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Revision as of 22:15, 18 March 2007 editMatthead (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers21,271 edits rv← Previous edit Revision as of 22:46, 18 March 2007 edit undoSpace Cadet (talk | contribs)8,095 edits I wouldn't necessarily call it a "Nazi" version, but those German names don't belong. Rv.Next edit →
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{{otheruses|Brzeg Dolny}} {{otheruses|Brzeg Dolny}}
] ]
'''Brzeg''' (]: {{IPAudio|pl-Brzeg.ogg|}}; {{Audio-de|Brieg|Brieg.ogg}}) is a town in southwestern ] with 38,496 inhabitants (]), situated in the ]. It is the capital of ]. '''Brzeg''' (]: {{IPAudio|pl-Brzeg.ogg|}}; {{Audio-de|Brieg|Brieg.ogg}}) is a town in southwestern ] with 38,496 inhabitants (]), situated in the ]. It is the capital of ].


== History == == History ==
=== Etymology === === Etymology ===
Brzeg/Brieg was in earlier documents referred to as ''Civitas Altae Ripae'', meaning "city at high banks" of the ] (''Odra'') river. Brzeg/Brieg was in earlier documents referred to as ''Civitas Altae Ripae]], meaning "city at high banks" of the ] (''Odra'') river.


=== History === === Early to present history ===
The city received municipal rights in ] from Duke ] of ] (Wrocław). From ]-] Brieg was the capital of a ]n duchy ruled by the Silesian ] dynasty, an independend duchy (''Fürstentum''). Much of Silesia was part of the Imperial Kingdom of ] during the ]. When Bohemia fell to the ] of ] in ], the town fell under the overlordship of the ]s in their roles of Kings of Bohemia, although it was still ruled locally by the Silesian Piasts. Upon the extinction of the last duke ''Georg Wihelm von Liegnitz-Brieg-Wehlau'' (]) in ], Brieg came under the direct role of the Habsburgs. The city received municipal rights in 1250 from Piast Duke Henry III the White of Wrocław (Breslau). From 1311-1675 Brzeg was the capital of a Lower Silesian duchy ruled by the Polish Silesian Piast dynasty, an independent duchy (Fürstentum). Much of Silesia was part of the Imperial Kingdom of Bohemia during the Middle Ages. When Bohemia fell to the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria in 1526, Brzeg (Brieg) fell under the overlordship of the Habsburgs in their roles of Kings of Bohemia, although it was still ruled locally by the Silesian Piasts. Upon the extinction of the last duke Georg Wihelm von Liegnitz-Brieg-Wohlau (George IV William of Legnica) in 1675, Brzeg came under the direct role of the Habsburgs.
Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about:
⚫ Brieg (Silesia)


⚫ In 1537 the Silesian Piast duke Frederick II of Brzeg concluded a treaty with Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, whereby the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg would inherit the duchy upon the extinction of the Silesian Piasts. The Habsburgs kept it in their possession instead and Frederick the Great of the Kingdom of Prussia used this treaty to justify his claim at the invasion of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. Brieg and most of Silesia were annexed by Prussia after that state's victory. The city of Brieg became part of Imperial Germany in 1871, but was given to Poland in 1945 after the Second World War by the Potsdam Conference of victorious powers. Its German population mostly left the town trying to avoid advancing Red Army. After Germany defeated town was repopulated by Poles forcibly expelled from the Polish territories - east of Bug River - handed over to Soviet Union by Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.
⚫ {{Wikisource1911Enc|Brieg (Silesia)}}
=== Jewish history ===
⚫ In ] the Silesian Piast duke Frederick II of Brieg concluded a treaty with Elector ] of ], whereby the ]s of Brandenburg would inherit the duchy upon the extinction of the Silesian Piasts. The Habsburgs kept it in their possession instead and ] of the ] used this treaty to justify his claim at the invasion of Silesia during the ] in ]. Brieg and most of Silesia were annexed by Prussia after that state's victory. The city of Brieg became part of ] in ]. After the ], the ] of victoring powers put Silesia, and thus the town, under Polish administration. Its ].
⚫ Town in Silesia; formerly the capital of the duchy of the same name. ] settled there about ], chiefly because it was situated on the commercial route to ], in which place a colony of Jews had long resided. The Jewish community of Brieg had its separate place of worship from early times. In 1358 Jews lent money to local noblemen and the duke of Brieg, Ludwig I, who granted the Jews freedom of movement in the duchy in that year. In the ] the Jews of Brieg were persecuted on account of their usurious practises; one outbreak of such violence occurred in 1362. In 1392 it was claimed that all debts of the duke had been discharged by the payments to ], the son of ], a Jew of Brieg, of a certificate of indebtedness. In 1398 the Brieg Jews bought a letter of protection from the duke, whereby they were guaranteed the peaceful possession of their privileges. But in 1401 they were driven from the city, except ] and ], who had received a patent of protection from the duke's council for six years from May 1, 1399. In 1423, duke Ludwig II granted the Jews rights of residence on payment of an annual tax of 20 ], but they were expelled from the duchies of Brieg and ] in 1453 as a result of the inflammatory preachings of the ] ]. ], a capitalist, lent large sums of money to royal houses in the ]. In the ], one of the local Jews served as a physician to the duke of Brieg.


⚫ With the decline of Breslau as a trade center, the Jews of Brieg became little more than an isolated community; and in modern times they shared the lot of the other Silesian Jews. They carried on insignificant trade operations as a rule. The conquest of Silesia by ] wrought but slight change in their condition.
=== History of the Jewish population ===
⚫ As the town was situated on the commercial route to ], in which a colony of Jews had long resided, ] settled there about ]. The Jewish community of Brieg had its separate place of worship from early times. In 1358 Jews lent money to local noblemen and the duke of Brieg, Ludwig I, who granted the Jews freedom of movement in the duchy in that year. In the ] the Jews of Brieg were persecuted on account of their usurious practices; one outbreak of such violence occurred in 1362. In 1392 it was claimed that all debts of the duke had been discharged by the payments to a Jew of Brieg (Jacob, the son of Moses), of a certificate of indebtedness. In 1398 the Brieg Jews bought a letter of protection from the duke, whereby they were guaranteed the peaceful possession of their privileges. But in 1401 they were driven from the city, except ] and ], who had received a patent of protection from the duke's council for six years from May 1, 1399. In 1423, duke Ludwig II granted the Jews rights of residence on payment of an annual tax of 20 ], but they were expelled from the duchies of Brieg and ] in 1453 as a result of the inflammatory preachings of the ] ]. Solomo, a capitalist, lent large sums of money to royal houses in the ]. In the ], one of the local Jews served as a physician to the duke of Brieg.


⚫ A synagogue was built in Brieg in 1799, and a rabbi was first appointed in 1816. he Jewish population numbered 156 in 1785; 376 in 1843; 282 in 1913; 255 in 1933; and 123 in 1939. In the ] pogroms of 1938 the interior of the synagogue was completely demolished and the ] scrolls publicly burned; numerous shops were ransacked. The community was not reestablished after the ].
⚫ With the decline of Breslau as a trade center, the Jews of Brieg became little more than an isolated community; and in modern times they shared the lot of the other Silesian Jews. They carried on insignificant trade operations as a rule. The conquest of Silesia by ] brought but slight change in their condition.

⚫ A synagogue was built in Brieg in 1799, and a rabbi was first appointed in 1816. The Jewish population numbered 156 in 1785; 376 in 1843; 282 in 1913; 255 in 1933; and 123 in 1939. In the ] pogroms of 1938 the interior of the synagogue was completely demolished and the ] scrolls publicly burned; numerous shops were ransacked. The community was not reestablished after the ].


== Education == == Education ==
* Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna * ]


== Sports == == Sports ==
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== References == == References ==
=== Bibliography of Jewish Encyclopedia === === Bibliography of Jewish Encyclopedia ===
* ], ''Geschichte der Juden in Schlesien''; * ], '']'';
* ''Jahrbuch des Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeindebundes'' * '']''

:{{JewishEncyclopedia}} () :{{JewishEncyclopedia}} ()
::By : ] & ] ::By : ] & ]

Revision as of 22:46, 18 March 2007

For other uses, see Brzeg Dolny.
Coat of Arms

Brzeg (IPA: ; Template:Audio-de) is a town in southwestern Poland with 38,496 inhabitants (2004), situated in the Opole Voivodeship. It is the capital of Brzeg County.

History

Etymology

Brzeg/Brieg was in earlier documents referred to as Civitas Altae Ripae]], meaning "city at high banks" of the Oder (Odra) river.

Early to present history

The city received municipal rights in 1250 from Piast Duke Henry III the White of Wrocław (Breslau). From 1311-1675 Brzeg was the capital of a Lower Silesian duchy ruled by the Polish Silesian Piast dynasty, an independent duchy (Fürstentum). Much of Silesia was part of the Imperial Kingdom of Bohemia during the Middle Ages. When Bohemia fell to the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria in 1526, Brzeg (Brieg) fell under the overlordship of the Habsburgs in their roles of Kings of Bohemia, although it was still ruled locally by the Silesian Piasts. Upon the extinction of the last duke Georg Wihelm von Liegnitz-Brieg-Wohlau (George IV William of Legnica) in 1675, Brzeg came under the direct role of the Habsburgs. Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Brieg (Silesia)

In 1537 the Silesian Piast duke Frederick II of Brzeg concluded a treaty with Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, whereby the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg would inherit the duchy upon the extinction of the Silesian Piasts. The Habsburgs kept it in their possession instead and Frederick the Great of the Kingdom of Prussia used this treaty to justify his claim at the invasion of Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. Brieg and most of Silesia were annexed by Prussia after that state's victory. The city of Brieg became part of Imperial Germany in 1871, but was given to Poland in 1945 after the Second World War by the Potsdam Conference of victorious powers. Its German population mostly left the town trying to avoid advancing Red Army. After Germany defeated town was repopulated by Poles forcibly expelled from the Polish territories - east of Bug River - handed over to Soviet Union by Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.

Jewish history

Town in Silesia; formerly the capital of the duchy of the same name. Jews settled there about 1324, chiefly because it was situated on the commercial route to Breslau, in which place a colony of Jews had long resided. The Jewish community of Brieg had its separate place of worship from early times. In 1358 Jews lent money to local noblemen and the duke of Brieg, Ludwig I, who granted the Jews freedom of movement in the duchy in that year. In the 14th century the Jews of Brieg were persecuted on account of their usurious practises; one outbreak of such violence occurred in 1362. In 1392 it was claimed that all debts of the duke had been discharged by the payments to Jacob, the son of Moses, a Jew of Brieg, of a certificate of indebtedness. In 1398 the Brieg Jews bought a letter of protection from the duke, whereby they were guaranteed the peaceful possession of their privileges. But in 1401 they were driven from the city, except Jacob and Seman von Reichenbach, who had received a patent of protection from the duke's council for six years from May 1, 1399. In 1423, duke Ludwig II granted the Jews rights of residence on payment of an annual tax of 20 gulden, but they were expelled from the duchies of Brieg and Liegnitz in 1453 as a result of the inflammatory preachings of the Franciscan John Capistrano. Solomo, a capitalist, lent large sums of money to royal houses in the 15th century. In the 16th century, one of the local Jews served as a physician to the duke of Brieg.

With the decline of Breslau as a trade center, the Jews of Brieg became little more than an isolated community; and in modern times they shared the lot of the other Silesian Jews. They carried on insignificant trade operations as a rule. The conquest of Silesia by Frederick the Great wrought but slight change in their condition.

A synagogue was built in Brieg in 1799, and a rabbi was first appointed in 1816. he Jewish population numbered 156 in 1785; 376 in 1843; 282 in 1913; 255 in 1933; and 123 in 1939. In the Kristallnacht pogroms of 1938 the interior of the synagogue was completely demolished and the Torah scrolls publicly burned; numerous shops were ransacked. The community was not reestablished after the Holocaust.

Education

Sports

People

Other residents

References

Bibliography of Jewish Encyclopedia

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ()
By : Gotthard Deutsch & A. M. Friedenberg

External links

50°52′N 17°29′E / 50.867°N 17.483°E / 50.867; 17.483

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