Respiration (physiology): Difference between revisions

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	In ], '''respiration''' is the transport of ] from the outside air to the cells within ]s, and the transport of ] in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to the ] definition of respiration, which refers to ''']''': the ] process by which an ] obtains energy by reacting ] with ] to give ], ] and ] (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain ] and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the animal, while physiologic respiration concerns the ] and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
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	In ] organisms, simple ] is sufficient for gas exchange: every cell is constantly bathed in the external environment, with only a short distance for gases to flow across. In contrast, complex multicellular animals such as ] have a much greater distance between the environment and their innermost cells, thus, a ] is needed for effective gas exchange. The respiratory system works in concert with a ] to carry gases to and from the tissues.
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	In air-breathing ] such as humans, respiration of oxygen includes four stages:
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	*'''Ventilation''', moving of the ambient air into and out of the ] of the ]s.
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	*'''Pulmonary gas exchange''', exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
	*'''Gas transport''', movement of gases within the pulmonary capillaries through the circulation to the peripheral capillaries in the ]s, and then a movement of gases back to the ]s along the same circulatory route.
	*'''Peripheral gas exchange''', exchange of gases between the tissue capillaries and the ]s or ]s, impacting the cells composing these and ] within the cells.

	Note that ventilation and gas transport require energy to power a mechanical pump (the ]) and the muscles of respitation, mainly the ]. In heavy breathing, energy is also required to power additional respiatory muscles such as the ]. The energy requirement for ventiliation and gas transport is in contrast to the passive diffusion taking place in the gas exchange steps.

	Respiratory Behaviours
	respiratory behavior is correlated to the cardiovascular behavior to control the gaseous exchange between cells and blood. Both behaviors are intensified by exercise of the body. However, respiratory is highly voluntary compare to cardiovascular activity which is totally involuntary.

	] is the branch of ] concerned with respiration.

	== Classifications of respiration ==

	There are several way to classify the physiology of respiration:

	=== By species ===

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	=== By mechanism ===

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	=== By experiments ===

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	=== By disorders ===

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	=== By medication ===

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	=== By intensive care and emergency medicine ===

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	=== By other medical topics ===

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	== See also ==

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	References:
	Warren W.burggren, Eckert Animal Physiology, Freeman

Revision as of 18:17, 19 May 2009

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