical Tradition). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,. ISBN 81-208-1400-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)}}

External links

• Maharishi Ayurveda Products International, Inc.

• Transcendental Meditation
• Ayurveda