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The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. European ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe.

Pan and Pfeil (2002) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans.

Overview

There are eight peoples of Europe with more than 30 million members:

1. the Russians (ca. 90 million settling in the European parts of Russia),
2. the Germans (ca. 76 million),,
3. the French (ca. 63 million)
4. the Italians (ca. 53 million)
5. the English (45 million)
6. the Spanish (ca. 42 million),
7. the Ukrainians (ca. 41 million),
8. the Poles (ca. 38 million).

These eight groups between themselves account for some 460 million or about 63% of European population.

About 20-25 million residents (3%) are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The population of the European Union, with some five hundred million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.

v t e Overview map of the peoples of Europe
Size and geographic distribution of the 87 peoples of Europe, according to Pan & Pfeil (2003). Font size reflects population size (groups smaller than 2 million not to scale) Groups not shown due to lack of geographic concentration: Romani (3.8 million), Jews (1.3 million), Karaim (4,600). Small Baltic Finns, Volga Finns and Caucasian groups (<0.2 million) not shown in map: Votes, Ludes, Setos, Võros; Balkars, Karachays, Laks, Lazs, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans, Tats, Tsakhurs.
Albanians Belarusians Bulgarians Croats Czechs Danes Finns French Occitans Ger ma ns Greeks Hungarians Irish Ita     li         ans Tatars Lithuanians Dutch Norwegians Poles Portu guese Romanians Russians Serbs Slovaks Span iards Galicians Catalans Swedes Turks Ukrainians English Scots Georgians Circassians Welsh Basques Slovenes Macedonians Bosniaks Montenegrins Faroese Sámi Icelanders Manx Maltese Latvians Livonians Estonians Frisians Chuvash Bashkirs Chechens Avars Dargins Lezgins Mordvins Ingush Ossete Udmurts Komi Permyaks Mari Komi Kazakhs Kalmyks Karelians Vepsians Izhorians Romansh Kashubs Bretons Cornish Aromanians Lux. Sorbs Kumyks Gagauz Inuit

Ethno-linguistic classifications

Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), over 80% or some 600 million fall within three large ethno-linguistic super-groups, viz., Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic. The largest groups that do not fall within either of these are the Greeks and the Hungarians (about 12 million each).

Europe has a population of about 2 million ethnic Jews (mostly also counted as part of the ethnic group of their respective home countries):

• Ashkenazi Jews (about 1.4 million, mostly German and Polish)
• Sephardi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French)
• Mizrahi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French)
• Italian Jews (some 50,000, mostly Italian)
• Romaniotes (some 6,000, mostly Greek)

Depending on what parts of the Caucasus are considered part of Europe, various peoples of the Caucasus may also be considered "European peoples":

• Armenians: approx. 4.5 million
• Georgians: approx. 4 million
• Chechens: over 2 million
• Abkhazians: est. 1 million
• Ossetians: approx. 600,000.

By country

Pan and Pfeil (2002) distinguish 33 peoples which form the majority population in at least one sovereign state geographically situated in Europe. These majorities range from nearly homogenous populations as in Poland or Albania to comparatively slight majorities as in Latvia or Belgium. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are multiethnic states in which no group forms a majority.

History

Prehistoric populations

The Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age directly. The Indo-European groups of Europe (the Centum groups plus Balto-Slavic and Albanian) are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age (Corded ware, Beaker people). The Finnic peoples are indigenous to northeastern Europe.

Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan and Eteocypriot. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

Historical populations

Iron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus:

• Aegean: Greek tribes, Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians and Anatolians.
• Balkans: Illyrians (list of Illyrian tribes), Dacians and Thracians.
• Italian peninsula: Italic peoples, Etruscans, Adriatic Veneti, Ligurians and Phoenician colonies.
• Western/Central Europe: Celts (list of peoples of Gaul), Rhaetians and Swabians.
• Iberian peninsula: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (Iberians, Lusitani, Aquitani, Celtiberians) and Basques.
• British Isles: Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland and Picts/Priteni.
• Northern Europe: Germanic peoples (list of Germanic peoples).
• Southern Europe: Sicani.
• Eastern Europe: Scythians, Sarmatians, Vistula Veneti, Lugii and Balts.

Historical immigration

Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:

• Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean, from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the Third Punic War in 146 BC.
• Iranian influence: Achaemenid control of Thrace (512-343 BC) and the Bosporan Kingdom, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetes.
• the Jewish diaspora reached Europe in the Roman Empire period, the Jewish community in Italy dating to before AD 70 and records of Jews settling Central Europe (Gaul) from the 5th century (see History of the Jews in Europe).
• The Hunnic Empire (5th century), converged with the Barbarian invasions, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire
• Avar Khaganate (c.560s-800), converged with the Slavic migrations, fused into the South Slavic states from the 9th century.
• the Bulgars (or proto-Bulgarians), a semi-nomadic people, originally from Central Asia, eventually absorbed by the Slavs.
• the Magyars (Hungarians), an Ugric people, and the Turkic Pechenegs and Khazars, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century.
• the Arabs conquered Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, southern Italy, Malta, Sardinia, and Hispania. Emirate of Sicily (831-1072) and Al-Andalus (711-1492)
• the Berber dynasties of the Almoravides and the Almohads ruled much of Spain and Portugal. Berber settlers made up as much as 20% of the population of Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
• exodus of Maghreb Christians
• the western Kipchaks known as Cumans entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
• the Mongol/Tatar invasions (1223-1480), and Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389-1878). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European Turks and Tatars.
• the Romani people (Gypsies) arrived during the Late Middle Ages
• the Mongol Kalmyks arrived in Kalmykia in the 17th century.

History of European ethnography

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The earliest accounts of European ethnography date to Classical Antiquity. Herodotus described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus gave a description of Greece itself besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by Polybius and others. Roman Empire period authors include Diodorus Siculus, Strabo and Tacitus. Julius Caesar gives an account of the Celtic tribes of Gaul, while Tacitus describes the Germanic tribes of Magna Germania. The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of Late Antiquity such as Agathias of Myrina Ammianus Marcellinus, Jordanes or Theophylact Simocatta give early accounts of the Slavs, the Franks, the Alamanni and the Goths.

Book IX of Isidore's Etymologiae (7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (of languages, peoples, realms, armies and cities". Ahmad ibn Fadlan in the 10th century gives an account of the peoples of Eastern Europe, in particular the Bolghar and the Rus'. William Rubruck, while most notable for his account of the Mongols, in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the Tatars and the Alans. Saxo Grammaticus and Adam of Bremen give an account of pre-Christian Scandinavia. The Chronicon Slavorum (12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.

Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 Synopsis universae philologiae published what is probably the earliest ethno-linguistic map of Europe, showing the beginning of the pater noster in the various European languages and scripts. In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of scientific racism, and the ethnic groups of Europe were grouped into a number of "races", Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic, all part of a larger "Caucasian" group. The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of nationalism, and in the 1930s exploitation for the purposes of fascist and Nazi propaganda so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a bona fide academic subdiscipline. The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronisław Malinowski who emphasized the importance of fieldwork. The emergence of population genetics further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the genetic history of Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the "indigenous" Basques and Sami from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."

Indigenous minorities

In a more narrow sense of "indigenous peoples", ethnic minorities marginalized by historical expansion of their neighbour populations, Europe's present-day indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this Eurasian peninsula. Whilst there are numerous ethnic minorities distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, per se. The following groups can be considered "indigenous peoples" of Europe in this narrow sense:

• the northern indigenous peoples of Russia, marginalized by Russian expansion, mostly Finno-Ugric peoples such as the Komi and Mordvins of the western Urals, and Samoyedic peoples of the northern Russian Federation such as the Nenets.
• the Sami and the Kvens of northern Scandinavia (marginalized by Finnish and North Germanic expansion), formerly known as "Lapps" or "Lappish".
• the Basque people of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by Latin/Western Romance expansion).

European identity and culture

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The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.

European culture has had a very broad influence on the rest of the world, basically due to the widespread practice and legacy of colonialism. The exchange has not all been one way, some European features have been drastically changed by imports from elsewhere. Popular European foods such as chips (frites or French fries) and rice are derived from products that are not European, but indigenous to South America and Southern Asia respectively. Nearly all of the Americas and all of Africa were European colonies at one time or another - though in earlier times, European nations often colonized each other. Or were even colonized by Non-Europeans - Arabs and North African Moors colonized the Iberian peninsula leaving, for example, a significant Arabic influence on the Spanish language.

Various parts of the Americas are also considered overseas territories of France which are considered integral parts of the French Republic. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descended from European emigrants (in some cases fleeing harsh economic times or religious intolerance). As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include Latin American Spanish, American English, Caribbean English, Brazilian Portuguese, Haitian Kreyol and Papiamento. There are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations (Spain, Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium and France) and the former colonies around the world.

Pan-European identity refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the European Union even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national.

Religion

Since the High Middle Ages, most of Europe has been dominated by Christianity. There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Germanic regions, and Orthodoxy to Slavic regions, Romania, Greece and Georgia. Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic, Slavic and Celtic regions.

Islam has some tradition in the Balkans (the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th to 19th centuries), in Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkish East Thrace. European Russia has the largest Muslim community, including the Tatars of the Middle Volga and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars, Ingush and others. With 20th century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority.

Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is comprised primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. Ashkenazi Jews migrated to Europe as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jewish European history was notably affected by the Holocaust and resulting emigration in the 20th century.

In modern times, significant secularization has taken place, notably in laicist France in the 19th century and in Communist Eastern Europe in the 20th century. Currently, distribution of theism in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic. The 2005 Eurobarometer poll found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God.

Immigration

Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. 22 - 29+ million, or approx. 3% to 4%+ , out of a total population of approx. 730 million):

• Middle East
  • Turks: approx. 6 million (outside of the Republic of Turkey), mostly in German speaking countries and the Balkans, but found in sizeable communities throughout Europe.
  • Jews: approx. 2 million (both religious and non-religious persons by ethnoreligious descent), found throughout Europe.
  • Armenians (sometimes considered European, see above): approx. 1.5 million. The largest communities are found in France, Russia, Ukraine and the UK.
  • Kurds: approx. 1.5 million, mostly in Germany and Sweden.
  • Aramean-Syriac people: approx. 130,000, mostly in Sweden.
  • Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.
• Africa
  • North Africans (Arabs and Berbers): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden
  • Horn Africans: approx. 200,000 Somalis, mostly in the UK, Netherlands and Scandinavia.
  • Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans and others by descent): approx. 5 million, mostly in the UK, France, the Netherlands and Germany.
• Latin Americans (mainly Mestizos): approx. 2.2 million, with the largest groups in Spain and Italy.
  • Plus Latin American Britons number between 80,000 and 1 million and are of European, African, Native South American and many other races.
  • Brazilians: 200,000 - 300,000 in the UK, around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each
  • Chilean refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the former East Germany and the Netherlands.
• South Asians (many ethnicities): approx. 3 - 4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.
  • Indians: Between 1 and 2 million, mostly in the UK
  • Pakistanis: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK.
  • Tamils: approx. 250,000, predominantly in the UK.
  • Bangladeshi residing in Europe estimated at 200,000, the bulk live in the UK.
• East Asia
  • Chinese: approx. 1 million, mostly in France, the UK and the Netherlands.
  • Filipinos: approx. 500,000, mostly in the UK, France, Germany and Italy.
  • Japanese: ca. 100,000, mostly in the UK and a sizable community in Dusseldorf, Germany.
  • Southeast Asians of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as Indonesians in the Netherlands, Thais in the UK and Sweden,Vietnamese in former East Germany and Cambodians in France.

European diasporas

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry:

Historical

• Antiquity
  • North Africa (Vandals)
  • Asia Minor (Galatians)
  • Tarim Basin (possibly Tocharians)
  • Egypt (Greeks in Egypt)
  • Hindukush and Northern India (Indo-Greeks)

• Middle Ages
  • Asia Minor (Slavs)
  • Greenland (Greenland Vikings)
  • Kingdom of Jerusalem (Franks) - 25-35% of the population

Contemporary

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry :

• Africa (see Whites in Africa)
  • South Africa (Whites in South Africa) - 9.6% of the population
  • Namibia - 6% of the population
  • Réunion (Franco-Réunionnaise) approx. 25% of the population
  • Zimbabwe (Whites in Zimbabwe)
  • Botswana
  • Kenya (Whites in Kenya)
  • Algeria (Pied-noir)
  • Mauritius (Franco-Mauritian)
  • Senegal
  • Canary Islands (Spaniards)
  • Seychelles (Franco-Seychellois)
  • Tristan da Cunha
  • Swaziland - 3% of the population
  • Morocco
  • Tunisia

• Asia
  • India (Anglo-Indian)
  • Sri Lanka (Burghers)
  • Siberia (Russians)
  • Kazakhstan (Russians in Kazakhstan, Germans of Kazakhstan) - 30% of the population
  • Uzbekistan - 5.5% of the population
  • Kyrgyzstan - 13.5% of the population
  • Turkmenistan - 4% of the population
  • Tajikistan
  • Azerbaijan
  • Georgia (Russians in Georgia)
  • Hong Kong
  • Macau (Macanese people)
  • Singapore (Eurasians in Singapore)
  • Philippines - Filipino mestizos, Filipino-Eurasians
  • Indonesia (Indo people)

• The Middle East
  • Israel (Ashkenazim, Sephardim)
  • Lebanon (Lebanese people)

• North America
  • Greenland - 12% of the population
  • Canada - 80% of the population
  • United States of America (European American) - 75.1% of the population, including Hispanic/Non-Hispanic Whites
  • Mexico (White Mexican) - 9-15% of the population and 60% as Mestizos.

• Central America, the Caribbean and South America (see White Latin American)
  • Argentina (White Argentine) - 97% of the population
  • Bahamas - 12% of the population
  • Barbados (White Barbadian) - 4% of the population
  • Bermuda - 34.1% of the population
  • Bolivia - 15% of the population
  • Brazil (White Brazilian) - 53.7% of the population
  • Chile - 30% of the population
  • Colombia - 20% of the population
  • Costa Rica
  • Cuba - (White Cuban) 65% of the population
  • Dominican Republic - 16% of the population
  • Ecuador - 7% of the population
  • El Salvador - 9% of the population
  • French Guiana - 12% of the population
  • Martinique - 5% of the population
  • Nicaragua - 17% of the population
  • Panama 10% of the population
  • Puerto Rico approx. 80% of the population
  • Peru - 15 % of the population
  • Trinidad and Tobago
  • Venezuela - 20 % of the population
  • Uruguay - 88% of the population
  • Saint Barthélemy
  • Falkland Islands

• Oceania (see Europeans in Oceania)
  • Australia - 89.3% of the population
  • New Zealand (New Zealand European) - 78% of the population
  • New Caledonia (Caldoche) - 34.5% of the population
  • French Polynesia - 10% of the population
  • Hawaii - 41.26% of the population
  • Guam - 6.9% of the population
  • Norfolk Island

National diasporas:

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References

1. Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002).
2. Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 122 million for Europe and Asia taken together.
3. Germans in Germany; Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 89 million for all German-speaking groups.
4. Recensement officiel de l'Insee ; Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 55 million for the French-speaking groups, excluding the Occitans.
5. including Corsicans
6. CIA Factbook, United Kingdom Census 2001
7. Pan and Pfeil give 31 million, excluding Catalans, Valencians, Basques and Galicians
8. Pan, Christoph; Pfeil, Beate S. (2003). "The Peoples of Europe by Demographic Size, Table 1". National Minorities in Europe: Handbook. Wien: Braumueller. p. 11f. ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1. (a breakdown by country of these 87 groups is given in Table 5, pp. 17–31.)
9. unless otherwise indicated, population figures are those of Pan and Pfeil (2004)
10. European Russia only; 122 million in all of Russia.
11. CIA Factbook, United Kingdom Census 2001
12. Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 3.8 million. High estimates range up to 10 million.
13. CIA factbook. Turkey is a transcontinentalc country, with 80% of its population Turkish and 20% Kurdish.
14. CIA factbook Statistics for Germany.
15. Turkish Statistical Institute
16. As a transcontinental country, Georgia may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe. The UN classification of world regions places Georgia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , National Geographic, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Georgia in Europe such as the BBC , Oxford Reference Online , Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, and www.worldatlas.com.
17. Ethnic groups which form the majority in two states are the Vlachs (in Romania and Moldova), and the Albanians (in Albania and the partly-recognized Republic of Kosovo). Closely related groups holding majorities in separate states are German speakers (Germans, Austrians, Luxembourgers, Swiss German speakers), the Serbo-Croats in the states of Former Yugoslavia, the Dutch/Flemish, the Russians/Belarusians and the Bulgarians/Macedonians.
18. including the European portions of Russia, not including Turkey, Georgia and Kazakhstan, excluding microstates with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants: Andorra, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino.
19. percentages from the CIA Factbook unless indicated otherwise.
20. note: percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity
21. http://www.populstat.info/Europe/maltag.htm
22. excluding Kosovo and Metohija
23. My Jewish Learning - European Origins
24. Almoravides - LoveToKnow 1911
25. Spain - AL ANDALUS, U.S. Library of Congress
26. The Last Christians Of North-West Africa
27. Synopsis universae philologiae at google books
28. Karl Friedrich Vollgraff, Erster Versuch einer Begründung sowohl der allgemeinen Ethnologie durch die Anthropologie, wis auch der Staats und rechts-philosophie durch die Ethnologie oder Nationalität der Völker (1851), p. 257.
29. A. Kumar, Encyclopaedia of Teaching of Geography (2002), p. 74 ff.; the tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book The Origin of Races (1962).
30. Andrew Barry, Political Machines (2001), p. 56
31. Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data
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34. see also Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples.
35. ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF
36. Youths bring violence from a war-torn land
37. France's blacks stand up to be counted
38. Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe
39. Born Abroad - Countries of birth, BBC News
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41. Western North Africa, 1–500 A.D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art
42. Archaeologists Find Celts In Unlikely Spot: Turkey, New York Times
43. The Mummies of Xinjiang, DISCOVER Magazine
44. A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's celtic mummies, The Independent
45. Diversity in the Desert: Daily Life in Greek and Roman Egypt, 332 B.C.E. - 641 C.E.
46. Alexander the Great and precious stones in Afghanistan, The Toronto Times
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48. The Fate of Greenland's Vikings
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50. Crusaders 'left genetic legacy', BBC News
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53. Réunion Island
54. Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
55. Senegal, About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.
56. Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
57. Morocco: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
58. Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
59. Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold?, The Globalist, 23 February 2004
60. Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
61. Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
62. Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
63. Southern Caucasus: Facing Integration Problems, Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life
64. Georgia: Ethnic Russians Feel Insulated From Tensions, Radio Free Europe
65. HK Census. "HK Census." Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
66. Crusaders 'left genetic legacy', BBC NEWS | Science/Nature
67. Greenland
68. Canadian Census 2006
69. North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
70. Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
71. Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
72. Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
73. Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
74. Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
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81. "Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo". Censo de Población y Viviendas (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. 2002. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
82. Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. World Factbook of CIA
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84. El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
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86. Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
87. "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-15. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
88. "Panama; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
89. Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups World Factbook of CIA
90. Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
91. Trinidad French Creole
92. Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
93. Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
94. French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
95. Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA

Bibliography

• Andrews, Peter A.; Benninghaus, Rüdiger (2002), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Reichert, ISBN 3895003255
• Marcus Banks, Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions, Routledge (1996).
• Cole, J. W., Wolf, E. R., The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, University of California Press; (1999), ISBN 978-0520216815.
• Dow, R. R., Bockhorn, O., The Study of European Ethnology in Austria, Progress in European Ethnology, Ashgate Publishing (2004), ISBN 978-0754617471.
• Eberhardt, Piotr; Owsinski, Jan (2003), Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central Eastern Europe, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 0765606658
• Gresham, D.; et al. (2001), "Origins and divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)", American Journal of Human Genetics, 69 (6): 1314–1331 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help) Online article
• Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel; Kaina, Viktoria (2006), European Identity: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Insights, LIT Verlag, ISBN 3825892883
• Jordan, T. G., The European culture area: A systematic geography (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row (1988).
• Latham, Robert Gordon (1854), The Native Races of the Russian Empire, Hippolyte Baillière (London) Full text on google books
• Laitin, David D. (2000), Culture and National Identity: "the East" and European Integration, Robert Schuman Centre
• Gross, Manfred (2004), Romansh: Facts & Figures, Lia Rumantscha, ISBN 3039000373 Online version
• Levinson, David (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 9781573560191 part I: Europe, pp. 1-100.
• E. J. Hobsbawm and David J. Kertzer, "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today", Anthropology Today, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 3-8.
• Panikos Panayi, Outsiders: A History of European Minorities (London: Hambledon Press, 1999)
• Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994), An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empire, Greenwood, ISBN 0313274975
• Panayi, Panikos (1999), An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945: Nations, States and Minorities, Longman, ISBN 0582381355
• Parman, S. (ed.), Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, Prentice Hall (1998).
• Stephens (1976), Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe, Gomer Press, ISBN 0608187593 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |fist= ignored (help)
• Szaló, Csaba (1998), On European Identity: Nationalism, Culture & History, ISBN 8021018399 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publsiher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
• Stone, Gerald (1972), The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia, Athlene Press, ISBN 0485111292
• Vembulu, R. Pavananthi (2003), Understanding European Integration: History, Culture, and Politics of Identity, Aakar Books, ISBN 8187879106

See also

• Category:Ethnic groups in Europe
• Demography of Europe
• Languages of Europe
• Eurolinguistics
• Federal Union of European Nationalities
• Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
• Pan-European identity
• Genetic history of Europe
• Caucasoid
• White people
• White African
• White American
• White British
• White Latin American
• Peoples of the Caucasus
• List of ethnic groups
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

External links

• Ron Balsdon, The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter
• Migration Policy Institute - Country and Comparative Data
• Living Diversity, Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) and the Youth of European Nationalities (YEN).

• Articles with disputed statements from May 2008
• Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from July 2008
• Ethnic groups in Europe
• European people
• Europe