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1795 French legislative election: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}} {{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election {{Infobox election
| election_name = 1795 French Directory election
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 54
| colour2 = 0080FF
| leader2 = ]
| party2 = ]
| seats_before2 = 0
| popular_vote2 = 10,800
| percentage2 = 36%
| seats2 = 54
| leader3 = ]
| popular_vote1 = '''12,600'''
| image3 = Comte de Vaublanc.JPG
| party3 = ]
| seats_before3 = 0
| seats3 = 33
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 33
| percentage3 = 22%
| popular_vote3 = 6,600
| map_image = Assemblée législative 1795.svg
| image2 = Louise Adélaïde Desnos, née Robin (1807-1870) - Le général Comte Dumas (1753-1837).jpg
| percentage1 = '''42%'''
| type = parliamentary | type = parliamentary
| next_election = 1797 French legislative election | next_election = 1797 French legislative election
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 12–21 October 1795 | election_date = 12 to 21 October 1795
| country = First French Republic | country = First French Republic
| flag_year = 1795 | flag_year = 1795
| party_colour = yes
| previous_election = 1792 French National Convention election | previous_election = 1792 French National Convention election
| previous_year = 1792 | previous_year = 1792
| next_year = 1797 | next_year = 1797
| seats1 = '''63'''
| seats_for_election = One-third of the seats in the ] and the ] | seats_for_election = A third of the seats in the ] and the ]
| turnout = {{decrease}} 7.5%
| image1 = Paul Barras directeur.jpg
| colour1 = E75480
| leader1 = ] Vicomte de ]
| party1 = ]
| seats_before1 = 0
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 63
| map_caption = Composition of the Directory
}} }}


Legislative elections were held in France between 12 and 21 October 1795 (20 to 29 ], ]) to elect one-third of the members of the ] and the ], the lower and upper houses of the legislature. The elections were held in accordance with the ] and the first under the ]. The '''French Directory election of 1795''' was held between 12 and 21 October 1795 (20 to 29 ], ]), which saw 1/3 of the directory elected according to the ]. The election was the first election under the new ], and first election where the ] would win.


==Background== == Background ==
During the summer of 1795, following the ], the members of the National Assembly began working on a new constitution which wouldn't favour any certain party or group, while providing more support to the 'Middle Group' (later becoming ]) and avoiding any extreme use of power seen during the ] of ]. Under the ], 'The Directory' or ''La Directoire'' was established, which was a mix of the two former constitutions (1791 and 1793). The Directory was split into 'two branches' (upper house, the ] made up of independent senior politicians; and the lower house, the ], which was elected by land owning tax paying men) with a 'third executive' (the Directory Body). The new system is seen by many historians as imitating the ], while expanding on what is now known as the 'French System' of a separate executive and assembly, which work in conjunction however (this being a mix of Parliamentary and Presidential, today known as ]).{{Sfn|Woronoff|2004|p=40-42}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Histoire - 8 périodes - 1795-1799: Le Conseil des Anciens- Sénat|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.senat.fr/histoire/conseil_anciens.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-07|website=archive.wikiwix.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211107180028/https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.senat.fr/histoire/conseil_anciens.html |archive-date = 2021-11-07 }}</ref> During the summer of 1795, following the ], the members of the National Assembly began working on a new constitution which wouldn't favour any certain party or group, while providing more support to the 'Middle Group' (later becoming ]) and avoiding any extreme use of power seen during the ] of ]. Under the ], 'The Directory' or ''La Directoire'' was established, which was a mix of the two former constitutions (1791 and 1793). The Directory was split into 'two branches' (upper house, the ] made up of independent senior politicians; and the lower house, the ], which was elected by land owning tax paying men) with a 'third executive' (the Directory Body). The new system is seen by many historians as imitating the ], while expanding on what is now known as the 'French System' of a separate executive and assembly, which work in conjunction however (this being a mix of Parliamentary and Presidential, today known as ]).{{Sfn|Woronoff|2004|p=40-42}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Histoire - 8 périodes - 1795-1799: Le Conseil des Anciens- Sénat|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.senat.fr/histoire/conseil_anciens.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-07|website=archive.wikiwix.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211107180028/https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.senat.fr/histoire/conseil_anciens.html |archive-date = 2021-11-07 }}</ref>


With the approaching election, the Royalists (known collectively as the Monarchists) hope to take advantage of the elections and see a return to the monarchy and campaign together in many regions. Fearing a monarchist outcome, the 'Republicans' (], ], and ]) pass a law, known as the 2/3rds decree, which saw each of houses of the directory contain those many members from the convention. However, following the ], the 2/3rds principle became a hated law by members of the royalist and anti-radical parties.{{Sfn|Bertaud|2004|p=282}}{{Sfn|Woronoff|2004|p=42-43}} With the approaching election, the Royalists (known collectively as the Monarchists) hope to take advantage of the elections and see a return to the monarchy and campaign together in many regions. Fearing a monarchist outcome, the 'Republicans' (], ], and ]) pass a law, known as the 2/3rds decree, which saw each of houses of the directory contain those many members from the convention. However, following the ], the 2/3rds principle became a hated law by members of the royalist and anti-radical parties.{{Sfn|Bertaud|2004|p=282}}{{Sfn|Woronoff|2004|p=42-43}}


==Results== == Results ==
The 1795 began seeing a large swing in support of constitutional royalists, now known as 'Clichyens', named after the ], especially following the ] and failures of the government of the ]. Though the Royalists disagreed on who they would want to see as the proper pretender to the throne, they did in-fact agree that legally being elected would be the only means which they would re-establish the monarchy. Then, they would call for the dissolution of the Directory, but see the recreation of the ] with a new National Assembly. The Royalists were also divided on the future however, with the Absolutists (later known as ]) preferring a return to the absolute '']'' under ] (future Louis XVIII) and supported the now two-year old ]. The 'Constitutionalists' (later known as the ] or ]) favoured a constitutional monarchy in addition to supporting individual rights and property in addition to freedoms and fair elections. The constitutionalists later began meeting at the 'Clichy Club', hence the new name, in addition to their nickname, the 'Clichyens'.{{Sfn|le Bozec|2014|p=93}}{{Sfn|Woronoff|2004|p=69}} The 1795 began seeing a large swing in support of constitutional royalists, now known as 'Clichyens', named after the ], especially following the ] and failures of the government of the ]. Though the Royalists disagreed on who they would want to see as the proper pretender to the throne, they did in-fact agree that legally being elected would be the only means which they would re-establish the monarchy. Then, they would call for the dissolution of the Directory, but see the recreation of the ] with a new National Assembly. The Royalists were also divided on the future however, with the Absolutists (later known as ]) preferring a return to the absolute '']'' under ] (future Louis XVIII) and supported the now two-year old ]. The 'Constitutionalists' (later known as the ] or ]) favoured a constitutional monarchy in addition to supporting individual rights and property in addition to freedoms and fair elections. The constitutionalists later began meeting at the 'Clichy Club', hence the new name, in addition to their nickname, the 'Clichyens'.{{Sfn|le Bozec|2014|p=93}}{{Sfn|Woronoff|2004|p=69}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
! colspan="5" |Results
!
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
!Leader
!Popular Vote
!Seats
!Percentage
|-
| bgcolor="#E75480" |
|]
|], Vicomte de ]
|'''12,600'''
|'''63'''
|'''42%'''
|-
| bgcolor="#0080FF" |
|]
|]
|10,800
|54
|36%
|-
| bgcolor="#{{party color|Legitimist}}" |
|]
|], Comte de ]
|6,600
|33
|22%
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''
|
|
|100%
|}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

==Works cited== ==Works cited==
{{Refbegin}} {{Refbegin}}
Line 31: Line 98:
* {{Cite book|last=le Bozec|first=Christine|title=La Première République, 1792 – 1799|publisher=Éditions Perrin|year=2014|isbn=978-2-262-04091-8|location=Paris, France|oclc=871312113}} * {{Cite book|last=le Bozec|first=Christine|title=La Première République, 1792 – 1799|publisher=Éditions Perrin|year=2014|isbn=978-2-262-04091-8|location=Paris, France|oclc=871312113}}
{{Refend}} {{Refend}}



{{French elections}} {{French elections}}


] ]
]
] ]
] ]

Revision as of 19:09, 19 January 2024

1795 French Directory election
← 1792 12 to 21 October 1795 1797 →
A third of the seats in the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients
TurnoutDecrease 7.5%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Paul Nicolas Vicomte de Barras Mathieu Dumas Vincent-Marie Viénot, Comte de Vaublanc
Party Thermidorians Clichy Club Royalists
Seats before 0 0 0
Seats won 63 54 33
Seat change Increase 63 Increase 54 Increase 33
Popular vote 12,600 10,800 6,600
Percentage 42% 36% 22%
Composition of the Directory

The French Directory election of 1795 was held between 12 and 21 October 1795 (20 to 29 Vendémiaire, Year IV), which saw 1/3 of the directory elected according to the Constitution of the Year III. The election was the first election under the new Directory regime, and first election where the Thermidorians would win.

Background

During the summer of 1795, following the Thermidorian Reaction, the members of the National Assembly began working on a new constitution which wouldn't favour any certain party or group, while providing more support to the 'Middle Group' (later becoming The Plain) and avoiding any extreme use of power seen during the Reign of Terror of Maximilien Robespierre. Under the Constitution of the Year III, 'The Directory' or La Directoire was established, which was a mix of the two former constitutions (1791 and 1793). The Directory was split into 'two branches' (upper house, the Council of Ancients made up of independent senior politicians; and the lower house, the Council of Five Hundred, which was elected by land owning tax paying men) with a 'third executive' (the Directory Body). The new system is seen by many historians as imitating the British parliamentary system, while expanding on what is now known as the 'French System' of a separate executive and assembly, which work in conjunction however (this being a mix of Parliamentary and Presidential, today known as Semi-presidential).

With the approaching election, the Royalists (known collectively as the Monarchists) hope to take advantage of the elections and see a return to the monarchy and campaign together in many regions. Fearing a monarchist outcome, the 'Republicans' (Jacobins, Thermidorians, and Montagnards) pass a law, known as the 2/3rds decree, which saw each of houses of the directory contain those many members from the convention. However, following the 13 Vendémiaire royalist insurrection, the 2/3rds principle became a hated law by members of the royalist and anti-radical parties.

Results

The 1795 began seeing a large swing in support of constitutional royalists, now known as 'Clichyens', named after the Clichy Club, especially following the Reign of Terror and failures of the government of the French Constitution of 1793. Though the Royalists disagreed on who they would want to see as the proper pretender to the throne, they did in-fact agree that legally being elected would be the only means which they would re-establish the monarchy. Then, they would call for the dissolution of the Directory, but see the recreation of the Constitution of 1791 with a new National Assembly. The Royalists were also divided on the future however, with the Absolutists (later known as the Ultra Royalists) preferring a return to the absolute Ancien Régime under Louis, Count of Provence (future Louis XVIII) and supported the now two-year old Quiberon Expedition. The 'Constitutionalists' (later known as the Liberals or Doctrinaires) favoured a constitutional monarchy in addition to supporting individual rights and property in addition to freedoms and fair elections. The constitutionalists later began meeting at the 'Clichy Club', hence the new name, in addition to their nickname, the 'Clichyens'.

Results
Party Leader Popular Vote Seats Percentage
Thermidorians Paul Barras, Vicomte de Barras 12,600 63 42%
Clichy Club Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 10,800 54 36%
Ultra Royalists Vincent-Marie Viénot, Comte de Vaublanc 6,600 33 22%
Total 100%

References

  1. Woronoff 2004, p. 40-42.
  2. "Histoire - 8 périodes - 1795-1799: Le Conseil des Anciens- Sénat". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  3. Bertaud 2004, p. 282.
  4. Woronoff 2004, p. 42-43.
  5. le Bozec 2014, p. 93.
  6. Woronoff 2004, p. 69.

Works cited


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