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December 2022 Peruvian protests
Part of 2017–present Peruvian political crisis
Protesters gathered on 8 December
Date	7 December 2022 (2022-12-07) – present
Location	Peru
Caused by	Impeachment and arrest of Pedro Castillo after the self-coup attempt
Goals	Resignation of President Dina Boluarte and Government of Peru Dissolution of Congress Establishment of constituent assembly New general election
Methods	Blockades Labor strike Riots Demonstrations Insurrection
Status	Ongoing State of emergency declared throughout the country General election postponement to December 2023 rejected by Congress Economic losses due to the stoppage and destruction of road and industrial infrastructure. 20 civilians casualties Resignation of two ministers from Boluarte's cabinet after an Ayacucho massacre
Parties
Anti-government protestors List National Assembly of the Peoples Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru File:Logo de la Federación Universitaria de San Marcos (2020).png University Federation of San Marcos [es] AIDESEP ONAMIAP [es] National Front of Carriers and Drivers of Peru MOVADEF Mining guilds Ayacucho People's Defense Front Departmental Federation of Cusco Workers (FDTC) Túpac Amaru Cusco Agrarian Revolutionary Federation (FARTAC) Cusco University Federation (FUC) SUTEP Cusco Regional Youth Assembly (Arejo) CGTP CUT Supported by: Free Peru Together for Peru New Peru PCP PHP Red Fatherland Ethnocacerists Union for Peru Broad Front Democratic Peru BMCN Government of Peru Congress of Peru Armed Forces National Police Supported by: Popular Force Popular Renewal Alliance for Progress
Lead figures
Pedro Castillo Betssy Chávez Guillermo Bermejo Guido Bellido Dina Boluarte Pedro Angulo Alberto Otárola José Williams
Casualties
Death(s)	24 civilians
Injuries	321
Arrested	147 (16 December)

The 2022 Peruvian protests in favor of Pedro Castillo correspond to a series of demonstrations called by supporters of the ousted president of Peru, Pedro Castillo, from both civilians and social organizations and groups of indigenous peoples, specifically from the political left to the far left. Castillo was ousted after his dismissal by Congress and arrest for having announced the dissolution of Congress, the intervention of the state apparatus and the establishment of an "emergency government", which has been characterized as a self-coup attempt. Among the main demands of the demonstrators is the dissolution of Congress, the resignation of the current president Dina Boluarte, new elections, the release of Pedro Castillo and the installation of a constituent assembly. It was also reported that some of the protesters have declared themselves in an insurgency.

In some localities, the protests showed a position of rejection towards congressmen from their departments that they represent for allowing the vacancy motion for Castillo. They also led to the partial suspension of services via Panamericana Sur, as well as the suspension of almost all public sector work in the department of Apurímac.

On 12 December 2022, President Boluarte stated that she and Congress agreed to move the next Peruvian general election from April 2026 to April 2024, and on 14 December she conceded to the December 2023 election date proposed by Castillo after she previously described such a move as illegal. However, Congress has rejected early elections. On 14 December, the Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency, removing some constitutional protections from citizens, including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings, the freedom of movement, the freedom of assembly, and "personal freedom and security" for 30 days. The violent response of the Boluarte government and Peruvian authorities was criticized by human rights non-governmental organizations.

Background

Obstructionist Congress

During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra, the right-wing Congress led by the daughter of the former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents. The political legacy of the Fujimori family was assumed by Keiko after her father Alberto, who instituted Plan Verde and oversaw the Grupo Colina death squad during the internal conflict in Peru, was sentenced to prison for human rights abuses. According to Walter Albán, head of Transparency International Peru, the Congress of Peru has been infiltrated by criminal groups that obstruct reforms in order to maintain their status and parliamentary immunity.

President Humala would go on to serve a weak presidency due to the obstructionist practices of Congress. After losing the 2016 presidential election to Kuczynski, Keiko Fujimori led her party Popular Force in the unicameral Congress, with the right-wing legislators obstructing efforts by President Kuczynski. After experiencing obstruction by Congress and various scandals, President Kuczynski resigned from the presidency. Martín Vizcarra, Kuczynski's first vice president, then assumed office in March 2018. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, President Vizcarra was impeached in September 2020 though not removed, later being controversially removed from office a month later. Thousands of citizens protested against Vizcarra's impeachment.

President of Congress, Manuel Merino, faced criticism regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra, especially since he would assume the presidency upon Vizcarra's removal. Renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti reported on 12 September 2020 that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy, Fernando Cerdán, notifying him that he was going to attempt to impeach Vizcarra and was seeking to assume the presidency. Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the military. President Merino would resign after five days due to mass disapproval.

Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession, since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Aráoz in May 2020.

Castillo presidency

Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the 2021 general election, with Keiko Fujimori losing her third consecutive presidential bid. The 2021 election saw the emergence of many far-right candidates, with the right-wing elite, business groups and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborating with Fujimori's campaign by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents. Some broadcast television channels openly supported Fujimori's candidacy as well. Reuters wrote that El Comercio, one of the largest media organizations in South America, "has generally backed Fujimori". Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from the entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred, beginning shortly after election results were determined. Following reports of Castillo's apparent victory, Fujimori and her supporters made unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud, leading obstructionist efforts to overturn the election with support of wealthy citizens of Lima. The economic and political elites refused to recognize Castillo's ascent to the presidency, with those among the more affluent, including former military officers and wealthy families, demanded new elections, promoted calls for a military coup, and utilized classist or racist rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud. Far-right groups of former soldiers also allied with political parties like Go on Country – Social Integration Party, Popular Force, and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo, with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael López Aliaga and Castillo's former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori, who signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish far-right political party Vox. These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists, whilst also calling for a coup d'état and insurgency.

During Castillo's presidency, Congress was dominated by right-wing parties opposed to him, with legislators attempting to impeach multiple times using political avenues. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru (1993), Congress can impeach the president on the vague grounds of "moral incapacity", effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch. In February 2022, it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the German liberal organization Friedrich Naumann Foundation, with those present including President of Congress Maricarmen Alva, at which plans to remove Castillo from office were discussed. Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the board of directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo.

By December 2022, Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time; he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him.

Castillo's self-coup attempt

Before 7 December 2022, a march called "Toma de Lima" or "Taking of Lima" was called, originally a meeting in Plaza Bolognesi with the aim of closing the congress and expressing their support for Pedro Castillo. This march was organized by the National Assembly of the Peoples, an organization affiliated with the officials, whose meeting in November of that year was televised. The Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru confirmed their collaboration in the scheduled march.

On 7 December 2022, Congress was expected to file a motion of censure against Castillo, accusing him of "permanent moral incapacity". Before the legislative body could gather to file its motion, Castillo announced the dissolution of Congress and enacted an immediate curfew. Moments after Castillo's speech, multiple ministers resigned from his government, including Prime Minister Betssy Chávez. The Constitutional Court released a statement: "No one owes obedience to a usurping government and Mr. Pedro Castillo has made an ineffective coup d'état. The Armed Forces are empowered to restore the constitutional order." The Armed Forces also issued a statement rejecting Castillo's actions and calling for the maintenance of stability in Peru. Rejecting Castillo's actions to dissolve the legislative body, Congress gathered and voted to remove Castillo from office due to "moral incapacity" with 101 votes in favor, 6 against and 10 abstentions. It was announced that First Vice President Dina Boluarte, who rejected Castillo's actions, would take her oath of office for the presidency at 3:00 pm PET. Castillo's vice president Dina Boluarte entered the Legislative Palace shortly after 3:00 pm PET and appeared before Congress, where she was later sworn in as president of Peru.

For Castillo's supporters, it was the Congress that carried out the coup against the president, due to its opposition coalition consolidating with the political right. In addition, they considered Dina Boluarte a "traitor", "dictator" and "usurper" after her subsequent assumption as the new president of the republic, based on the promise of the then vice president: "If the president is vacated I will go with the president". In this way, supporters of the former president encouraged the prompt release of Castillo and an advance of elections. The demonstrators agreed to the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic, a new constitution through a constituent assembly, the rejection of the then vice president Dina Boluarte and the support for the then president Pedro Castillo, whose objectives were achieved with the populist measures dictated by the then president in his message to the Nation on 7 December.

Mobilizations of leftist organizations related to Castillo were evidenced in Lima, Ayacucho, Cusco, Ica, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Huancavelica, Huancayo, Tacna, Jaén, Moquegua, Ilo, Puno, and Chota, where Castillo grew up. Of the many groups encouraged to protest is the radical Movadef.

Timeline

7 December

Lima is one of the cities that were summoned. After the message to the nation, it was denounced that the Minister of the Interior, Willy Huerta, ordered the doors of the congress to be opened, which were closed, so that the summoned protesters could storm the congress. However, due to the failure of his self-coup attempt and the subsequent vacancy by the Congress of the Republic, the demonstrations increased. On 7 December, between one and two hundred people gathered in the "Toma de Lima" in the Plaza San Martín and surroundings. However, after the events of the vacancy and detention, the protesters mainly occupied Abancay avenue, which was guarded by police to avoid entering the congress. The RPP outlet considered the pro-government meeting as the largest since Castillo came to power. However, the pro-Castillo mobilization got out of control when they attacked and insulted a journalist in front of the cameras. Panic buying was registered by the population fearing an escalation of events. According to the Voice of America, nearly a thousand people participated on 9 December events.

Some of the first demonstrations were made from the Plaza de Armas of Cuzco, with protesters clashing with other citizens against the self-coup attempt.

In Arequipa, the demonstrations were held from the Plaza de Armas simultaneously with the message to the Nation that lasted briefly with hundreds of people, then they were held again spontaneously. Although the protesters lack a leader, they received support from labor unions such as the Arequipa Departmental Federation of Workers, the Civil Construction Union, and the National Front of Transporters and Drivers of Peru.

The demonstrations were held in the city of Puno on 7 December, whose four congressmen representing the homonymous department elected to abstain in the vacancy motion. These had the support of the president of the Unified Defense Front against the contamination of the Coata basin and Lake Titicaca, who called for new demonstrations between 13 and 15 December. It also received the support of the regional Sutep, which ignored Boluarte's election and declared a permanent mobilization. Dozens of people gathered, which over time expanded to other provinces of San Román and El Collao.

8 December

Blockades were made to the interprovincial highway in Arequipa. The same happened with the nearby Majes-Siguas sector, where initially there was no predominant police presence.

9 December

The Superintendence of Land Transportation of People, Cargo and Merchandise announced in a statement that the transportation sector in southern Peru was suspended, where the Panamericana Sur highway is partially blocked. By 9 December, passengers and the police tried unsuccessfully to negotiate with the protesters.

In the city of La Joya, Arequipa where the Panamericana Sur is located, ollas comúnes were made. It is estimated that around 10,000 people participated in these areas of the Arequipa department on 9 December. To expedite traffic, the head of the Police and Public Order Division ordered the deployment of 150 police officers, despite not counting a Minister of the Interior between 9 and 10 December or an emergency decree.

In Ayacucho, the Ayacucho People's Defense Front mobilized from the city, an organization that was restructured during the protests "in other regions because we are creating a national front that will have a historical role in respecting the clamor of the people." During the protest, local social organizations described departmental congressmen Alex Flores, Margot Palacios and Germán Tacuri as "traitors to the homeland." The Ayacucho Agrarian Federation also expressed its support for the dissolution of the congress. At the same time, from the Pampa de Ayacucho, the Summit of the Governor and Mayors of Latin America was held to meet the requests of the political crisis without the participation of the Executive and Legislative powers of Peru.

In Puno, protests also took place in the main square of Juliaca. For their side, the National Federation of Workers in the Education Sector confirmed through the local teachers' union a 24-hour strike and the declaration of persona non grata to congressmen Flavio Cruz, Oscar Zea, Carlos Zeballos and Flores Ancachi for supporting the vacancy motion.

10 December

The prices of the tickets from the Tacna bus terminal to Arequipa and Lima double. Land access between Cusco and Arequipa via Canchis was also blocked. Among the affected passengers are applicants for the Public Teachers Career held on 9 December.

On the South Pan-American Highway in Ica, the protesters blocked three sectors of the province of Ica (Barrio Chino, La Expansión Urbana, and El Álamo), which are closed to the blockade carried out in La Joya (Arequipa), with tires, stones and other elements. This first led to the arrest of several heavy-duty vehicles according to the Highway Protection Unit of the National Police and also prevented access to Cuzco. On the morning of 10 December, according to the newspaper Correo, the police only unblocked kilometer 48 of the penetration highway to Arequipa.

There were violent confrontations between community members and residents of Andahuaylas against police officers. With 3,000 people participating, during the afternoon, the protesters took 2 policemen hostage and requested a "prisoner exchange". In light of this, a division of special forces from Abancay of the PNP moved to Andahuaylas and arrived in a small plane. Hours after the kidnappings, the demonstrators released the police officers and numerous social organizations from the department of Apurimac declared themselves in a "popular insurgency" and will begin a regional strike starting Monday, 12 December. Clashes erupted in the city between protestors and police in the city. Two protestors, aged 15 and 18, were killed by police shooting from a helicopter, while four more were injured, one of whom critically. In addition, with the new confrontations at the Huacabamba airport, they managed to vandalize the area from burning tires to damaging stores. It is estimated that 50 members of the PNP and collaborators are in these facilities.

Hundreds of protesters gathered peacefully during the day. The San Marcos University Federation (FUSM) joined the march. The great expectation was the arrival of Antauro Humala and his reservists in Lima at 6 pm, which is why there was a great concentration during those hours. The ethnocacerist leader gave a press conference in the Plaza San Martín de Lima where he recognized the government of Dina Boluarte and did not say at any time that he would lead or his party would massively support the marches, which is why he was booed and expelled from the square. After the incident, the numerous demonstrators marched towards the congress and had a confrontation with a police contingent.

In Arequipa, the Region's Popular Struggle Committee announced on 10 December that they would carry out strikes for three days in response "to the kidnapping of Peru and President Pedro Castillo by economic groups and the coup of the congress." The protests grew from other sectors when the Arequipa Regional Teachers Union joined, which in addition to washing the flag demanded compliance with the educational initiatives of the former president, and merchants from the commercial platform Andrés Avelino Cáceres. On the other hand, the representative of the group of ethnocaceristas did not rule out that there are militants involved in the protests. Artisanal miners took part of the road in the Chala District.

11 December

During protests in Chincheros, leaked police audio revealed police asking for reinforcements after the Public Ministry and police station were set ablaze, with police stating "We need support in Chincheros! Let a helicopter come to disperse people. There are only 30 of us. We are running out of ammunition, we have injured policemen".

It was announced that the Cusco Departmental Federation of Workers (FDTC), the Túpac Amaru Cusco Agrarian Revolutionary Federation (Fartac), the Cusco University Federation (FUC), the Sutep and the Cusco Regional Youth Assembly (Arejo) that they will unite the mobilizations and that they will attack the indefinite strikes. The peasant organization announced a delegation to Lima.

12 December

President Boluarte removed 26 regional prefects nominated by Castillo from their positions.

The Gloria dairy facility in Arequipa, one of the largest in Peru, was occupied by protesters who looted the plant and destroyed objects.

13 December

Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport is closed in Cusco, with LATAM Airlines Group and Sky Airline reporting that flights in the region would continue to be cancelled. The United States ambassador to Peru, Lisa D. Kenna, travels to the Government Palace to meet with President Boluarte.

14 December

The Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency, removing some constitutional protections from citizens, including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings, the freedom of movement, the freedom of assembly, and "personal freedom and security" for 30 days.

15 December

Peruvian Army firing live ammunition at protesters in Ayacucho

The Boluarte government decreed a curfew for fifteen provinces in eight different regions of Peru on 15 December, in regions including Arequipa, La Libertad, Ica, Apurímac, Cusco, Puno, and Huancavelica.

During protests in Ayacucho, demonstrators approached the Coronel FAP Alfredo Mendívil Duarte Airport, with the Peruvian Armed Forces closing the airport in response, with clashes occurring shortly after. Human rights groups reported that members of the Peruvian Army were seen shooting at civilians protesting in Ayacucho. Casualties were sent for treatment at the Huamanga Network and in the Ayacucho Regional Hospital, with 90% of injuries resulting from gunshot wounds according to the Ayacucho regional health system. The response by authorities caused the collapse of hospital systems in the city, with protesters suffering from gunshot wounds being treated in makeshift triage units. The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate reported that 8 were killed and 52 were injured.

Former president Castillo is sentenced to 18 months of pretrial detention. While imprisoned, Castillo states that the United States is responsible for the violence in Peru, stating "The visit of the US ambassador to the Government Palace was not free, nor was it in favor of the country. It was to give the order to take the troops to the streets and massacre my defenseless people; and, by the way, leave the way free for mining operations, ... The Peruvian press will not only keep quiet about this, but will deny it so easily."

16 December

About 10,000 people marched in Chincheros, blocking a bridge between Ayacucho and Chincheros. Congress rejected the proposal of advancing the 2026 elections to an earlier date; 49 were in favor, 33 against and 25 abstained, with 87 required for the proposal to pass. Education Minister Patricia Correa and Culture Minister Jair Perez both resigned over the loss of life caused by the protests.

Government response

The government of Boluarte responded to the protests with force, with the Peruvian police and armed forces criticized for their aggression. President Boluarte initially stated that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from 2026 to April 2024, though she later agreed with the December 2023 election date proposed by Castillo after she previously described such a move as illegal. A state of emergency and curfews were also utilized by the Boluarte government to prevent further unrest.

Protest violence

Deaths and injuries

Deaths during protests

Region	Deaths
Apurímac	6
Arequipa	1
Ayacucho	7
Huancavelica	1
La Libertad	3
Total	18

As of 15 December 2022, at least 18 people were killed and 187 injured during the protests according to the Peruvian government. Among the dead, two minors were killed during the protests in Apurímac as the result of Peruvian troops firing at protesters from a helicopter.

Attacks on journalists

The National Association of Journalists indicated that 21 journalists were victims of aggression between 7 and 11 December. Journalists interviewed by Wayka reported that authorities would frequently attack press workers and would attempt to prevent photographers from capturing images of individuals being detained.

Human rights concerns

Authorities shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canister

The United Nations Human Rights Council said that it was "deeply concerned about the possibility of an escalation of violence". Strong protests occurred in indigenous and Quechua majority regions, the center of Castillo's support, raising comparisons between Boluarte's actions and that of previous anti-Native governments of Peru. Amnesty International's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru. The authorities must put an end to the excessive use of force against demonstrations and guarantee the right to peaceful protest, using the legal and proportional means necessary to restore citizen security." Amnesty International also confirmed that Peruvian authorities were firing tear gas canisters at close range directly at the bodies of protesters.

The Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDDHH) condemned the violent response of the Boluarte government and Peruvian authorities, stating "Although some protests have been recording violent actions and attacks on journalists and the media, senior officials of the Dina Boluarte Government have been endorsing a response from the police forces that is clearly outside the national and international regulatory framework". The CNDDHH reported the Peruvian authorities were recorded firing tear gas canisters directly at protesters, resulting in one serious injury in Lima, and the incidence of police and armed forces firing live ammunition towards demonstrators. Reports of arbitrary arrest and detention were also shared by the CNDDHH, with the group sharing that individuals going to and from work were arrested and isolated.

Undercover operations by police in plain clothes arresting demonstrators has been recorded, with Jan Jarab, representative of UN Human Rights in South America, previously condemning such actions in Peru, stating "It has been possible to identify cases of arrests made by police officers dressed as civilians without identifying themselves as such. The Peruvian authorities must put an end to this type of procedure, incompatible with international human rights standards".

On 15 December, the CNDDHH denounced the use of "weapons of war" against protestors, with the NGO sharing a video of authorities using automatic firearms against demonstrators.

Reactions

• The Presidents of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia and Mexico issued a joint comuniqué through the Mexican Presidential Office expressing their "deep concern" about the Peruvian Congress not respecting "the will of its citizens at the ballot box". They added that "it is no news" that Castillo, from the day of his election, "was the victim of anti-democratic harassment, in violation of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights". The four governments said that "our governments call on all the actors involved in the previous process to prioritize the will of the citizens that was pronounced at the ballot box. This is the way to interpret the scope and meaning of the notion of democracy as set forth in the Inter-American Human Rights System".
• Colombian President Gustavo Petro stated that "the crisis in Peru, imprisoning without judge or legal defense a President elected by popular vote put under serious questioning the role of the American Convention in the Latin-American legal order".
• The recently proclaimed Peruvian president Dina Boluarte responded in a conference "to the social organizations to the movements that are now mobilizing in the streets, let's talk and seek a peaceful solution to this situation."
• Meanwhile, Free Peru congresswoman Kelly Portalatino encouraged successor President Boluarte to "listen to your Apurímac region and to all regions of the country, let's not allow more injuries, no more convulsion in the country." PL called for protests in Lima and tabled a motion of no-confidence against President of Congress José Williams.
• The National Assembly of Regional Governments proposed the convening of the National Agreement to seek a consensus between organizations, political parties and unions.
• The National Police of Peru announced the suspension of vacations for all personnel from 9 December until "further notice."
• A group of officers from the La Libertad Macro Police Region under the command of General Augusto Ríos ordered that "all police officers must be in their units due to absolute alert, maximum alert that is being decreed".
• The New Peru political party joined in the plans to call demonstrations demanding new elections and a new constitution.
• After the damage to the facilities in Huancabamba, the Peruvian Airport and Commercial Aviation Corporation announced the closure of the Andahuaylas Airport for security reasons.
• The Regional Government of Apurímac announced the indefinite suspension of classes at all educational levels and alerted all institutions to work under the virtual modality throughout the department, with the exception of the health sector.
• Ethnocacerists and their leader Antauro Humala at first called Boluarte "president" during pro-Castillo protests. Later Humala called her "de facto president" and called for protests. The Ethnocacerist movement compared Boluarte with Jeanine Áñez thus comparing Castillo's impeachment to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis.
• Former president Ollanta Humala called President Boluarte to resign and called the congress "indolent and irresponsible".

See also

• March–April 2022 Peruvian protests
• 2021–2022 Peruvian mining protests
• 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt
• 2019 Bolivian protests

References

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• 2022 protests
• 2022 riots
• Protests in Peru
• December 2022 events in Peru
• Political riots
• Political history of Peru