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| '''Social constraints''' are a psychological term that can be defined as "any social condition that causes a trauma survivor to feel unsupported, misunderstood, or otherwise alienated from their social network when they are seeking social support or attempting to express trauma-related thoughts, feelings, or concerns."<ref name=":6"/> Social constraints are most commonly defined as negative social |
'''Social constraints''' are a psychological term that can be defined as "any social condition that causes a trauma survivor to feel unsupported, misunderstood, or otherwise alienated from their social network when they are seeking social support or attempting to express trauma-related thoughts, feelings, or concerns."<ref name=":6"/> Social constraints are most commonly defined as negative ]<nowiki/>s which make it difficult for an individual to speak about their ].<ref name=":5" /> The term is associated with the social-cognitive processing model, which is a psychological model describing ways in which individuals cope and come to terms with trauma they have experienced.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Lepore|first=Stephen J.|title=A social–cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer.|date=2001|url=http://content.apa.org/books/10402-006|work=Psychosocial interventions for cancer.|pages=99–116|editor-last=Baum|editor-first=Andrew|place=Washington|publisher=American Psychological Association|language=en|doi=10.1037/10402-006|isbn=978-1-55798-734-1|access-date=2021-10-10|editor2-last=Andersen|editor2-first=Barbara L.}}</ref> Social constraints have been studied in populations of bereaved mothers, individuals diagnosed with cancer, and suicide-bereaved individuals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lepore|first1=Stephen J.|last2=Silver|first2=Roxane Cohen|last3=Wortman|first3=Camille B.|last4=Wayment|first4=Heidi A.|date=1996|title=Social constraints, intrusive thoughts, and depressive symptoms among bereaved mothers.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.271|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=70|issue=2|pages=271–282|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.271|pmid=8636882|issn=1939-1315}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Cordova|first1=Matthew J.|last2=Cunningham|first2=Lauren L. C.|last3=Carlson|first3=Charles R.|last4=Andrykowski|first4=Michael A.|date=2001|title=Social constraints, cognitive processing, and adjustment to breast cancer.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.706|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|language=en|volume=69|issue=4|pages=706–711|doi=10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.706|pmid=11550737|issn=1939-2117}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Groff|first1=Elizabeth C.|last2=Ruzek|first2=Josef I.|last3=Bongar|first3=Bruce|last4=Cordova|first4=Matthew J.|date=2016|title=Social constraints, loss-related factors, depression, and posttraumatic stress in a treatment-seeking suicide bereaved sample.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/tra0000128|journal=Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy|language=en|volume=8|issue=6|pages=657–660|doi=10.1037/tra0000128|pmid=26950011|issn=1942-969X}}</ref> There is evidence of social constraints having negative effects on mental health. They have been linked to increased depressive symptoms as well as post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in individuals who have experienced traumatic events.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Cordova|first1=M. J.|last2=Cunningham|first2=L. L.|last3=Carlson|first3=C. R.|last4=Andrykowski|first4=M. A.|date=2001|title=Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: a controlled comparison study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11403215/|journal=Health Psychology|volume=20|issue=3|pages=176–185|doi=10.1037/0278-6133.20.3.176|issn=0278-6133|pmid=11403215}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Belsher|first1=Bradley E.|last2=Ruzek|first2=Josef I.|last3=Bongar|first3=Bruce|last4=Cordova|first4=Matthew J.|date=2012|title=Social constraints, posttraumatic cognitions, and posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking trauma survivors: Evidence for a social-cognitive processing model.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0024362|journal=Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=386–391|doi=10.1037/a0024362|issn=1942-969X}}</ref> There seems to be a positive association between social constraints and negative cognitions related to traumatic events.<ref name=":4" /> Social constraints have also been linked to difficulties in coping with illness in people who have been diagnosed with terminal illness such as cancer.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| == Social-Cognitive Processing Model == | == Social-Cognitive Processing Model == | ||
| The social-cognitive processing model is a psychological model which posits that recovering from a traumatic event involves discussing important thoughts and feelings about the event with others who can provide support and guidance to the affected individual.<ref name=":0" /> The social-cognitive model has been discussed as a model to explain thinking patterns which occur in people experiencing being diagnosed with cancer.<ref name=":0" /> Receiving a cancer diagnosis can often be a distressing source of news for terminally ill individuals, and the model posits that they often turn to important sources of social support in order to maintain healthy perspectives on self-worth and safety, as well as accurate accounts of the traumatic event which minimize trauma-related negative thoughts.<ref name=":5" /> Similarly, social constraints can negatively impact thoughts and feelings related to the negative event by invalidating and minimizing an individual's experience.<ref name=":0" /> | The social-cognitive processing model is a psychological model which posits that recovering from a traumatic event involves discussing important thoughts and feelings about the event with others who can provide support and guidance to the affected individual.<ref name=":0" /> The social-cognitive model has been discussed as a model to explain thinking patterns which occur in people experiencing being diagnosed with cancer.<ref name=":0" /> Receiving a cancer diagnosis can often be a distressing source of news for terminally ill individuals, and the model posits that they often turn to important sources of social support in order to maintain healthy perspectives on self-worth and safety, as well as accurate accounts of the traumatic event which minimize trauma-related negative thoughts.<ref name=":5" /> Similarly, social constraints can negatively impact thoughts and feelings related to the negative event by invalidating and minimizing an individual's experience.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| == Measurement == | |||
| == Measuring Social Constraints == | |||
| In research studies, social constraints have been defined and measured by the Social Constraints Scale (SCS).<ref name=":5" /> Items on this measure evaluate social interactions which negatively impact individuals' expression of thoughts and feelings related to traumatic events.<ref name=":5" /> Items are assessed over the period of the past month, and questions such as "How often in the past month did your family/friends... minimize your problems?" and "Not seem to understand your situation?"<ref name=":1" /> | In research studies, social constraints have been defined and measured by the Social Constraints Scale (SCS).<ref name=":5" /> Items on this measure evaluate social interactions which negatively impact individuals' expression of thoughts and feelings related to traumatic events.<ref name=":5" /> Items are assessed over the period of the past month, and questions such as "How often in the past month did your family/friends... minimize your problems?" and "Not seem to understand your situation?"<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| == Effects |
== Effects == | ||
| Social constraints have been studied in populations of bereaved mothers, individuals diagnosed with cancer, and suicide-bereaved individuals.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> They have been linked to increased symptoms of mental illness and poor coping with terminal illness in these populations.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> High levels of social constraints are also linked to an increase in negative thoughts or feelings about traumatic events in individuals.<ref name=":4" /> | Social constraints have been studied in populations of bereaved mothers, individuals diagnosed with cancer, and suicide-bereaved individuals.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> They have been linked to increased symptoms of mental illness and poor coping with terminal illness in these populations.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> High levels of social constraints are also linked to an increase in negative thoughts or feelings about traumatic events in individuals.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
| === Depression === | === Depression === | ||
| Social constraints have been linked to increased depressive symptoms.<ref name=":4" /> Researchers found that in a study of bereaved mothers, mothers experiencing social constraints reported more depressive symptoms than mothers who were receiving adequate social support.<ref name=":1" /> Presence of social constraints and depressive symptoms were also positively associated in individuals who were in remission from breast cancer.<ref name=":4" /> | Social constraints have been linked to increased ] symptoms.<ref name=":4" /> Researchers found that in a study of bereaved mothers, mothers experiencing social constraints reported more depressive symptoms than mothers who were receiving adequate social support.<ref name=":1" /> Presence of social constraints and depressive symptoms were also positively associated in individuals who were in remission from ].<ref name=":4" /> | ||
| === Post-traumatic Stress Disorder === | === Post-traumatic Stress Disorder === | ||
| Social constraints have also been linked to increased post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.<ref name=":5" /> In a study of breast cancer survivors, individuals experiencing social constraints in the form of being unable to speak to loved ones about their diagnosis were less likely to report gratitude for life, an easy time relating to others, and positive spiritual growth after recovery.<ref name=":4" /> A study with trauma survivors revealed that individuals who experienced "inhibiting, invalidating, and/or critical interpersonal reactions to trauma disclosure" were likely to exhibit exacerbated post-traumatic stress symptoms.<ref name=":5" /> | Social constraints have also been linked to increased ] symptoms.<ref name=":5" /> In a study of breast cancer survivors, individuals experiencing social constraints in the form of being unable to speak to loved ones about their diagnosis were less likely to report gratitude for life, an easy time relating to others, and positive spiritual growth after recovery.<ref name=":4" /> A study with trauma survivors revealed that individuals who experienced "inhibiting, invalidating, and/or critical interpersonal reactions to trauma disclosure" were likely to exhibit exacerbated post-traumatic stress symptoms.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
| === Adjustment to |
=== Adjustment to medical diagnoses === | ||
| Research has shown that terminally ill individuals harboring optimistic thoughts and attitudes towards their diagnoses experience fewer social constraints in the form of negative interpersonal interactions with sources of social support.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Lepore|first1=Stephen|last2=Ituarte|first2=Philip|date=1999-01-01|title=Optimism about cancer enhances mood by reducing negative social relations|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279547830|journal=Cancer Research Therapy and Control|volume=8|pages=165–174}}</ref> Individuals harboring pessimistic attitudes experienced greater social constraints and lower self-reported mood as a result.<ref name=":6" /> | Research has shown that ] individuals harboring optimistic thoughts and attitudes towards their diagnoses experience fewer social constraints in the form of negative interpersonal interactions with sources of social support.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Lepore|first1=Stephen|last2=Ituarte|first2=Philip|date=1999-01-01|title=Optimism about cancer enhances mood by reducing negative social relations|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279547830|journal=Cancer Research Therapy and Control|volume=8|pages=165–174}}</ref> Individuals harboring pessimistic attitudes experienced greater social constraints and lower self-reported mood as a result.<ref name=":6" /> | ||
| === Thoughts and Cognition === | === Thoughts and Cognition === | ||
| Social constraints may interact with intrusive thoughts and negative cognition. In a study of bereaved mothers, higher levels of social constraints were associated with more intrusive thoughts or worries surrounding their loss, as well as depressive symptoms.<ref name=":4" /> Trauma survivors experiencing less supportive social environments were more likely to report thoughts of self-blame and guilt surrounding their traumatic experience.<ref name=":5" /> | Social constraints may interact with ] and negative cognition. In a study of bereaved mothers, higher levels of social constraints were associated with more intrusive thoughts or worries surrounding their loss, as well as depressive symptoms.<ref name=":4" /> Trauma survivors experiencing less supportive social environments were more likely to report thoughts of self-blame and guilt surrounding their traumatic experience.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
| == Future |
== Future directions of research == | ||
| There is little research regarding therapeutic work with social constraints in psychological treatment. Further research into the effects of social constraints on mental health can help tailor treatment to individuals' needs, such as referring trauma survivors to support groups or counseling services to target negative thoughts and feelings related to their trauma.<ref name=":6" /> | There is little research regarding therapeutic work with social constraints in psychological treatment. Further research into the effects of social constraints on mental health can help tailor treatment to individuals' needs, such as referring trauma survivors to support groups or counseling services to target negative thoughts and feelings related to their trauma.<ref name=":6" /> | ||
| Thus far, research has also largely focused on patients experiencing stressors related to medical diagnoses |
Thus far, research has also largely focused on patients experiencing stressors related to medical diagnoses.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 18:32, 1 April 2024
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Social constraints are a psychological term that can be defined as "any social condition that causes a trauma survivor to feel unsupported, misunderstood, or otherwise alienated from their social network when they are seeking social support or attempting to express trauma-related thoughts, feelings, or concerns." Social constraints are most commonly defined as negative social interactions which make it difficult for an individual to speak about their traumatic experiences. The term is associated with the social-cognitive processing model, which is a psychological model describing ways in which individuals cope and come to terms with trauma they have experienced. Social constraints have been studied in populations of bereaved mothers, individuals diagnosed with cancer, and suicide-bereaved individuals. There is evidence of social constraints having negative effects on mental health. They have been linked to increased depressive symptoms as well as post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in individuals who have experienced traumatic events. There seems to be a positive association between social constraints and negative cognitions related to traumatic events. Social constraints have also been linked to difficulties in coping with illness in people who have been diagnosed with terminal illness such as cancer.
Social-Cognitive Processing Model
The social-cognitive processing model is a psychological model which posits that recovering from a traumatic event involves discussing important thoughts and feelings about the event with others who can provide support and guidance to the affected individual. The social-cognitive model has been discussed as a model to explain thinking patterns which occur in people experiencing being diagnosed with cancer. Receiving a cancer diagnosis can often be a distressing source of news for terminally ill individuals, and the model posits that they often turn to important sources of social support in order to maintain healthy perspectives on self-worth and safety, as well as accurate accounts of the traumatic event which minimize trauma-related negative thoughts. Similarly, social constraints can negatively impact thoughts and feelings related to the negative event by invalidating and minimizing an individual's experience.
Measurement
In research studies, social constraints have been defined and measured by the Social Constraints Scale (SCS). Items on this measure evaluate social interactions which negatively impact individuals' expression of thoughts and feelings related to traumatic events. Items are assessed over the period of the past month, and questions such as "How often in the past month did your family/friends... minimize your problems?" and "Not seem to understand your situation?"
Effects
Social constraints have been studied in populations of bereaved mothers, individuals diagnosed with cancer, and suicide-bereaved individuals. They have been linked to increased symptoms of mental illness and poor coping with terminal illness in these populations. High levels of social constraints are also linked to an increase in negative thoughts or feelings about traumatic events in individuals.
Depression
Social constraints have been linked to increased depressive symptoms. Researchers found that in a study of bereaved mothers, mothers experiencing social constraints reported more depressive symptoms than mothers who were receiving adequate social support. Presence of social constraints and depressive symptoms were also positively associated in individuals who were in remission from breast cancer.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Social constraints have also been linked to increased post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. In a study of breast cancer survivors, individuals experiencing social constraints in the form of being unable to speak to loved ones about their diagnosis were less likely to report gratitude for life, an easy time relating to others, and positive spiritual growth after recovery. A study with trauma survivors revealed that individuals who experienced "inhibiting, invalidating, and/or critical interpersonal reactions to trauma disclosure" were likely to exhibit exacerbated post-traumatic stress symptoms.
Adjustment to medical diagnoses
Research has shown that terminally ill individuals harboring optimistic thoughts and attitudes towards their diagnoses experience fewer social constraints in the form of negative interpersonal interactions with sources of social support. Individuals harboring pessimistic attitudes experienced greater social constraints and lower self-reported mood as a result.
Thoughts and Cognition
Social constraints may interact with intrusive thoughts and negative cognition. In a study of bereaved mothers, higher levels of social constraints were associated with more intrusive thoughts or worries surrounding their loss, as well as depressive symptoms. Trauma survivors experiencing less supportive social environments were more likely to report thoughts of self-blame and guilt surrounding their traumatic experience.
Future directions of research
There is little research regarding therapeutic work with social constraints in psychological treatment. Further research into the effects of social constraints on mental health can help tailor treatment to individuals' needs, such as referring trauma survivors to support groups or counseling services to target negative thoughts and feelings related to their trauma.
Thus far, research has also largely focused on patients experiencing stressors related to medical diagnoses.
References
- ^ Lepore, Stephen; Ituarte, Philip (1999-01-01). "Optimism about cancer enhances mood by reducing negative social relations". Cancer Research Therapy and Control. 8: 165–174.
- ^ Belsher, Bradley E.; Ruzek, Josef I.; Bongar, Bruce; Cordova, Matthew J. (2012). "Social constraints, posttraumatic cognitions, and posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking trauma survivors: Evidence for a social-cognitive processing model". Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 4 (4): 386–391. doi:10.1037/a0024362. ISSN 1942-969X.
- ^ Lepore, Stephen J. (2001), Baum, Andrew; Andersen, Barbara L. (eds.), "A social–cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer.", Psychosocial interventions for cancer., Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 99–116, doi:10.1037/10402-006, ISBN 978-1-55798-734-1, retrieved 2021-10-10
- ^ Lepore, Stephen J.; Silver, Roxane Cohen; Wortman, Camille B.; Wayment, Heidi A. (1996). "Social constraints, intrusive thoughts, and depressive symptoms among bereaved mothers". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70 (2): 271–282. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.271. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 8636882.
- ^ Cordova, Matthew J.; Cunningham, Lauren L. C.; Carlson, Charles R.; Andrykowski, Michael A. (2001). "Social constraints, cognitive processing, and adjustment to breast cancer". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 69 (4): 706–711. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.706. ISSN 1939-2117. PMID 11550737.
- ^ Groff, Elizabeth C.; Ruzek, Josef I.; Bongar, Bruce; Cordova, Matthew J. (2016). "Social constraints, loss-related factors, depression, and posttraumatic stress in a treatment-seeking suicide bereaved sample". Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 8 (6): 657–660. doi:10.1037/tra0000128. ISSN 1942-969X. PMID 26950011.
- ^ Cordova, M. J.; Cunningham, L. L.; Carlson, C. R.; Andrykowski, M. A. (2001). "Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: a controlled comparison study". Health Psychology. 20 (3): 176–185. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.3.176. ISSN 0278-6133. PMID 11403215.