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] are burning a ], ], June, ].]] | |||
⚫ | '''Lithuanian partisans''' is a term used by historians to describe Lithuanian collaborators with the Nazis. These partisans, mostly fighters against retreating Soviet forces during the ], were organized into various groups by Nazis to assist and actively participate in mass executions of ] mostly in June–August 1941. The term applies to several different groups: | ||
⚫ | '''Lithuanian partisans''' were the fighters in the ] consisting of ] units reinforced by 3,600 deserters from 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the Red Army,<ref>], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713, </ref> who jointly participated in the ] in 1941. ''Lithuanian partisans'' is also a term used by historians to describe Lithuanian collaborators with the Nazis. These partisans, mostly fighters against retreating Soviet forces during the ], were organized into various groups by Nazis to assist and actively participate in mass executions of ] mostly in June–August 1941. The term applies to several different groups: | ||
* A group led by ] and active in Kaunas at the end of June 1941 | * A group led by ] and active in Kaunas at the end of June 1941 | ||
* ] (TDA) formed in Kaunas as basis for independent Lithuanian army, but soon employed by the Nazis to execute Jews at the ] and ]s | * ] (TDA) formed in Kaunas as basis for independent Lithuanian army, but soon employed by the Nazis to execute Jews at the ] and ]s | ||
* ] (police battalions) formed in Vilnius from 3,600 deserters from 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the Red Army<ref>], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713, </ref> | * ] (police battalions) formed in Vilnius from 3,600 deserters from 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the Red Army<ref>], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713, </ref> | ||
* ] formed in Vilnius and participant in the ] | * ] formed in Vilnius and participant in the ] | ||
== Pogroms and massacres in Kaunas == | |||
] in ], ], ].]] | |||
On ], ],<ref>Jono David, Source: Jono David. "The Jews of Kovno: Text and Photographs." The Jewish Magazine. August-September 2000. Issue No. 35. Reprinted with permission.</ref> encouraged by the SS, members of the ],<ref>], ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713, </ref> a pro-German partisan organization, participate in a ] against Jews in ]. They attack rabbis and their followers in the suburb of ], known to local Jews as ]. In a two-day pogrom, Lithuanian partisans set fire to all ]s and burn down some 60 homes. They kill between 800 and 1,000 Jews. | |||
On ], 1941, while crowds of ]s and many German soldiers look on, Lithuanian partisans kill 60 Jews at the ] garage in central Kaunas, battering most of them to death with iron bars. ] ]s take pictures for use in German publications. | |||
On ], acting under orders of the SS, Lithuanian partisan units shoot nearly 3,000 Jews at the ], one of the nineteenth-century fortifications surrounding Kaunas. Throughout the occupation of the city, the SS and police use several of the forts around Kaunas as ]s and sites for ]s. | |||
On ], 1941 in what comes to be known as the "intellectuals' action," SS, police units, and Lithuanian partisans shoot hundreds of Jewish professionals at the ]. ] (mobile killing unit) commander SS Colonel ] reports that units under his command shot more than 1,800 Jews at the Fourth Fort on this date. | |||
]. The SS and Lithuanian partisans kill about 1,800 Jews, destroying another small ghetto in Kaunas. The SS commando ]s to a large ghetto those Jews they deemed to be fit for work and shoots those without work certificates, mostly women and children, at the ]. The SS also sets fire to the Hospital for Infectious Diseases with patients and hospital staff still inside. | |||
], 1941. In an operation that becomes known as "the Great Action," SS Sergeant ] of the Kaunas ] (secret state police) conducts a selection in the Kaunas ghetto. All ghetto inhabitants are forced to assemble in a central square of the ghetto. Rauca selects more than 9,000 Jewish men, women, and children, about one-third of the ghetto population. The next day, SS and Lithuanian units shoot them at the Ninth Fort. This is the largest mass killing of ]. | |||
]. Two thousand Jews deported from ] and ] arrive in Kaunas. The SS and police shoot the Jews, including 1,155 women and 152 children, at the Ninth Fort. During the war, the SS and police kill more than 5,000 Jews from ], ], ], and ] at the Ninth Fort in Kaunas.<ref></ref> | |||
] ] included this map, illustrated with coffins, in his ] to show the numbers of people that he and other Nazis had murdered in ], ], ], and ] up to ], ].]] | |||
== Executions == | |||
=== Executions conducted in 1941 and carried out by Lithuanian partisans on ] instructions and under his command include: === | |||
*], ] - Fort VII - 416 Jews, 47 Jewesses: 463 | |||
*], Kaunas - Fort VII - Jews: 2,514 | |||
''The list is not complete.'' | |||
== See also == | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
== References == | == References == |
Revision as of 13:01, 3 March 2009
Lithuanian partisans were the fighters in the Lithuanian resistance during World War II consisting of Lithuanian Activist Front units reinforced by 3,600 deserters from 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the Red Army, who jointly participated in the Holocaust in Lithuania in 1941. Lithuanian partisans is also a term used by historians to describe Lithuanian collaborators with the Nazis. These partisans, mostly fighters against retreating Soviet forces during the June Uprising, were organized into various groups by Nazis to assist and actively participate in mass executions of Lithuanian Jews mostly in June–August 1941. The term applies to several different groups:
- A group led by Algirdas Klimaitis and active in Kaunas at the end of June 1941
- Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas (TDA) formed in Kaunas as basis for independent Lithuanian army, but soon employed by the Nazis to execute Jews at the Seventh and Ninth Forts
- Lithuanian Self-Defence Units (police battalions) formed in Vilnius from 3,600 deserters from 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the Red Army
- Ypatingasis būrys formed in Vilnius and participant in the Ponary massacre
Pogroms and massacres in Kaunas
On June 25, 1941, encouraged by the SS, members of the Lithuanian Activist Front, a pro-German partisan organization, participate in a pogrom against Jews in Kaunas. They attack rabbis and their followers in the suburb of Vilijampole, known to local Jews as Slobodka. In a two-day pogrom, Lithuanian partisans set fire to all synagogues and burn down some 60 homes. They kill between 800 and 1,000 Jews.
On June 27, 1941, while crowds of spectators and many German soldiers look on, Lithuanian partisans kill 60 Jews at the Lietukis garage in central Kaunas, battering most of them to death with iron bars. German army photographers take pictures for use in German publications.
On July 6, acting under orders of the SS, Lithuanian partisan units shoot nearly 3,000 Jews at the Seventh Fort, one of the nineteenth-century fortifications surrounding Kaunas. Throughout the occupation of the city, the SS and police use several of the forts around Kaunas as prisons and sites for massacres.
On August 18, 1941 in what comes to be known as the "intellectuals' action," SS, police units, and Lithuanian partisans shoot hundreds of Jewish professionals at the Fourth Fort. Einsatzgruppe (mobile killing unit) commander SS Colonel Karl Jäger reports that units under his command shot more than 1,800 Jews at the Fourth Fort on this date.
October 4. The SS and Lithuanian partisans kill about 1,800 Jews, destroying another small ghetto in Kaunas. The SS commando transfers to a large ghetto those Jews they deemed to be fit for work and shoots those without work certificates, mostly women and children, at the Ninth Fort. The SS also sets fire to the Hospital for Infectious Diseases with patients and hospital staff still inside.
October 28, 1941. In an operation that becomes known as "the Great Action," SS Sergeant Helmut Rauca of the Kaunas Gestapo (secret state police) conducts a selection in the Kaunas ghetto. All ghetto inhabitants are forced to assemble in a central square of the ghetto. Rauca selects more than 9,000 Jewish men, women, and children, about one-third of the ghetto population. The next day, SS and Lithuanian units shoot them at the Ninth Fort. This is the largest mass killing of Lithuanian Jews.
November 29. Two thousand Jews deported from Vienna and Breslau arrive in Kaunas. The SS and police shoot the Jews, including 1,155 women and 152 children, at the Ninth Fort. During the war, the SS and police kill more than 5,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, France, and Czechoslovakia at the Ninth Fort in Kaunas.
Executions
Executions conducted in 1941 and carried out by Lithuanian partisans on Karl Jäger instructions and under his command include:
The list is not complete.
See also
- Lithuanian partisans (1944–1953)
- Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
- Latvian national partisans
- Forest Brothers
References
- Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713, Google Print, p.164
- Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713, Google Print, p.164
- Jono David, The Virtual Jewish History Tour Source: Jono David. "The Jews of Kovno: Text and Photographs." The Jewish Magazine. August-September 2000. Issue No. 35. Reprinted with permission.
- Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0786403713, Google Print, p.163
- Complete tabulation of executions carried out in the Einsatzkommando 3 zone up to December 1, 1941