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!]!!]!!]!!]!!]!!]!!]!!] !]!!]!!]!!]!!]!!]!!]
| rowspan="1"| | rowspan="1"|
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


<!-- RUSSIA --> <!-- AUSTRIA -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta">
|- style="text-align:left;"
{{cite encyclopedia|author=Peter Howard |encyclopedia=Encarta |title=Great Powers |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe|archive-date=2009-10-31|access-date=2008-12-20 |year=2008 |publisher=MSN |archive-url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="World history, 1815-1920">{{cite book | last = Fueter| first = Eduard | title=World history, 1815–1920| publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company| year=1922| location=United States of America | pages = 25–28, 36–44| isbn = 1584770775| url=https://books.google.com/?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&pg=PA25&dq=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22#v=onepage}}</ref><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 .</ref>|name="austria-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="russia-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|Russian Empire|1858|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="russia-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee">{{cite book | last = McCarthy| first = Justin| title=A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee| publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers| year=1880| location=New York, United States of America | pages = 475–476| url=https://books.google.com/?id=kvYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480&dq=%22Great+Powers%22#PPA475,M1}}</ref>|name="austria-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="russia-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia">{{cite book | last = Dallin | first = David | title = The Rise of Russia in Asia | date = November 2006| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22boxer+rebellion%22+%22great+powers%22#PPA56,M1 | isbn = 9781406729191}}</ref>|name="austria-1900"|group="nb"}}
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
|- style="text-align:left;"
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="russia-1938"|group="nb"}}

| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>|name="russia-1946"|group="nb"}}
<!--UNITED KINGDOM-->
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1989 -->|{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="UW Press"> </ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="russia-2000"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|British Empire|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="britain-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|British Empire|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="britain-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|British Empire|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1990, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="britain-1900"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|British Empire}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan">
{{cite book | last = MacMillan | first = Margaret | author-link = Margaret MacMillan | title = ] | publisher = Random House Trade | year = 2003 | location = United States of America | pages = 36, 306, 431 | isbn = 0-375-76052-0 }}</ref>|name="britain-1919"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- c. 1938 -->|{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1938, see: <ref group="nb">After the ] came into effect in 1931, the United Kingdom no longer represented the British Empire in world affairs.</ref><ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="britain-1938"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers">''The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace'' (1944), written by ]</ref>|name="britain-1946"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations">{{cite book|title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight|date=17 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=0773528369|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Canada+Among+Nations,+2004:+Setting+Priorities+Straight#v=onepage|access-date=13 June 2016}} ("''The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers''")</ref><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Milena Sterio">{{cite book|last1=Sterio|first1=Milena|title=The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0415668187|page=xii (preface)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Right+to+Self-determination+Under+International+Law:+%22selfistans%22,+Secession+and+the+Rule+of+the+Great+Powers#v=onepage|access-date=13 June 2016}} ("''The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.''")</ref><ref name="Theo Farrell">{{cite book|title=Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107471498|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/?id=canqAAAAQBAJ&dq=Transforming+Military+Power+since+the+Cold+War:+Britain,+France,+and+the+United+States,+1991%E2%80%932012|access-date=13 June 2016}} (During the Kosovo War (1998) "''...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).''")</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{cite book|last=McCourt|first=David|title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=28 May 2014|location=United States of America|isbn=978-0472072217|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics}}</ref><ref name="Joshua Baron">{{cite book|last1=Baron|first1=Joshua|title=Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order|date=22 January 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=United States|isbn=978-1137299482}}</ref><ref name="chalmers">{{cite journal|last1=Chalmers|first1=Malcolm|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|journal=Royal United Services Institute|date=May 2015|volume=Briefing Paper|issue=SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead|page=2|url=https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201505_bp_a_force_for_order.pdf|quote="While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'."}}</ref><ref name=IISSUK>{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=William|title=Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom|journal=International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy|date=22 September 2015|volume=57|issue=5|pages=7–28|url=http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2015-1e95/survival--global-politics-and-strategy-october-november-2015-3ec2/57-5-02-walker-b122|access-date=31 December 2015|quote="''Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach.''"}}</ref>|name="britain-2000"|group="nb"}}

|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


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| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1878 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1878 -->
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1900 -->|{{flag|Qing dynasty|name=China}} | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1900 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1934 -->
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1939 -->|{{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=China}}
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=China}}{{#tag:ref|For China in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/>|name="china-1946"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=China}}{{#tag:ref|For China in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/>|name="china-1946"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- 1989 -->|{{flag|China|1949}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|China|1949}}{{#tag:ref|For China in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/><ref name="UW Press"/><ref>{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>|name="china-2000"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|China|1949}}{{#tag:ref|For China in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/><ref name="UW Press"/><ref>{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>|name="china-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;"

<!-- UNITED STATES -->
|- style="text-align:left;"
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- c. 1880 -->
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|United States|1896}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="usa-1900"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|United States|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="usa-1919"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|United States|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="usa-1938"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|United States|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>|name="usa-1946"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- 1989 -->|{{flag|United States|1960}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|United States|1960}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999">{{cite web|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|title=Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era|accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="usa-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;"

<!--UNITED KINGDOM-->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|British Empire|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="britain-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|British Empire|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="britain-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|British Empire|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 19900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="britain-1900"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|British Empire}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan">
{{cite book | last = MacMillan | first = Margaret | authorlink = Margaret MacMillan | title = ] | publisher = Random House Trade | year = 2003 | location = United States of America | pages = 36, 306, 431 | isbn = 0-375-76052-0 }}</ref>|name="britain-1919"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- c. 1938 -->|{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1938, see: <ref group="nb">After the ] came into effect in 1931, the United Kingdom no longer represented the British Empire in world affairs.</ref><ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="britain-1938"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers">''The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace'' (1944), written by ]</ref>|name="britain-1946"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1989 -->|{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}{{#tag:ref|For the United Kingdom in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations">{{cite book|title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight|date=17 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=0773528369|page=85|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Canada+Among+Nations,+2004:+Setting+Priorities+Straight&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY4P_wzKXNAhXBJsAKHTXoBBQQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Canada%20Among%20Nations%2C%202004%3A%20Setting%20Priorities%20Straight&f=false|accessdate=13 June 2016}} ("''The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers''")</ref><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Milena Sterio">{{cite book|last1=Sterio|first1=Milena|title=The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=0415668182|page=xii (preface)|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Right+to+Self-determination+Under+International+Law:+%22selfistans%22,+Secession+and+the+Rule+of+the+Great+Powers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi55M-kyqXNAhWpK8AKHe2sCPUQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Right%20to%20Self-determination%20Under%20International%20Law%3A%20%22selfistans%22%2C%20Secession%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers&f=false|accessdate=13 June 2016}} ("''The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.''")</ref><ref name="Theo Farrell">{{cite book|title=Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107471494|page=224|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=canqAAAAQBAJ&dq=Transforming+Military+Power+since+the+Cold+War:+Britain,+France,+and+the+United+States,+1991%E2%80%932012&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=13 June 2016}} (During the Kosovo War (1998) "''...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).''")</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{cite book|last=McCourt|first=David|title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=28 May 2014|location=United States of America|pages=|isbn=0472072218|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TCJkU8TOE6mS7Abw14HIBg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA}}</ref><ref name="Joshua Baron">{{cite book|last1=Baron|first1=Joshua|title=Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order|date=22 January 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=United States|isbn=1137299487}}</ref><ref name="chalmers">{{cite journal|last1=Chalmers|first1=Malcolm|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|journal=Royal United Services Institute|date=May 2015|volume=Briefing Paper|issue=SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead|page=2|url=https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201505_bp_a_force_for_order.pdf|quote="While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'."}}</ref><ref name=IISSUK>{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=William|title=Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom|journal=], Global Politics and Strategy|date=22 September 2015|volume=57|issue=5|pages=7-28|url=http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2015-1e95/survival--global-politics-and-strategy-october-november-2015-3ec2/57-5-02-walker-b122|accessdate=31 December 2015|quote="''Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach.''"}}</ref>|name="britain-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


<!-- FRANCE --> <!-- FRANCE -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Bourbon Restoration|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="france-1815"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Bourbon Restoration|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="france-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="france-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="france-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="france-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="france-1900"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="france-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="france-1919"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="france-1938"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="france-1938"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|French Fourth Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want">{{cite book | last = Louden | style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|French Fourth Republic|name=France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want">{{cite book | last = Louden
| first = Robert| title=The world we want| publisher=Oxford University Press US| year=2007| location=United States of America | pages = 187| isbn = 0195321375| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187}}</ref>|name="france-1946"|group="nb"}} | first = Robert| title=The world we want| publisher=Oxford University Press US| year=2007| location=United States of America | pages = 187| isbn = 978-0195321371| url=https://books.google.com/?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187}}</ref>|name="france-1946"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- 1989 -->|{{flag|France}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="france-2000"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|France}}{{#tag:ref|For France in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="france-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


<!-- PRUSSIA/GERMANY --> <!-- PRUSSIA/GERMANY -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|name=Prussia}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="germany-1815"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1803|name=Prussia}}{{#tag:ref|For Prussia in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="germany-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|German Empire|name=Germany}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="germany-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|German Empire|name=Germany}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="germany-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|German Empire|name=Germany}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="germany-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|German Empire|name=Germany}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="germany-1900"|group="nb"}}
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="germany-1946"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="germany-1946"|group="nb"}}
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 -->
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|Germany}}{{#tag:ref|For Germany in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="germany-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


<!-- ITALY --> <!-- ITALY -->
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1880, see: <ref>{{cite book | last = Kennedy| first = Paul| authorlink = Paul Kennedy| title= ]| publisher= ]| year= 1987| location= United States of America| page = 204| isbn = 0-394-54674-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Best | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1880, see: <ref>{{cite book | last = Kennedy| first = Paul| author-link = Paul Kennedy| title= ]| publisher= ]| year= 1987| location= United States of America| page = 204| isbn = 0-394-54674-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Best
| first1 = Antony| last2 = Hanhimäki| first2 = Jussi| last3 = Maiolo| first3 = Joseph| last4 = Schulze| first4 = Kirsten| title= International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond| publisher= ]| year= 2008| location= United States of America| page = 9| isbn = 0415438969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Wight| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Wight| title= Power Politics| publisher= ]| year= 2002| location= United Kingdom| page = 46| isbn = 0826461743}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Waltz| first = Kenneth| authorlink = Kenneth Waltz| title= ]| publisher= ]| year= 1979| location= United States of America| page = 162| isbn = 0-07-554852-6}}</ref>|name="italy-1880"|group="nb"}} | first1 = Antony| last2 = Hanhimäki| first2 = Jussi| last3 = Maiolo| first3 = Joseph| last4 = Schulze| first4 = Kirsten| title= International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond| publisher= ]| year= 2008| location= United States of America| page = 9| isbn = 978-0415438964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Wight| first = Martin| author-link = Martin Wight| title= Power Politics| publisher= ]| year= 2002| location= United Kingdom| page = 46| isbn = 0826461743}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Waltz| first = Kenneth| author-link = Kenneth Waltz| title= ]| publisher= ]| year= 1979| location= United States of America| page = 162| isbn = 0-07-554852-6}}</ref>|name="italy-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="italy-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="italy-1900"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="italy-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="italy-1919"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="italy-1938"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="italy-1938"|group="nb"}}
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 -->
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|Italy}}{{#tag:ref|For Italy in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="HCSS2014">{{cite book|title=Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security|date=2014|publisher=The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies|location=Netherlands|page=Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria)|url=http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/|access-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200310/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/|archive-date=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5238&context=edissertations&fbclid=IwAR0Ofqcv143TtWLhAAuN_hPILXgBvvk3In3aQ6_Zy6N7HWCFeJ-iopDeJg8|title=''Great Power, Arms, And Alliances''|date=2019|last=Carter|first= Keith Lambert|language=en|quote='' U.S., Russia, China, France, Germany, U.K. and Italy - Table on page 56,72 (Major powers-great power criteria) ''|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers|title=''Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019''|last=Kuper|first= Stephen|language=en|quote=''Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers''|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>|name="italy-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


Line 86: Line 70:
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1880 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1880 -->
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="japan-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="japan-1900"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/><ref group="nb">"The ] (during the ]) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from {{cite book | last=MacMillan | first=Margaret | authorlink=Margaret MacMillan | title=] | publisher=Random House Trade | year=2003 | location=United States of America | page=306 | isbn=0-375-76052-0}}</ref>|name="japan-1919"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/><ref group="nb">"The ] (during the ]) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from {{cite book | last=MacMillan | first=Margaret | author-link=Margaret MacMillan | title=] | publisher=Random House Trade | year=2003 | location=United States of America | page=306 | isbn=0-375-76052-0}}</ref>|name="japan-1919"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II">Harrison, M (2000) '''', Cambridge University Press.</ref>|name="japan-1938"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II">Harrison, M (2000) '''', Cambridge University Press.</ref>|name="japan-1938"|group="nb"}}
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1946 -->
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|Japan}}{{#tag:ref|For Japan in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="Balance of Power">{{cite book |author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann | title=Balance of Power| publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005| year=2005| location=United States of America | pages = 59, 282 | isbn = 0791464016| url=http://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States'' p.59</ref><ref name="UW Press"/><ref name="Asias overlooked Great Power">Richard N. Haass, "", ''Project Syndicate'' April 20, 2007.</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="japan-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


<!-- AUSTRIA --> <!-- RUSSIA/SOVIET UNION -->
|- style="text-align:left;"
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta">
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1815, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="World history, 1815-1920"/><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers"/>|name="russia-1815"|group="nb"}}
{{cite encyclopedia|last= |first= |authors=Peter Howard |encyclopedia=Encarta |title=Great Powers |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe|archivedate=2009-10-31|accessdate=2008-12-20 |edition= |year=2008 |publisher=MSN |archiveurl=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="World history, 1815-1920">{{cite book | last = Fueter| first = Eduard | title=World history, 1815–1920| publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company| year=1922| location=United States of America | pages = 25–28, 36–44| isbn = 1584770775| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&pg=PA25&dq=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=%22Great%20Powers%22%20%22Congress%20of%20Vienna%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 .</ref>|name="austria-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee">{{cite book | last = McCarthy| first = Justin| title=A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee| publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers| year=1880| location=New York, United States of America | pages = 475–476| isbn = | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480&dq=%22Great+Powers%22#PPA475,M1}}</ref>|name="austria-1880"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #A0522D;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee"/>|name="russia-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}{{#tag:ref|For Austria in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia">{{cite book | last = Dallin | first = David | title = The Rise of Russia in Asia | publisher = | date = | location = | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22boxer+rebellion%22+%22great+powers%22&source=web&ots=PFvmBinYof&sig=Hom8pFuEToBb-31aGxGAUydZOAs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA56,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>|name="austria-1900"|group="nb"}} | style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For Russia in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="russia-1900"|group="nb"}}
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 --> | rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}{{#tag:ref|For the Soviet Union in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="russia-1938"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}{{#tag:ref|For the Soviet Union in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>|name="russia-1946"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|Russia}}{{#tag:ref|For the Soviet Union in 2000, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="UW Press"> </ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="russia-2000"|group="nb"}}
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"


<!-- TURKEY --> <!-- UNITED STATES -->
| style="border:1px solid #FF8C00;"<!-- 1815 -->|{{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=Ottoman Empire}}{{#tag:ref|For Turkey in 1815, see: <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last= |first= |authors=Peter Howard, B.A., B.S., M.A., Ph.D. Assistant Professor, School of International Service, American University.|encyclopedia=Encarta |title=Great Powers |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe|archivedate=2009-10-31|accessdate=2008-12-20 |edition= |year=2008 |publisher=MSN |archiveurl=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="World history, 1815-1920">{{cite book | last = Fueter| first = Eduard | title=World history, 1815–1920| publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company| year=1922| location=United States of America | pages = 25–28, 36–44| isbn = 1584770775| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&pg=PA25&dq=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=%22Great%20Powers%22%20%22Congress%20of%20Vienna%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 .</ref>|name="turkey-1815"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- c. 1880 -->|{{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=Ottoman Empire}}{{#tag:ref|For Turkey in 1880, see: <ref name="1880 to the Diamond Jubilee">{{cite book | last = McCarthy| first = Justin| title=A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee| publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers| year=1880| location=New York, United States of America | pages = 475–476| isbn = | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kvYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480&dq=%22Great+Powers%22#PPA475,M1}}</ref>|name="turkey-1880"|group="nb"}}
| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=Ottoman Empire}}{{#tag:ref|For Turkey in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia">{{cite book | last = Dallin | first = David | title = The Rise of Russia in Asia | publisher = | date = | location = | pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22boxer+rebellion%22+%22great+powers%22&source=web&ots=PFvmBinYof&sig=Hom8pFuEToBb-31aGxGAUydZOAs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA56,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>|name="turkey-1900"|group="nb"}}
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1919 -->
|- style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left;"
| rowspan="1"|<!-- 1815 -->
|}<noinclude>
| rowspan="1"|<!-- c. 1880 -->

| style="border:1px solid #DAA520;"<!-- c. 1900 -->|{{flag|United States|1896}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1900, see: <ref name="The Rise of Russia in Asia"/>|name="usa-1900"|group="nb"}}
==List of small powers==
| style="border:1px solid blue;"<!-- 1919 -->|{{flag|United States|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1919, see: <ref name="Margaret MacMillan"/>|name="usa-1919"|group="nb"}}
The following is a list of countries that are described as being small powers:
| style="border:1px solid red;"<!-- 1938 -->|{{flag|United States|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1938, see: <ref name="The Economics of World War II"/>|name="usa-1938"|group="nb"}}
{{Div col |colwidth=22em}}
| style="border:1px solid #22AA55;"<!-- 1946 -->|{{flag|United States|1912}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 1946, see: <ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="The Superpowers"/>|name="usa-1946"|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Albania|size=23px}}<ref name=CliveArcher>, Routledge, 14 March 2014, Page 130</ref>
| style="border:1px solid #8A2BE2;"<!-- c. 2000 -->|{{flag|United States|1960}}{{#tag:ref|For the United States in 2000, see: <ref name="Canada Among Nations"/><ref name="Encarta"/><ref name="The world we want"/><ref name="Balance of Power"/><ref name="Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June-2 July 1999">{{cite web|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|title=Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era|access-date=2007-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Milena Sterio"/><ref name="Theo Farrell"/><ref name="Joshua Baron"/>|name="usa-2000"|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Andorra|size=23px}}
|- style="text-align:left;"
* {{flagcountry|Angola|size=23px}}<ref name="Respect"/>
|}<noinclude>{{{headerextension|}}}{{{header|==Notes included with template==}}}{{{headerextension|}}}
* {{flagcountry|Armenia|size=23px}}<ref name="Respect"/>
<references group="nb"/>
<!--Need Citations{{flagcountry|Azerbaijan|size=23px}}
{{{headerextension|}}}{{{header|==References included with template==}}}{{{headerextension|}}}
* {{flagcountry|Belarus|size=23px}}
{{reflist|2}}
* {{flagcountry|Bolivia|size=23px}}-->
* {{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina|size=23px}}<ref name=CliveArcher/><ref name="Respect">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/22/opinion/l-why-small-powers-also-deserve-respect-913593.html | title=Why Small Powers Also Deserve Respect | date=22 November 1993 | accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Bulgaria|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/d7b88ec2-d016-4c96-a6e8-88f86f4723ea.pdf|title=Small States' Responses to the Great Depression: A case study of Bulgaria|website=ecpr.eu|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Costa Rica|size=23px}}<ref name="Respect"/>
* {{flagcountry|Cuba|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Cyprus|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Djibouti|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Ecuador|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|El Salvador|size=23px}}
<!--{{flagcountry|Ethiopia|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Guatemala|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Georgia|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Guyana|size=23px}}-->
<!--{{flagcountry|Honduras|size=23px}}-->
* {{flagcountry|Iceland|size=23px}}<ref name=WorldBank/><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/9957090 | title=Connecting the Basque and Icelandic Cases: An Ethnographic Chronicle about Democratic Regeneration | journal=Open Democracy | year=2015 | accessdate=24 February 2016| last1=Dr Igor Calzada | first1=M. B. A. }}</ref>
<!--{{flagcountry|Jamaica|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Jordan|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Kenya|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|kuwait|size=23px}}-->
* {{flagcountry|Liechtenstein|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|North Macedonia|size=23px}}<ref name=CliveArcher/>
* {{flagcountry|Malta|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Monaco|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Moldova|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Mongolia|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Montenegro|size=23px}}<ref name=CliveArcher/>
<!--{{flagcountry|Nicaragua|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Palestine|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Panama|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Paraguay|size=23px}}-->
* {{flagcountry|San Marino|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Slovakia|size=23px}}<ref>P Balík, , 2008</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Slovenia|size=23px}}<ref name="Respect"/><ref name=WorldBank/>
* {{flagcountry|Somalia|size=23px}}<ref name="Respect"/>
* {{flagcountry|Suriname|size=23px}}<ref name=WorldBank/>
<!--{{flagcountry|Syria|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Tanzania|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Tunisia|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Uruguay|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Vatican City|size=23px}}
{{flagcountry|Grenada|size=23px}}-->
{{div col end}}
==List of middle powers==
The following is a list of countries that have been, at some point in time, considered middle powers by academics or other experts:
{{Div col |colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagcountry|Algeria|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst">Wurst J (2006) , ''GSI'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193536/http://www.gsinstitute.org/docs/ClingendaelBrief_Final.pdf |date=14 June 2007 |df=y}}</ref><ref name="Cooper">Cooper AF (1997) , ''palgrave''</ref><ref name="Wood">Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in ''Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension'', edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Argentina|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst"/><ref name="Cooper"/><ref name="Wood"/>
* {{flagcountry|Australia|size=23px}}<ref name="Jordaan"/><ref name="Harris">Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. ''Far Eastern Economic Review'' Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'</ref><ref name="Adriansyah">Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', ''Asia Times'' (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'</ref><ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|last=Buzan |first=Barry |title=The United States and the Great Powers |publisher=Polity Press |year=2004 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |page=71 |isbn=0-7456-3375-7}}</ref><ref name="Hazleton">Hazleton WA (2005) , ''allacademic''</ref><ref name = "MPATROC">{{cite book
|last1=Gilley
|first1=Bruce
|last2=O'Neil
|first2=Andrew
|date=July 8, 2014
|title=Middle Powers and the Rise of China
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=WVQ7BAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA30&dq=austria%20middle%20power&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false
|location=
|publisher=]
|page=30
|isbn=9781626160842
}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Austria|size=23px}}<ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct">{{cite web|url=https://www.hcss.nl/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/|title=A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy|publisher=The Hague Center for Strategic Studies |accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Wood"/><ref>{{cite book
|last=Lauber
|first=Volkmar
|date=September 17, 2019
|title=Contemporary Austrian Politics
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=1U2wDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT150&dq=austria%20middle%20power&pg=PT150#v=onepage&q&f=false
|location=
|publisher=]
|page=
|isbn=9780429720987
|author-link=
}}</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" /><ref name = "StuckInMiddleGear">{{cite book
|last=Taylor
|first=Ian
|date=2001
|title=Stuck in Middle GEAR: South Africa's Post-apartheid Foreign Relations
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=3tfjkiq0b7sC&lpg=PA19&dq=romania%20middle%20power&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q=romania%20middle%20power&f=false
|location=]
|publisher=]
|page= 19
|isbn=9780275972752
}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Bangladesh|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/>
* {{flagcountry|Belgium|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon" /><ref name="Inoguchi">Inoguchi K (2002) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122633/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |date=29 September 2007 |df=y}}</ref><ref name="Caplan">Caplan G (2006) , ''SudanTribune''</ref><ref name = "StuckInMiddleGear" />
* {{flagcountry|Bulgaria|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite book
|last=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
|date=January 1, 2005
|title=The future of democracy in the Black Sea area: hearing before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, March 8, 2005
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=sVI1AAAAIAAJ&q=romania+middle+power&dq=romania+middle+power&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvz42khcbnAhVq7HMBHfG3DD44HhDoAQg_MAM
|location=]
|publisher=]
|page=25
|author-link=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Canada|size=23px}}
*{{flagcountry|Chile|size=23px}}<ref name="Inoguchi" /><ref name="Heine">Heine J (2006) , ''ISN'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007112321/http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en|date=7 October 2007|df=y}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Colombia|size=23px}}<ref name="KYOTO1">{{cite web|url=http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |title=THE UN DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN KYOTO |publisher=disarm.emb-japan.go.jp |accessdate=13 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212429/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |archivedate=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="NewDiplomacy">{{cite web|url=http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007112321/http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en |archivedate=7 October 2007 |title=On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy |publisher=The Centre for International Governance Innovation |last=Heine |first=Jorge |accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Croatia|size=23px}}<ref name="Respect"/><ref name=GlobalFirepower>
</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Czech Republic|size=23px}}<ref name = "CzechJournal" /><ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct" /><ref>{{cite journal
| last = John
| first = Ravenhill
| date = 1988
| title = Cycles of middle power activism: Constraint andchoice in Australian and Canadian foreign policies,
| url = http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Cycles-of-middle-power-activism-Constraint-and-choice-in-Australian-and-Canadian-foreign-policies.pdf
| journal = Australian Journal of International Affairs
| volume = 52
| issue = 3
| pages = 2
| doi = 10.1080/10357719808445259
| access-date = February 10, 2020
}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Denmark|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer"/><ref name="Pratt">Pratt C (1990) , ''MQUP''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Egypt|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst" /><ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref name="Ploughshares">Ploughshares Monitor (1997) </ref><ref name="Gilley">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/opinion/the-rise-of-the-middle-powers.html |title=The Rise of the Middle Powers |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=10 September 2012 |accessdate=18 May 2019 |last=Gilley |first=Bruce}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Finland|size=23px}}<ref name="FINLAND1">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7493871/The_Concept_of_Middle_Power|title=The Concept of Middle Power |publisher=] |accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct" /><ref name = "WSITIS">{{cite book |last=I. Handel |first=Michael |date=1990 |title=Weak States in the International System |pages=28 |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=sOELm3YduxQC&lpg=PA28&dq=finland%20middle%20power&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=] |isbn=9780714640730}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Greece|size=23px}}<ref name="Thanos-Veremēs">Thanos Veremēs (1997) "Black Rose Books"</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Hungary|size=23px}}<ref name="Higott-Cooper">Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) </ref>
* {{flagcountry|Indonesia|size=23px}}<ref name="Ping">Jonathan H. Ping, ''Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific'' (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
* {{flagcountry|Iran|size=23px}}<ref name="Ehteshami">Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, ''Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System'' (London: Routledge, 1997).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Samhat |first=Nayef H. |year=2000 |title=Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations |journal=Policy Studies Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=11–26|doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x }}</ref><ref name="Ahouie">Ahouie M (2004) , ''MIT''</ref><ref name="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) </ref>
* {{flagcountry|Iraq|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/>
* {{flagcountry|Ireland|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite book
|last=Pratt
|first=Cranford
|date=1990
|title=Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=eaLmKPmFnLgC&lpg=PA32&dq=ireland%20middle%20power&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q=ireland%20middle%20power&f=false
|location=]
|publisher=]
|page= 32
|isbn=9780773507258
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last1=Tonra
|first1=Ben
|last2=Ward
|first2=Eilís
|date=2002
|title=Ireland in International Affairs: Interests, Institutions and Identities
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=fFicRmV_LcIC&lpg=PA20&ots=8d3Bd1YyKS&dq=ireland%20middle%20power&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false
|chapter=Chapter 1: Ireland, Peacekeeping and Defence Policy: Challenges and Opportunities
|editor1-last=Murphy
|editor1-first=Ray
|location=], ]
|publisher=]
|page= 20-21
|isbn=9781902448763
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Gillespie
| first = Paul
| date = 17 January 2015
| title = Representing Ireland – multitasking in a multilateral world
| url = https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/representing-ireland-multitasking-in-a-multilateral-world-1.2068867
| work = ]
| location =
| access-date = 8 February 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Ishizuka
|first=Katsumi
|date=23 Apr 2014
|title=Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=CSxpAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA136&ots=yz7eQ00kvV&dq=ireland%20middle%20power&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false
|chapter=Four: Ireland's peacekeeping policy in the post-Cold War era
|location=
|publisher=]
|page= 136
|isbn=9781135295264
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=The Role of Middle Power–NGO Coalitions in Global Policy: The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban
|last1=Bolton
|first1=Matthew
|last2=Nash
|first2=Thomas
|date=7 May 2010
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2009.00015.x
|publisher=]
|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Israel|size=23px}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html|title=www.lrb.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd76/76actg.htm|title=www.acronym.org.uk}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectator.us/kazakhstan-struggle-central-asia/|title=Kazakhstan and the struggle over Central Asia|date=5 June 2019|website=Spectator USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.insightturkey.com/articles/kazakhstans-middle-power-response-to-terrorism|title=Kazakhstan’s Middle Power Response to Terrorism|first=Aidar Kurmashev, Dana Akhmedyanova, Houman Sadri, Akbota|last=Zholdasbekova|date=1 October 2018|journal=Insight Turkey|via=www.insightturkey.com}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kuwait|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/>
*{{flagcountry|Luxembourg|size=23px}}<ref>''Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension'', edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Malaysia|size=23px}}<ref name="Ploughshares" /><ref name="Ping"/><ref name="Mace-Belanger">Mace G, Belanger L (1999) (p 153)</ref><ref>Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
* {{flagcountry|Morocco|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/online-articles/moroccos-contemporary-diplomacy-middle-power|title=Morocco's Contemporary Diplomacy as a Middle Power|date=10 August 2019|website=JIA SIPA}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Mexico|size=23px}}<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref name="Belanger">Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref name="Goad">Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', ''Far Eastern Economic Review'', Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.</ref><ref name="Pellicer">Pellicer O (2006) , ''FES''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Netherlands|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer" /><ref name="Pratt" />
* {{flagcountry|New Zealand|size=23px}}<ref name="MPI"/>
* {{flagcountry|Nigeria|size=23px}}<ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref name="Mace-Belanger" />
* {{flagcountry|Norway|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer" /><ref name="Pratt" />
* {{flagcountry|Pakistan|size=23px}}<ref name="Buzan2004">{{cite book|author=Barry Buzan|title=The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8|accessdate=27 December 2011|year=2004|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9|pages=71, 99}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Peru|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=McKercher|first1=B. J. C. |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136664366|url=https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |language=en|quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Philippines|size=23px}}<ref name="Asia-Pacific">Jonathan H. Ping (p 104)</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Poland|size=23px}}<ref name="Goad"/><ref name=spero/><ref name="Kirton">Kirton J (2006) </ref>
* {{flagcountry|Portugal|size=23px}}<ref name="Lacoste">according to Yves Lacoste, ''Géopolitique'', Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Qatar|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|title=Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?|publisher=Public Diplomacy Magazine|last=Cooper|first=Andrew F.|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|title=Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy|last=Kamrava|first=Mehran|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183501/http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Romania|size=23px}}<ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct" /><ref name="Wood"/><ref name = "WSITIS" /><ref name = "StuckInMiddleGear" /><ref name = "TurkishPolicyQuarterly">{{cite book
|date=2005
|title=Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 4
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=1TktAQAAIAAJ&q=romania+middle+power&dq=romania+middle+power&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGtKmTgcbnAhV06XMBHYK2Cf44FBDoAQgoMAA
|location=]
|publisher=Big Art
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Wood
|first=Bernald
|date=June 1, 1988
|title=The middle powers and the general interest
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=_uGFAAAAIAAJ&q=romania+middle+power&dq=romania+middle+power&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGtKmTgcbnAhV06XMBHYK2Cf44FBDoAQhtMAg
|location=]
|publisher=]
|page= <!-- or pages= -->
|isbn=9780920494813
}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia|size=23px}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Sept_23/ai_92080737|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023220033/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Sept_23/ai_92080737|title=Kawaguchi asks Saudi Arabia to put pressure on Iraq Japan Policy & Politics |archivedate=23 October 2007|website=findarticles.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826031056/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4349|title=Saudi Surprise|date=26 August 2004|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Serbia|size=23px}}<ref name=CliveArcher/>
* {{flagcountry|Singapore|size=23px}}<ref name="FINLAND1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/CEEISA-ISA-LBJ2016/Archive/af8c46fb-30e2-4b6e-8aff-d4d36e0906dc.pdf|title=Middle Powers,Norms, and Balancing: ROK’s and ASEAN’s Normative Balancing against Rising China|publisher=]|accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=de Swielande |first1=Tanguy Struye |last2=Vandamme |first2=Dorothée |last3=Walton |first3=Dorothée |last4=Wilkins |first4=Thomas |editor-last=Peng Er |editor-first=Lam |title=Rethinking Middle Powers in the Asian Century: New Theories, New Cases |publisher=] |date=2018 |chapter=Chapter 14: The Singapore paradox: The "little red dot" as a "middle power" |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=Qs5wDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=asian%20middle%20power&pg=PT347#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9780429873843}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|South Africa|size=23px}}<ref name=Lechini>Gladys Lechini, ''Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas'', Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum.'' Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.</ref><ref>Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref>Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', ''Third World Quarterly'', Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.</ref><ref name="Pfister">Pfister R (2006) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612022430/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=239001176317320 |date=12 June 2007}}, ''H-Net''</ref><ref>Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', ''Round Table'', Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549.</ref><ref name="GIGA">Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (1 August 2007). GIGA Working Paper No. 57. {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.1007692}}</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
* {{flagcountry|South Korea|size=23px}}<ref name="Harris"/><ref name="Armstrong">Armstrong DF (1997) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720011332/http://sc.lib.muohio.edu/dissertations/AAI9728811/ |date=20 July 2011}}</ref><ref>], 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle', ''Pacific Review'', Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220.</ref><ref>Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security'', in ''The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order'', edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24712289-7583,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912182114/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24712289-7583,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |work=The Australian |first=Greg |last=Sheridan |title=The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer |date=27 November 2008}}</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
* {{flagcountry|Spain|size=23px}}<ref name="Lacoste"/>
* {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/>
* {{flagcountry|Sweden|size=23px}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers"/><ref name="Pratt" /><ref name="Rudengren-Gisle-Brann">Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422131920/http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/publications/multilateral/sweden.asp |date=22 April 2007 }}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Switzerland|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426220103/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html|title=South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership - Fairy God-mother, Hegemon or Partner? In Search of a South African Foreign Policy - Monograph No 13, 1997|date=26 April 2015|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Taiwan|size=23px}}<ref name="Asia-Pacific" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/taiwan-signals-its-readiness-to-join-the-worlds-democratic-powers-20160122-gmbk9b.html |accessdate=10 January 2020 |work=the sydney morning herald |first=Bruce |last=Jacobs |title=Taiwan signals its readiness to join the world's democratic powers |date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Thailand|size=23px}}<ref name="Asia-Pacific" /><ref name = "MPATROC" />
* {{flagcountry|Turkey|size=23px}}<ref name="Cooper et al">Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', ''International Studies Review'', Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.</ref><ref>Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
* {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-uae-egypt%E2%80%99s-new-frontier-libya-11184|title=The UAE and Egypt's New Frontier in Libya|work=The National Interest|date=3 September 2014|accessdate=26 October 2014|first=Ellen|last=Laipson}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html|title=Middle Power Diplomacy|first=Gareth|last=Evans|date=29 June 2011|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Venezuela|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite book
|last=Flemes
|first=Dr Daniel
|date=March 28, 2013
|title=Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers
|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=z-vRlxp1hrQC&lpg=PA189&dq=venezuela%20middle%20power&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q=venezuela%20middle%20power&f=false
|publisher=]
|page= 189
|isbn=9781409499725
}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Vietnam|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/middle-powers-joining-together-the-case-of-vietnam-and-australia/|title=Middle Powers, Joining Together: The Case of Vietnam and Australia}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
==List of regional powers==
=== Europe ===
==== Eastern Europe ====
* '''{{RUS}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|P5|P5|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}
==== Western Europe ====
* '''{{UK}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|P5|P5}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61"/><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6"/><ref name="giga-hamburg">{{cite web|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/rpn/conferences/mayer.pdf|publisher=giga-hamburg.de|title=France, Germany, Britain – Responses of Traditional Regional Powers to Rising Regions and Rivals|accessdate=5 March 2017}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*'''{{FRA}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|P5|P5|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="ai" /><ref name="cbs" /><ref name="globalpolicy">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/oil/2003/0206regi.htm|publisher=globalpolicy.org|title=&quot;Regional Powers React to Proposed US Invasion of Iraq&quot;|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Germany|size=23px}}{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G4|G4|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name=ai> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721181621/http://www.aims.ca/library/huntington.pdf |date=21 July 2006 }}</ref><ref name="cbs"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/2181/6/lecture010.pdf|title=tspace.library.utoronto.ca|author=|date=|website=utoronto.ca|accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref>
==== Southern Europe ====
*{{flagcountry|Italy|size=23px}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>Gabriele Abbondanza, ''Italy as a Regional Power: the African Context from National Unification to the Present Day'' (Rome: Aracne, 2016)</ref><ref>"] may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, ''Italy and the European Union'' (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.</ref><ref>"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See ''Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook'', Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.</ref><ref name="ladocumentationfrancaise">{{cite web|url=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/catalogue/3303331600596/index.shtml|publisher=ladocumentationfrancaise.fr|title=L'Italie : un destin européen|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref>

=== North America ===
* '''{{US}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|P5|P5|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="internationalpolicydigest">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/04/16/chinese-cyber-information-profusion-anti-access-area-denial-in-summative-context/|publisher=internationalpolicydigest.org|title=Chinese Cyber Information Profusion|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=17 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602114217/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/04/16/chinese-cyber-information-profusion-anti-access-area-denial-in-summative-context/|archive-date=2 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== South America ===
*{{flagcountry|Argentina|size=23px}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century." See Michael Morris, "The Srait of Magellan," in ''International Straits of the World'', edited by Gerard Mangone (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishes, 1988), p. 63.</ref><ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61">"Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina." See Tom Nierop, "The Clash of Civilisations," in ''The Territorial Factor'', edited by Gertjan Dijkink and Hans Knippenberg (Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA, 2001), p. 61.</ref><ref>"The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can developed their own rules for further managing regional relations." See David Lake, "Regional Hierarchies," in ''Globalising the Regional'', edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 55.</ref><ref>"The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community." See Emanuel Adler and Patricia Greve, "Overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance," in ''Globalising the Regional'', edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 78.</ref><ref>" notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Alejandra Ruiz-Dana, Peter Goldschag, Edmundo Claro and Hernan Blanco, "Regional integration, trade and conflicts in Latin America," in ''Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution'', edited by Shaheen Rafi Khan (New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 18.</ref><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6">Samuel P. Huntington, "Culture, Power, and Democracy," in ''Globalization, Power, and Democracy'', edited by Marc Plattner and Aleksander Smolar (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 6.</ref><ref>""The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Anestis Papadopoulos, ''The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 283.</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Brazil|size=23px}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G4|G4|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arnson|first1=Cynthia|last2=Sotero|first2=Paulo|title=Brazil as a Regional Power: Views from the Hemisphere|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Brazil-as-a-Regional-Power3.pdf|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|accessdate=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=De Lima|first1=Maria Regina Soares|last2=Hirst|first2=Monica|title=Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|publisher=Chatham House|accessdate=16 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106023112/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|archivedate=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wigell|first=Mikael|title=Assertive Brazil, an emerging power and its implications|url=http://www.fiia.fi/assets/publications/bp82.pdf|publisher=Finnish Institute of International Affairs|accessdate=16 April 2012|date=19 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Flemes, Daniel|title=Brazil's strategic options in a multi-regional world order|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/rpn/conferences/flemes.pdf|publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies|accessdate=16 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Schenoni, Luis|title=Unveiling the South American Balance|journal=Estudos Internacionais V. 2 N. 2 Jul-Dez 2015 P. 215-232|url=https://www.academia.edu/12944490|accessdate=16 April 2015}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
*{{flagcountry|Australia|size=23px}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA|}}<ref name="routledge">{{cite web|url=http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?curTab=Author%20Biography&id=&parent_id=3459&sku=&isbn=9780415404211&pc=/shopping_cart/categories/categories_products.asp!parent_id=3459$so=1|publisher=routledge.com|title=Australia as an Asia-Pacific Regional Power: Friendships in Flux? (Hardback) - Routledge|date=12 September 2007|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="foreignminister">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2006/060710_bigorsmall.html|publisher=foreignminister.gov.au|title=Should Australia Think Big or Small in Foreign Policy?|accessdate=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601231052/http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2006/060710_bigorsmall.html|archive-date=1 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
==== East Asia ====
* '''{{CHN}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|P5|P5|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}'''{{Ref label|Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO}}'''<ref name="time">{{cite journal|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,503050425-1051243,00.html|title=Living With The Giants - TIME|journal=Time|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=18 April 2005}}</ref><ref name="af">{{cite web|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/cgrp.htm|publisher=au.af.mil|title=China: Global/Regional Power 2006|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/neighbors/|publisher=cnn.com|title=CNN In-Depth Specials - Visions of China - Asian Superpower: Regional 'godfather' or local bully? |accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="abc">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2006/s1642878.htm|publisher=abc.net.au|title=Correspondents Report - China: paramount power in South East Asia|date=21 May 2006|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aseanfocus.com/asiananalysis/article.cfm?articleID=780 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831064146/http://www.aseanfocus.com/asiananalysis/article.cfm?articleID=780 |archivedate=31 August 2007 }} www.aseanfocus.com</ref><ref name=alla>, allacademic.com</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Japan|size=23px}}{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G4|G4|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name=alla/><ref name="cambridge">{{cite journal|title=Japan and the Myanmar Stalemate: Regional Power and Resolution of a Regional Problem&#124; Japanese Journal of Political Science &#124; Cambridge Core|journal=Japanese Journal of Political Science|volume=6|issue=3|pages=393|doi=10.1017/S1468109905001969|year=2006|last1=Holliday|first1=IAN|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f3fd499ee1c4d81d522e1b62c1d5a7038f4b09c2}}</ref><ref name=cbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri.php|publisher=csbaonline.org|title=www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri.php|accessdate=5 March 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234424/http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri.php|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|South Korea|size=23px}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA|}}{{Ref label|OECD|OECD|}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11|}}<ref name="South Korea: A Major Regional Power">{{cite web|url=http://journalofsociology.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Full-text-pdf.5.pdf|publisher=Journal of Sociology|title=South Korea: A Major Regional Power|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref>

==== South Asia ====
*{{flagcountry|India|size=23px}}{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G4|G4|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}'''{{Ref label|Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO}}'''<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref name="Regions and powers"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |title=Is India a Major Power? |last=Perkovich |first=George |journal=The Washington Quarterly |issue=27.1 Winter 2003–04 |accessdate=13 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014858/http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |archivedate=27 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Encarta"> {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |date=1 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author =Dilip Mohite| title =Swords and Ploughshares- India: The Fourth Great Power?| version =Vol. 7, No. 3| publisher =Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS)| date =Spring 1993| url =http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S&Ps/1993-Sp/S&P_VII-3/great_power.html| accessdate =13 December 2007| url-status =dead| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20060901150133/http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S%26Ps/1993-Sp/S%26P_VII-3/great_power.html| archivedate =1 September 2006}}</ref>

==== Southeast Asia ====
*{{flagcountry|Indonesia|size=23px}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11|}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA|}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}{{Ref label|D-8|D-8|}}{{Ref label|G-15|G-15|}}<ref name=ai/><ref name="ref">Emmers, Ralf. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 17 March 2004. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref>

==== West Asia ====
*{{flagcountry|Iran|size=23px}}{{Ref label|N 11|N 11|}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{cite book | last =Buzan | first =Barry | title=The United States and the Great Powers | publisher=Polity Press | year=2004 | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom | pages =71 | isbn =978-0-7456-3375-6 | url=}}</ref><ref name="Regions and powers">{{harvtxt|Buzan & Wæver, Regions and Powers|2003|p=55}}</ref><ref>""Iran is a strong regional power, in a far better shape than Pakistan because f its economic capabilities, rich mineral and energy resources, and internal stability, added to its far greater geostrategic importance." In Hooman Peimani, ''Nuclear Proliferation in the Indian Subcontinent'' (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000), p. 30.</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Israel|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/24/the-eight-great-powers-of-2017/|title=The Eight Great Powers of 2017 - The American Interest|date=24 January 2017|work=The American Interest|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.706226|title=Israel May Be Eighth-ranked in Global Power, but It's Really Not Much Fun|last=Haaretz|date=1 March 2016|work=Haaretz|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Butenschøn 1992 95–119">{{Cite book|title=Regional Great Powers in International Politics|last=Butenschøn|first=Nils A.|date=1992|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, London|isbn=9781349126637|pages=95–119|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-12661-3_5|chapter = Israel as a Regional Great Power: Paradoxes of Regional Alienation}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia|size=23px}} {{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref name="Regions and powers"/><ref name="findarticles">{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Sept_23/ai_92080737|publisher=findarticles.com|title=FindArticles.com &#124; CBSi|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4349|title=Saudi Surprise|date=26 August 2004|accessdate=4 April 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826031056/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4349|archivedate=26 August 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286186092|title=Saudi Arabia. A Regional Power Facing Increasing Challenges|author=Ana Belén Soage Antepazo|date=8 December 2012|accessdate=24 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Saudi Arabia as a Resurgent Regional Power|journal=The International Spectator|volume=53|issue=4|pages=75–94|author=Anoushiravan Ehteshami|date=28 September 2018|doi=10.1080/03932729.2018.1507722}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
*{{flagcountry|Egypt|size=23px}} {{Ref label|N-11|N-11|}}<ref name=po/><ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1863|title=United States Department of Defense|access-date=25 February 2018|website=www.defenselink.mil|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/efraim_inbar/oped050606.doc|title=Mubarak's game|access-date=25 February 2018|author=Efraim Inbar|date=5 June 2006|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191245/http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/efraim_inbar/oped050606.doc|format=doc|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|Nigeria|size=23px}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11|}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcK-AAAAQBAJ&q=Nigeria#v=snippet&q=West%20Africa,%20with%20its%20strong%20French%20influence,%20is%20home%20to%20one%20of%20Africa's%20two%20regional%20giants,%20Nigeria,%20and%20the%20region%20has%20seen%20the%20scene%20of%20much%20political%20and%20ethnic%20unres&f=false|title=Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements|last=Lynch|first=David A.|date=16 August 2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742566903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_6mPWRGKlIC&q=South+Africa+is+not+the+sole+regional+power+on+the+continent,+though;+Nigeria+is+the+other+widely+acknowledge+centre+of+power+in+Africa+and+likewise+a+sub-regional+superpower+in+West+Africa#v=snippet&q=South%20Africa%20is%20not%20the%20sole%20regional%20power%20on%20the%20continent,%20though;%20Nigeria%20is%20the%20other%20widely%20acknowledge%20centre%20of%20power%20in%20Africa%20and%20likewise%20a%20sub-regional%20superpower%20in%20West%20Africa&f=false|title=Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers|last=Flemes|first=Daniel|date=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9780754679127}}</ref>
*{{flagcountry|South Africa|size=23px}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref name=ai/><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012033753/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/9No3/SAMiddlePower.html |date=12 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>"Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is by far the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracized." See David Lynch, ''Trade and Globalization'' (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51.</ref>

=== Transcontinental regional powers ===
*{{flagcountry|Turkey|size=23px}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA|}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11|}}<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8&dq=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The United States and the Great Powers: World Politics in the Twenty-First Century|last=Buzan|first=Barry|date=15 October 2004|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780745633749|accessdate=4 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="StratforTurkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise|title=Turkey and Russia on the Rise|date=17 March 2009|publisher=Stratfor|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823084005/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise|archivedate=23 August 2011|accessdate=21 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="HeptagonTurkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.heptagonpost.com/Dessi/can_turkey_be_a_source_of_stability_in_the_middle_east|title=Can Turkey Be a Source of Stability in the Middle East?|date=18 December 2010|publisher=heptagonpost.com|accessdate=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613222927/http://www.heptagonpost.com/Dessi/can_turkey_be_a_source_of_stability_in_the_middle_east|archive-date=13 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite journal|date=5 November 2011|title=The Economist: "Turkish foreign policy: Ottoman dreamer", 5 November 2011.|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21536598|journal=The Economist|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{cite journal|date=5 November 2011|title=The Economist: "Turkey in the Balkans: The good old days?", 5 November 2011.|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21536647|journal=The Economist|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>, cover story in the ] issue of 21–28 November 2011. (Vol. 178 No. 21.) was the cover title in the editions of , and .</ref>

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Revision as of 14:45, 30 April 2023

1815 1878 1900 1919 1939 1945 c. 2000
 Austria  Austria-Hungary  Austria-Hungary
 British Empire  British Empire  British Empire  British Empire  United Kingdom  United Kingdom  United Kingdom
 China  China
 France  France  France  France  France  France  France
 Prussia  Germany  Germany  Germany  Germany
 Italy  Italy  Italy  Italy  Italy
 Japan  Japan  Japan  Japan
 Russia  Russia  Russia  Soviet Union  Soviet Union  Russia
 United States  United States  United States  United States  United States

==Notes included with template==

  1. For Austria in 1815, see:
  2. For Austria in 1880, see:
  3. For Austria in 1900, see:
  4. For the United Kingdom in 1815, see:
  5. For the United Kingdom in 1880, see:
  6. For the United Kingdom in 1990, see:
  7. For the United Kingdom in 1919, see:
  8. After the Statute of Westminster came into effect in 1931, the United Kingdom no longer represented the British Empire in world affairs.
  9. For the United Kingdom in 1938, see:
  10. For the United Kingdom in 1946, see:
  11. For the United Kingdom in 2000, see:
  12. For China in 1946, see:
  13. For China in 2000, see:
  14. For France in 1815, see:
  15. For France in 1880, see:
  16. For France in 1900, see:
  17. For France in 1919, see:
  18. For France in 1938, see:
  19. For France in 1946, see:
  20. For France in 2000, see:
  21. For Prussia in 1815, see:
  22. For Germany in 1880, see:
  23. For Germany in 1900, see:
  24. For Germany in 1938, see:
  25. For Germany in 2000, see:
  26. For Italy in 1880, see:
  27. For Italy in 1900, see:
  28. For Italy in 1919, see:
  29. For Italy in 1938, see:
  30. For Italy in 2000, see:
  31. For Japan in 1900, see:
  32. "The Prime Minister of Canada (during the Treaty of Versailles) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. United States of America: Random House Trade. p. 306. ISBN 0-375-76052-0.
  33. For Japan in 1919, see:
  34. For Japan in 1938, see:
  35. For Japan in 2000, see:
  36. For Russia in 1815, see:
  37. For Russia in 1880, see:
  38. For Russia in 1900, see:
  39. For the Soviet Union in 1938, see:
  40. For the Soviet Union in 1946, see:
  41. For the Soviet Union in 2000, see:
  42. For the United States in 1900, see:
  43. For the United States in 1919, see:
  44. For the United States in 1938, see:
  45. For the United States in 1946, see:
  46. For the United States in 2000, see:

References included with template

  1. ^ Peter Howard (2008). "Great Powers". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  2. ^ Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1584770775.
  3. ^ Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads) (PDF copy).
  4. ^ McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
  5. ^ Dallin, David (November 2006). The Rise of Russia in Asia. ISBN 9781406729191.
  6. ^ MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. United States of America: Random House Trade. pp. 36, 306, 431. ISBN 0-375-76052-0.
  7. ^ Harrison, M (2000) The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ Louden, Robert (2007). The world we want. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. p. 187. ISBN 978-0195321371.
  9. ^ The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox
  10. ^ Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. ISBN 0773528369. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers")
  11. ^ T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). Balance of Power. United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0791464016. Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
  12. ^ Sterio, Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). ISBN 978-0415668187. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
  13. ^ Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. ISBN 978-1107471498. Retrieved 13 June 2016. (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).")
  14. McCourt, David (28 May 2014). Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472072217.
  15. ^ Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137299482.
  16. Chalmers, Malcolm (May 2015). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR" (PDF). Royal United Services Institute. Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): 2. While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'.
  17. Walker, William (22 September 2015). "Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom". International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy. 57 (5): 7–28. Retrieved 31 December 2015. Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach.
  18. ^ UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers
  19. Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" The Washington Quarterly
  20. Kennedy, Paul (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. United States of America: Random House. p. 204. ISBN 0-394-54674-1.
  21. Best, Antony; Hanhimäki, Jussi; Maiolo, Joseph; Schulze, Kirsten (2008). International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond. United States of America: Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-0415438964.
  22. Wight, Martin (2002). Power Politics. United Kingdom: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 46. ISBN 0826461743.
  23. Waltz, Kenneth (1979). Theory of International Politics. United States of America: McGraw-Hill. p. 162. ISBN 0-07-554852-6.
  24. Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security. Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. 2014. p. Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria). Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  25. Carter, Keith Lambert (2019). Great Power, Arms, And Alliances. Retrieved 25 January 2021. U.S., Russia, China, France, Germany, U.K. and Italy - Table on page 56,72 (Major powers-great power criteria)
  26. Kuper, Stephen. "Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019". Retrieved 22 January 2020. Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers
  27. Richard N. Haass, "Asia's overlooked Great Power", Project Syndicate April 20, 2007.
  28. "Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era". Retrieved 2007-02-28.
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