| Revision as of 05:43, 29 November 2005 editMetropolitan (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,330 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 05:44, 29 November 2005 edit undoMetropolitan (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,330 edits →LinesNext edit → | ||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
| * Number of stops : 46 | * Number of stops : 46 | ||
| * Traffic (2004) : 272,800,000 journeys per annum ''(on the RATP section)'' | * Traffic (2004) : 272,800,000 journeys per annum ''(on the RATP section)'' | ||
| Line A is formed from the connection across Paris of the ]-] line in the west to the ] - ] line in the east. In the 1990s a new eastern section was built extending the line to ]. | Line A is formed from the connection across Paris of the ]-] line in the west to the ] - ] line in the east. In the 1990s a new eastern section was built extending the line to ]. | ||
| Line 108: | Line 109: | ||
| * Number of stops : 47 | * Number of stops : 47 | ||
| * Traffic (2004) : 165,100,000 journeys per annum ''(on the RATP section)'' | * Traffic (2004) : 165,100,000 journeys per annum ''(on the RATP section)'' | ||
| Line B was the product of the connection in 1977 of the ] terminus, ], with the ] via ]. In 1988 ] station between ''Luxembourg'' and ''Châtelet - Les Halles'' was opened to provide connection with Métro Line 10 at ], a station which had been closed since the beginning of the second world war and was entirely renovated for the occasion. | Line B was the product of the connection in 1977 of the ] terminus, ], with the ] via ]. In 1988 ] station between ''Luxembourg'' and ''Châtelet - Les Halles'' was opened to provide connection with Métro Line 10 at ], a station which had been closed since the beginning of the second world war and was entirely renovated for the occasion. | ||
| Line 117: | Line 119: | ||
| * Length : 185.6 km (115.3 miles) | * Length : 185.6 km (115.3 miles) | ||
| * Number of stops : 86 | * Number of stops : 86 | ||
| Line C was created in 1979 by connecting the Gare d'Orsay railway terminus (now ]) with the '']'' terminus of the Rive Gauche line to ] along the banks of the ]. In 1988 the Argenteuil branch opened, using most of the infrastructure of the old SNCF ] line and connecting to the line's main trunk at ] via a curved bridge (the only one in Paris) over the Seine river. | Line C was created in 1979 by connecting the Gare d'Orsay railway terminus (now ]) with the '']'' terminus of the Rive Gauche line to ] along the banks of the ]. In 1988 the Argenteuil branch opened, using most of the infrastructure of the old SNCF ] line and connecting to the line's main trunk at ] via a curved bridge (the only one in Paris) over the Seine river. | ||
| Line 126: | Line 129: | ||
| * Length : 145.1 km (90.2 miles) | * Length : 145.1 km (90.2 miles) | ||
| * Number of stops : 46 | * Number of stops : 46 | ||
| Line D links the ''Gare du Nord'' with the ''Gare de Lyon'' via '']''. The section north of the ''Gare du Nord'' opened in the late 1980s; a dedicated tunnel opened in 1995 to connect it to the SNCF network south of the ''Gare de Lyon'', part of which was transferred to the RER. | Line D links the ''Gare du Nord'' with the ''Gare de Lyon'' via '']''. The section north of the ''Gare du Nord'' opened in the late 1980s; a dedicated tunnel opened in 1995 to connect it to the SNCF network south of the ''Gare de Lyon'', part of which was transferred to the RER. | ||
Revision as of 05:44, 29 November 2005
- This page is about the Paris rail network. In biology, RER is the abbreviation for rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The RER (Réseau Express Régional, IPA /εr ə εr/, "Regional Express Network") is an urban rail network in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region of France.
The RER is a hybrid transportation system being half way between suburban rails and subway. RER lines are pre-existing suburban lines connected to one another through long modern tunnels crossing the center of Paris. Within the City of Paris, they serve as express lines offering multiple connections to the Paris Métro. The essential central part of the network was completed by a massive civil engineering effort between 1962 and 1977, and features some unusually deep and spacious stations. The RER network is still expanding today — the new line E was inaugurated in 1999. As of 2005 the RER comprises five lines: A, B, C, D and E.
Due to its hybrid aspect, being both a subway network and a suburban network, some parts of RER lines are operated by the city transport authority managing the métro (RATP) and others by the national rail company (SNCF).
History
Origins
The origins of the RER can be traced back to the 1936 Ruhlmann-Langewin plan of the Compagnie du Métropolitain de Paris for a wide-sectioned "métropolitain express" (express metro). As the CMP's post-war successor, the RATP revived the scheme in the 1950s, with the result that that an interministerial committee decided in 1960 to go ahead with construction of a first, east-west, line. As its chief inspiration, the RATP was granted authority to run the new link and the SNCF thus ceded operation of the Saint-Germain-en-Laye line (to the west of Paris) and the Vincennes line (to the east). The embryonic (and as yet unnamed) RER was conceived in the 1965 Schéma directeur d'aménagement et d'urbanisme as an "H"-shaped rapid transit network (that is, with two north-south routes). Only a single north-south axis crossing the Left Bank came to fruition, although the Métro's Line 13 was upgraded to perform a similar function.
Pioneering
In the first phase of construction the Saint-Germain and Vincennes lines became the ends of the east-west Line A, whose central section was opened station by station between 1969 and 1977. On its completion the Line A was joined by an initial southern leg of the north-south Line B. During this first phase six new stations were built, three entirely underground and all on a grand scale.
Construction was ceremonially inaugurated by Robert Buron, Minister for Public Works, on 6 July 1961. The rapid expansion of the La Défense business district in the west made the western section of the new east-west route a priority and it was here that tunnelling began properly in 1962. Such was the scale of the work that it was not until 12 December 1969 that the first new station — and the RER name — was inaugurated, at Nation on the eastern section. Nation became the new terminus of the Vincennes line from Boissy. A few weeks later came the long-awaited opening of the western line from Étoile (not yet renamed after Charles de Gaulle) to La Défense. A simple shuttle service, this western section was extended eastward to the newly-built, central Auber station on 23 November 1971, and westward to Saint-Germain-en-Laye by means of connection to the Saint-Germain-en-Laye line (the oldest railway line in France) on 1 October 1972 at Nanterre - Préfecture.
The RER network truly came into being on December 9 1977 with the joining of the Nation-Boissy and Auber-Saint-Germain-en-Laye segments as the eastern and western halves of the RER Line A at the just-completed hub station of Châtelet - Les Halles in the heart of Paris. The southern Ligne de Sceaux was simultaneously extended from its terminus at Luxembourg to meet Line A at Châtelet – Les Halles, becoming the new Line B. The system of line names was introduced to the public on this occasion, though it had been used internally at RATP and SNCF for some time already.
Completion
A second phase, from the end of the 1970s, was of more soberly paced completion. The SNCF gained the right to operate its own routes outright, which were to become lines C, D and E. Extensive sections of suburban track were added to the network but only four new stations were built. Of these, two were nonetheless comparable in audaciousness to those of the 1970s. The network as it is today was completed in the following stages:
- Line C (following the Left Bank of the Seine) was added in 1979, involving the construction of a short cut-and-cover link between Invalides and Musée d'Orsay.
- Line B extension to the Gare du Nord and the north was effected in 1983, by means of a new deep tunnel from Châtelet - Les Halles.
- Line D (north to south-east, via Châtelet – Les Halles) was added in 1995, using a new deep tunnel between Châtelet – Les Halles and Gare de Lyon. No new building work was necessary at Châtelet – Les Halles, since — in an example of superb planning — additional platforms for an eventual Line D had been built at the time of the station's construction twenty years earlier.
- Line E was added in 1998, connecting the north-east with Gare Saint-Lazare by means of a new deep tunnel from Gare de l'Est.
Enduring investment
Two aspects of the RER's pioneering phase in the 1960s and 1970s are particularly noteworthy. The first is the spectacular scale and expense of the enterprise. For example, FF 2 billion were committed to the project in the budget of 1973 alone. This, it has been pointed out, would equate to roughly EUR 1.3 billion in today's terms, and closer to double that when stated as a proportion of the region's (then much smaller) economic output (Gerondeau C, 2003). This and subsequent spending is partly explained by the regional versement transport ("transport contribution"), a small levy made on businesses — which evidently benefit from the vast labour market put at their disposal by the RER. This peculiarly French invention was passed by a law in June 1971 and has been a permanent source of revenue for transport investment ever since.
Second, it is striking how little public consultation was made over such expenditures and tax innovations. Contrary to the lively public debate which accompanied the building of the Métro seventy years previously, the RER aroused little media attention and was essentially decided behind the closed doors of cabinet meetings. The will, and even idealism, of a handful of people — notably Pierre Giraudet, Directeur Général of the RATP — proved decisive in persuading ministers to grant credits. So too did the united front presented by the RATP and SNCF and their success at keeping within their budgets. Given the subsequent success of the RER, the investment can in retrospect perhaps be considered money well spent.
Trains
The overall predominance of suburban SNCF track on the RER network explains why RER trains drive on the left, like SNCF trains (except in Alsace-Moselle), and contrary to the Métro where trains drive on the right. To this day RER trains run by the two different operators are obliged to share the same track infrastructure, a practice called interconnection. On the RER, interconnection required the development of specific trains (MI79 series for Materiel d'Interconnexion 1979, and MI2N series for Materiel d'Interconnexion à 2 niveaux (2 levels interconnexion material)) capable of operating under both the 1.5 kV direct current on the RATP network and the 25 kV / 50 Hz alternating current on the SNCF network. The MS61 series (for Matériel Simple 1961) can only be used on the 1.5 kV direct current network.
The RER's tunnels have unusually large cross-sections. This is due to a 1961 decision to build according to a standard set by the Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, with space for overheard catenary power supply to trains. Single-direction tunnels thus measure 6.30m across and dual-direction tunnels up to 8.70m - implying a cross-sectional area of up to 50 square metres, larger than that of the stations on many comparable underground rail networks.
Stations
The six stations of Line A opened between 1969 and 1977, and built under the heart of Paris, are:
- La Défense (situated beneath the current site of the Grande Arche de la Défense, just outside the Paris perimeter)
- Charles de Gaulle - Étoile (entirely underground construction at the site of the Arc de Triomphe)
- Auber (entirely underground and once the largest underground station in the world, situated near Gare Saint-Lazare)
- Châtelet - Les Halles (built on the site of the former marketplace and today perhaps the largest underground station in Europe)
- Gare de Lyon (platforms built directly beneath and alongside the mainline SNCF station)
- Nation (entirely underground construction at the Place de la Nation)
Some controversy followed the construction of the Line A. Using the model of the existing Métro, and unlike any other underground network in the world, engineers elected to build the three new deep stations (Étoile, Auber and Nation) in the configuration of single monolithic halls with lateral platforms and no supporting pillars. A hybrid solution of adjacently-positioned halls was rejected on the grounds that it "completely sacrificed the architectural aspect" of the oeuvre (Gerondeau 2003, p31). Yet the scale in question was vast: the new stations cathédrales were to be up to three times longer, wider and taller than Métro stations, and hence twenty or thirty times more voluminous. Most importantly, unlike the Métro they were to be constructed entirely underground. The decision turned out to be expensive - around FFr1.2 billion for the three stations, equivalent to €1.2 billion in modern terms, with the two-level Auber the costliest of the three. The comparison was obvious and unfavourable with London's Victoria Line, a deep line of 22km constructed during the same period using a two-tunnel approach at vastly lower cost. However, the three stations represent undeniable engineering feats and are noticeably less claustrophobic than traditional underground stations.
Since Lines C and D used essentially pre-existing infrastructure (with the detailed exceptions), only four new stations have been inaugurated since 1979:
- Gare du Nord (dedicated RER platforms on two levels, opened 1982)
- St-Michel - Nôtre-Dame (1988), opened on an existing stretch of the Line B between Luxembourg and Châtelet - Les Halles and remarkable for its two-tunnel architecture, common to many other deep underground systems but unique in Paris
- Magenta (serving both Gare du Nord and Gare de l'Est) and Haussmann - St-Lazare (both 1998). The two new stations of the Line E are notable for the lavish spaciousness of their entirely underground construction. In this way they are similar to the 1960s "cathedral stations" of the Line A (see above), though their passenger traffic has proved vastly lower.
Lines
Line A
Saint-Germain-en-Laye (A1), Cergy Le Haut (A3) and Poissy (A5) to Boissy-Saint-Léger (A2) and Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy (A4)
- First inauguration : December 9, 1977
- Length : 108.5 km (67.4 miles)
- Number of stops : 46
- Traffic (2004) : 272,800,000 journeys per annum (on the RATP section)
Line A is formed from the connection across Paris of the Saint-Germain-en-Laye-Nanterre line in the west to the Vincennes - Marne-la-Vallée line in the east. In the 1990s a new eastern section was built extending the line to Disneyland Resort Paris.
Popular success and responses
Line A has been a runaway success since its inauguration and, with its million-plus passengers per workday, has frequently been presented as the busiest urban transit line in the world. This claim has been disputed (Gerondeau C, 2003 — see reference) by reference to the figure of 103,080 passengers-per-hour claimed by the Japanese Ministry of Transport for the JR Chuo Line in Tokyo — almost twice the equivalent figure (55,000) for the RER Line A (both 1992). Japan being something of a case apart in the field of rail transport — accounting for 40% of all train journeys in the world - it clearly remains the case that the RER Line A is an exceptionally busy route.
Ever-increasing traffic volume and the need to ward off imminent saturation have been major factors in RATP and SNCF's planning since the inauguration of the Line A. At least five major capital investment decisions can be directly traced back to this issue:
- In the early 1980s RATP contracted German conglomerate Siemens to develop a dynamic traffic control system that would remove the capacity constraints caused by conventional block traffic management. This system, called SACEM (Système Automatique de Contrôle, d'Entretien et de Maintenance), remains today one of the world's most advanced traffic control systems and enables extremely short spacing (well under 90 seconds) between trains during rush hour. (Parisians have become used to the somewhat surreal sight of a train pulling into a station as the one before it is just clearing the platform!)
- Around the same time, RATP had to order a significant number of additional MI79/MI84 trains to remedy premature wear and tear on its existing MS61 rolling stock caused by over-utilization of Line A.
- Later in the 1980s, the need to relieve congestion on the central segment of Line A was a key factor in selecting the route of the new, fully automated Line 14 (also known as METEOR) of the Métro.
- The same need governed the choice of the route of RER Line E in the early 1990s and is a factor in current plans for that line's westward or south-westward extension.
- An entirely new class of double-decker trains (MI2N series) entered service in 1998, in part a product of RATP's belief that no further infrastructure improvement (short of an extremely expensive track doubling) would relieve congestion on Line A.
One simple (if partial) solution to the congestion problem that has never been implemented is a change in the seating configuration inside the trains themselves. The RER is unusual among high-capacity urban train networks in its attachment to "transversal" (front and back facing) seating. A change to "longitudinal" (sideways window-lining) seating typically reduces the number of seats by 10% but increases the standing room by 30%. The result is increased capacity and a less cramped ride for those without seats.
Line B
Robinson (B2) and Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse (B4) to Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 2-TGV (B3) and Mitry-Claye (B5)
- First inauguration : December 9, 1977
- Length : 80.0 km (49.7 miles)
- Number of stops : 47
- Traffic (2004) : 165,100,000 journeys per annum (on the RATP section)
Line B was the product of the connection in 1977 of the Ligne de Sceaux terminus, Luxembourg, with the Gare du Nord via Châtelet - Les Halles. In 1988 St-Michel - Nôtre-Dame station between Luxembourg and Châtelet - Les Halles was opened to provide connection with Métro Line 10 at Cluny - La Sorbonne, a station which had been closed since the beginning of the second world war and was entirely renovated for the occasion.
Line C
Pontoise (C1), Argenteuil (C3), Versailles - Rive Gauche (C5) and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (C7) to Massy-Palaiseau (C2), Dourdan-la-Forêt (C4), Saint-Martin d'Étampes (C6) and Versailles - Chantiers (C8)
- First inauguration : 1979
- Length : 185.6 km (115.3 miles)
- Number of stops : 86
Line C was created in 1979 by connecting the Gare d'Orsay railway terminus (now Musée d'Orsay) with the Invalides terminus of the Rive Gauche line to Versailles along the banks of the Seine. In 1988 the Argenteuil branch opened, using most of the infrastructure of the old SNCF Auteuil line and connecting to the line's main trunk at Javel via a curved bridge (the only one in Paris) over the Seine river.
Line D
Orry-la-Ville - Coye (D1) to Melun (D2) and Malesherbes (D4)
- First inauguration : September 27, 1987
- Length : 145.1 km (90.2 miles)
- Number of stops : 46
Line D links the Gare du Nord with the Gare de Lyon via Châtelet - Les-Halles. The section north of the Gare du Nord opened in the late 1980s; a dedicated tunnel opened in 1995 to connect it to the SNCF network south of the Gare de Lyon, part of which was transferred to the RER.
Line E
Haussmann St-Lazare (E1) to Chelles Gournay (E2) and Tournan (E4)
- First inauguration : 1999
- Length : 31.7 km (19.7 miles)
- Number of stops : 15
Line E runs from Haussmann - St-Lazare via Magenta (serving Gare de l'Est and Gare du Nord) to the north-eastern suburbs. It was originally referred to as the EOLE, or Est Ouest Ligne Express.
The line's construction leaves the Gare Montparnasse as the only mainline terminus in Paris not directly connected to the RER system - the Montparnasse main line being connected to the RER at Massy-Palaiseau (see Ligne de Sceaux).
Future developments
The main hypotheses for future extensions to the RER focus on the Line E, which currently ends in a cul-de-sac at Haussmann - St-Lazare.
Various Line E extensions have been proposed:
- Eastwards from Chelles-Gournay to Esbly and Meaux
- Eastwards from Tournon to Coulommiers
- Westwards from Haussmann - St Lazare to Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche and Versailles Rive-Droite, via a new station at Champs-Elysées - Clémenceau and Gare Montparnasse.
A new Line E station has also been proposed at Rue de l'Évangile on the existing approach to Gare de l'Est, with a tentative opening date of 2010.
Plans exist for a hypothetical line F, which would connect Argenteuil to Rambouillet via the existing tracks of the St-Lazare and Montparnasse rail networks. A new tunnel would therefore be bored below Paris, with the creation of a station at Invalides. At present, this is not forseen before 2020.
International comparison
The acronym RER is commonly used to describe the urban rail network currently being planned for the Brussels region and for major cities of Switzerland. German equivalents of the RER are known as the S-Bahn.
See also
- List of stations of the Paris RER for a complete list of stations
- Transportation in France.
References
- Gaillard, M. (1991). Du Madeleine-Bastille à Météor: Histoire des transports Parisiens, Amiens: Martelle. ISBN 2878900138. (French)
- Gerondeau, C. (2003). La Saga du RER et le maillon manquant, Paris: Presse de l'École nationale des ponts et chaussées. ISBN 2-85978-368-7. (French)