| Revision as of 15:15, 11 January 2022 editSnarcky1996 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,836 editsNo edit summaryTag: Reverted← Previous edit |
Revision as of 15:41, 11 January 2022 edit undoBeauty School Dropout (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers16,938 editsm Reverted 1 edit by Snarcky1996 (talk) to last revision by 589qTags: Twinkle UndoNext edit → |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
|
{{short description|Set of ethnic groups in Austronesia}} |
|
{{About|the ethnic group|the shrub|Citharexylum berlandieri|the municipality|El Negrito|the bird genus|Lessonia (bird)}} |
|
{{About|the ethnic groups|the shrub|Citharexylum berlandieri|the municipality|El Negrito|the bird genus|Lessonia (bird)}} |
|
{{Distinguish|Pygmy peoples}} |
|
{{Distinguish|Pygmy peoples}} |
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} |
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} |
|
{{Infobox ethnic group |
|
{{Infobox ethnic group |
|
|group = Negrito |
|
| group = Negrito |
|
|image = Negrito group.png |
|
| image = A LUZON NEGRITO WITH SPEAR.jpg |
|
|caption = |
|
| caption = A Negrito with spear |
|
|population = |
|
| population = |
|
|
| regions = Isolated geographic regions in ] and ] |
|
|regions = |
|
|
⚫ |
| languages = ], ], ] |
|
{{flag|India}}<br/>{{smaller|(])}}<hr/> |
|
|
⚫ |
| religions = ], ] |
|
{{flag|Malaysia}}<br/>{{smaller|(])}}<hr/> |
|
|
{{flagcountry|PHI}}<br/>{{smaller|(], ], ], ], and ])}}<hr/> |
|
|
{{flag|Thailand}}<br/>{{smaller|(])}} |
|
| ⚫ |
|languages = ], ], ], ] |
|
| ⚫ |
|religions = ], ]s |
|
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
] photo (], 1905)]] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The '''Negrito''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|r|iː|t|oʊ}}) are several different ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of ] and ].<ref>Snow, Philip. ''The Star Raft: China's Encounter With Africa.'' Cornell Univ. Press, 1989 ({{ISBN|0801495830}})</ref> Their current populations include the ] of the ], the ] and ] of ], the ] of ], and the ], ], and 30 other ]. |
|
The term '''Negrito''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|r|iː|t|oʊ}}) refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of ] and the ]. Populations often described as Negrito include: the ] (including the ], the ] and ] and the ]) of the Andaman Islands, the ] peoples (among them, the ]) of ], the ] of ], as well as the ] of ], ], and ] of ], ] of ] and ] of ] and about 30 other officially recognized ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.<ref></ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
==Etymology== |
|
==Etymology== |
|
The word ''Negrito'' is the Spanish ] of '']'', used to mean "little black person". This usage was coined by 16th-century Spanish ] operating in the Philippines, and was borrowed by other European travellers and colonialists across Austronesia to label various peoples perceived as sharing relatively small physical stature and dark skin.<ref name=Manickham-2009>{{cite book|last=Manickham|first=Sandra Khor|editor=Hägerdal, Hans|title=Responding to the West: Essays on Colonial Domination and Asian Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr3-thtL2MC&pg=PA69|year=2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8964-093-2|pages=69–79|chapter=Africans in Asia: The Discourse of 'Negritos' in Early Nineteenth-century Southeast Asia}}</ref> Contemporary usage of an alternative Spanish epithet, ''Negrillos'', also tended to bundle these peoples with the ] of ], based on perceived similarities in stature and complexion.<ref name=Manickham-2009/> (Historically, the label ''Negrito'' has occasionally been used also to refer to African pygmies.)<ref>See, for example: ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911: "Second are the large Negrito family, represented in Africa by the dwarf-races of the equatorial forests, the ], ]s, ]s and others..." (p. 851)</ref> The appropriateness of using the label "Negrito" to bundle together peoples of different ] based on similarities in stature and complexion has been challenged.<ref name=Manickham-2009/> |
|
The word ''Negrito'' is the Spanish ] of '']'', used to mean "little black person." This usage was coined by 16th-century Spanish ] operating in the Philippines, and was borrowed by other European travellers and colonialists across Austronesia to label various peoples perceived as sharing relatively small physical stature and dark skin.<ref name=Manickham-2009>{{cite book|last=Manickham|first=Sandra Khor|editor=Hägerdal, Hans|title=Responding to the West: Essays on Colonial Domination and Asian Agency|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr3-thtL2MC&pg=PA69|year=2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8964-093-2|pages=69–79|chapter=Africans in Asia: The Discourse of 'Negritos' in Early Nineteenth-century Southeast Asia}}</ref> Contemporary usage of an alternative Spanish epithet, ''Negrillos'', also tended to bundle these peoples with the ] of ], based on perceived similarities in stature and complexion.<ref name=Manickham-2009/> (Historically, the label ''Negrito'' has also been used to refer to African pygmies.)<ref>See, for example: ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911: "Second are the large Negrito family, represented in Africa by the dwarf-races of the equatorial forests, the ], ]s, ]s and others..." (p. 851)</ref> The appropriateness of using the label "Negrito" to bundle peoples of different ] based on similarities in stature and complexion has been challenged.<ref name=Manickham-2009/> |
|
], 1899)]] |
|
| ⚫ |
Many on-line dictionaries give the plural in English as either "negritos" or "negritoes", without preference. The plural in Spanish is "negritos".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/negrito|title=Merriam Webster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Negrito|title=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
⚫ |
Many online dictionaries give the plural in English as either "Negritos" or "Negritoes," without preference. The plural in Spanish is "Negritos."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Negrito|title=Definition of NEGRITO|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Negrito|title=Negrito|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> |
| ⚫ |
==Origins== |
|
|
] couple in the ], ] (1876)]] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
===Genetics=== |
|
== Culture == |
|
|
Most Negrito groups lived as ]s, while some also used ]. Today most Negrito groups live assimilated to the majority population of their homeland. Discrimination and ] are often problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rutufoundation.org/hunting-gathering-in-the-tropical-rainforest-something-for-children/|title=The {{sic|succ|esful|nolink=y}} revival of Negrito culture in the Philippines|date=2015-05-06|website=Rutu Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> |
|
The ] ], as seen, for example, in the Semang of Malaysia, and ] among Andaman Islanders, are more prominent among Negritos than the general populations surrounding them.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007223234/http://www.eastling.org/paper/YellowBrown-pbs.pdf |date=7 October 2009 }}</ref> ] is also common among ] Negrito peoples, such as the Maniq and the Semang. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
⚫ |
==Origins== |
|
], ]]] |
|
|
|
Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, but were largely absorbed into the more recent South East Eurasian people. The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.<ref>S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), .</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-11-27|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=153–72|issn=0018-7143|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927}}</ref><ref name="Basu 1594–1599">{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Analabha|last2=Sarkar-Roy|first2=Neeta|last3=Majumder|first3=Partha P.|date=2016-02-09|title=Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1594–1599|doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4760789|pmid=26811443|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larena">{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-03-30|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref name="Carlhoff 543–547">{{Cite journal|last1=Carlhoff|first1=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=August 2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03823-6|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6| pmc=8387238 |pmid=34433944|issn=1476-4687|hdl=10072/407535|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tagore|first1=Debashree|last2=Aghakhanian|first2=Farhang|last3=Naidu|first3=Rakesh|last4=Phipps|first4=Maude E.|last5=Basu|first5=Analabha|date=2021-03-29|title=Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers|journal=BMC Biology|volume=19|issue=1|page=61|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x|issn=1741-7007|pmc=8008685|pmid=33781248}}</ref><ref name="Afri, Vallini 2021">Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "''Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya.''"</ref> |
|
Aeta men are of great interest to genetic, anthropological and historical researchers because at least 83% of them belong to haplogroup ], in the form of its rare primary clades ] and ] (a.k.a. K2b2* or P-P295*).<ref name="isogg2016"> (20 June 2016).</ref> Most Aeta males (60%) carry ] (K2b1), which is otherwise uncommon in the Philippines and is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of ] and ]. Basal P* is rare outside the Aeta and some other groups within Maritime Southeast Asia. |
|
|
|
|
|
] mother with her baby (], ], 1905)]] |
|
|
Genetic research has shown that the Negritos have existed as a separate group for a long time, comparable to the Australoid and Southwest Pacific groups. |
|
|
This has often been interpreted to the effect that they are remnants of the original expansion from Africa some 70 thousand years ago. |
|
|
Studies in osteology, cranial shape and dental morphology have connected the Semang to Australoid populations, while conecting the Andamanese to Africans in craniometry and to South Asians in dental morphology, and Philippine negritos to ] Southeast Asians. A possible conclusion of this is that the dispersal of mitochondrial haplogroup B4a1a is connected to the distinction between Philippine and other negritos.<ref name=Bulbeck>{{cite journal|last=Bulbeck|first=David|title=Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities|journal=Human Biology|date=November 2013|volume=85|issue=1|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2053&context=humbiol|accessdate=17 December 2013|doi=10.3378/027.085.0305|pages=95–134|pmid=24297222}}</ref> However, another study suggests that the Onge (indigenous to Little Andaman) are "more closely related to Southeast Asians than they are to present-day South Asians", and that the Great Andamanese "appear to have received a degree of relatively recent admixture from adjacent regional populations but also share a significant degree of genetic ancestry with Malaysian negrito groups".<ref name="Chaubey_and_Endicott">{{Cite journal|last=Chaubey|first=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-02-01|title=The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1–3|pages=153–172|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|issn=1534-6617|pmid=24297224}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Bulbeck (2013) likewise noted that the Andamanese's nuclear DNA clusters with that of other Andamanese Islanders, as they carry ] and maternal ] unique to their own.<ref name="Bulbeck"/> However, this is a subclade of the D haplogroup which has not been seen outside of the Andamans, a fact that underscores the insularity of these tribes.<ref name="thangaraj2002">{{Citation | title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population | author=Kumarasamy Thangaraj, ], Alla G. Reddy, V. Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, and Erika Hagelberg | year=2002 | accessdate=2008-11-16 | url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | format=PDF | quote=Our data indicate that the Andamanese have closer affinities to Asian than to African populations and suggest that they are the descendants of the early Palaeolithic colonizers of Southeast Asia ... All Onge and Jarawa had the same binary haplotype D ... Great Andaman males had five different binary haplotypes, found previously in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Melanesia | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029071336/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | archivedate=29 October 2008 | deadurl=yes | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Analysis of mtDNA, which is inherited exclusively by maternal descent, confirms the above results. All Onge belong to M32 mtDNA, a subgroup of M, which is unique to Onge people.<ref name="endicott2003">{{Citation | title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders |author1=M. Phillip Endicott |author2=Thomas P. Gilbert |author3=Chris Stringer |author4=Carles Lalueza-Fox |author5=Eske Willerslev |author6=Anders J. Hansen |author7=Alan Cooper | year=2003 | accessdate = 2009-04-21 | url=http://www.dna.gfy.ku.dk/course/papers/B2.endicott.pdf | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=178–184| pmid=12478481 | doi=10.1086/345487 | pmc=378623}}</ref> Their parental Y-DNA is exclusively ], which is also only found in Asia.<ref name="Reich">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=David|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |title=Reconstructing Indian Population History|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=489–494|doi=10.1038/nature08365|date=24 September 2009|pmid=19779445|pmc=2842210}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
A 2010 study by the ] and the ] identified seven genomes from 26 isolated "relic tribes" from the Indian mainland, such as the ], which share "two synonymous polymorphisms with the ], which is specific to ]". These were specific ] mutations that are shared exclusively by Australian aborigines and these Indian tribes, and no other known human groupings.<ref name="bmc2009ksg">{{Citation | title=Reconstructing Indian-Australian phylogenetic link |author1=Satish Kumar |author2=Rajasekhara Reddy Ravuri |author3=Padmaja Koneru |author4=BP Urade |author5=BN Sarkar |author6=A Chandrasekar |author7=VR Rao | date=22 July 2009 | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | page = 173 | publisher=BioMed Central | isbn= | url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/173/abstract | quote=In our completely sequenced 966-mitochondrial genomes from 26 relic tribes of India, we have identified seven genomes, which share two synonymous polymorphisms with the M42 haplogroup, which is specific to Australian Aborigines…direct genetic evidence of an early colonization of Australia through south Asia | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-173 | pmid=19624810 | pmc=2720955}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
A study of ] and proteins in the 1950s suggested that the ] were more closely related to Oceanic peoples than African pygmy peoples. Genetic studies on Philippine Negritos, based on polymorphic blood enzymes and antigens, showed that they were similar to their surrounding populations.<ref name=Thangaraj2002 /> |
|
|
|
|
|
Negrito peoples may descend from Australoid-Melanesian settlers of Austronesia. Despite being isolated, the different peoples do share ] with their neighboring populations.<ref name="Thangaraj2002" /><ref name=Stock-2013>{{cite journal| last=Stock | first=JT| title=The skeletal phenotype of "negritos" from the Andaman Islands and Philippines relative to global variation among hunter-gatherers |journal=]| pmid=24297221 |volume=85 |issue=1–3 |pages=67–94 |year=2013 | doi=10.3378/027.085.0304 |url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2052&context=humbiol}}</ref> They also show relevant ] (anatomic) variations which require explanation.<ref name=Stock-2013/> |
|
|
|
|
|
In contrast, a recent genetic study found that unlike other early groups in ], Andamanese Negritos lack ] in their DNA. Denisovan ancestry is found among indigenous Melanesian and Aboriginal Australian populations between 4–6%.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Reich | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 89| issue = | pages = 516–528| doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 | pmid = 21944045 | pmc=3188841}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|quote=About 3% to 5% of the DNA of people from Melanesia (islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean), Australia and New Guinea as well as aboriginal people from the Philippines comes from the Denisovans.|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/09/health/oldest-human-dna/|title=Oldest human DNA found in Spain – Elizabeth Landau's interview of Svante Paabo|publisher=CNN|date=2013-12-09}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the "Negrito" groups of the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines.<ref>{{citation |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf |title=Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians |author1=Catherine Hill |author2=Pedro Soares |author3=Maru Mormina |author4=Vincent Macaulay |author5=William Meehan |author6=James Blackburn |author7=Douglas Clarke |author8=Joseph Maripa Raja |author9=Patimah Ismail |author10=David Bulbeck |author11=Stephen Oppenheimer |author12=Martin Richards |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |doi=10.1093/molbev/msl124 |pmid=16982817 |volume=23 |pages=2480–91 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409132033/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf |archivedate=9 April 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Indeed, this sentiment is echoed in a more recent work from 2013 which concludes that "at the current level of genetic resolution ... there is no evidence of a single ancestral population for the different groups traditionally defined as 'negritos'."<ref name="Chaubey_and_Endicott" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
===Anthropology=== |
|
|
] woman of ], Philippines in 2006]] |
|
|
|
|
|
A number of features would seem to suggest a common origin for the Negrito and ], including short stature, dark skin, scant body hair, and occasional ]. The claim that the ] more closely resemble African pygmies than other Austronesian populations in their cranial morphology in a study of 1973 added some weight to this theory, before genetic studies pointed to a closer relationship with their neighbours.<ref name="Thangaraj2002">{{citation|first=Kumarasamy|last=Thangaraj|title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2|pmid=12546781|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=86–93|date=21 January 2003|display-authors=etal|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029071336/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf|archivedate=29 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Multiple studies also show that Negritos from Southeast Asia to New Guinea share a closer cranial affinity with ].<ref name="WH_Getting_Here">William Howells (1993). . Compass Press.</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240600564987|title=Races of Homo sapiens: if not in the southwest Pacific, then nowhere|author1=David Bulbeck |author2=Pathmanathan Raghavan |author3=Daniel Rayner |journal=World Archaeology|volume=38|issue=1|pages=109–132|publisher=Taylor & Francis|issn=0043-8243|doi=10.1080/00438240600564987|year=2006|jstor=40023598}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
==Historical distribution== |
|
|
|
|
|
===Andamanese Negrito people=== |
|
|
{{See also|Australoid|Sentinelese language|Sentinelese people|Andaman Islands}} |
|
|
|
|
|
According to both Wells and Mason, the Australoid Negritos, similar to the ] ]s of today, were the first identifiable human population to colonize India, likely 30–65 thousand years before present (kybp).<ref name="wells2002">{{Citation | title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey | author=Spencer Wells | year=2002 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-11532-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC | quote=…the population of south-east Asia prior to 6000 years ago was composed largely of groups of hunter-gatherers very similar to modern Negritos… So, both the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA paint a clear picture of a coastal leap from Africa to south-east Asia, and onward to Australia… DNA has given us a glimpse of the voyage, which almost certainly followed a coastal route via India}}</ref><ref name="mason2005">{{Citation | title=An Unnatural Order: The Roots of Our Destruction of Nature | author=Jim Mason | year=2005 | publisher=Lantern Books | isbn=1-59056-081-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nTUkoLzSk0C | quote=Australia's 'aboriginal' peoples are another case in point. At the end of the Ice Age, their homeland stretched from the middle of India eastward into southeast Asia and as far south as Indonesia and nearby islands. As agriculture spread from its centers in southeast Asia, these pre-Australoid forager people moved farther southward to New Guinea and Australia.}}</ref> This first colonization of the Indian mainland and the Andaman Islands by humans is theorized to be part of a ] of humans from ] along the coastal regions of the Indian mainland and towards ] and ].<ref name="wells2002" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
The Negrito peoples may be descended from ancient ] settlers of Austronesia, or represent an early split-off from the earliest Africans who dispersed out of Africa along this southern coastal route. |
|
|
|
|
|
===Other populations=== |
|
|
Negritos may have also lived in ] (]).<ref name="Jules Quartly">{{cite news |title=In honor of the Little Black People|author=Jules Quartly|newspaper=]|page=16|date=27 Nov 2004|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/11/27/2003212815|accessdate=22 May 2011}}</ref> The Negrito population shrank to the point that, up to 100 years ago, only one small group lived near the Saisiyat tribe.<ref name="Jules Quartly" /> Evidence of their former habitation is a ] festival celebrating the black people in a festival called ].<ref name="Jules Quartly"/> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==See also== |
|
==See also== |
|
* ] |
|
* {{annotated link|Mbabaram people}} |
|
|
* {{annotated link|Andamanese peoples}} |
|
* ] |
|
|
|
* {{annotated link|Melanesians}} |
|
* ] |
|
|
|
* {{annotated link|Australo-Melanesian}} |
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
* ] |
|
|
** ] |
|
|
*** ] |
|
|
** ] |
|
|
** ] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==Notes== |
|
==Notes== |
| ⚫ |
{{reflist|2}} |
|
|
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Negritos}} |
|
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Negritos}} |
|
|
|
|
|
===References=== |
|
⚫ |
{{reflist}} |
|
|
|
|
|
==Further reading== |
|
==Further reading== |
|
* Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman. ''The Negritos of Malaya''. Cambridge : University Press, 1937. |
|
* Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman. ''The Negritos of Malaya''. Cambridge : University Press, 1937. |
|
* Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2013. ‘Why have the Peninsular “Negritos” remained distinct?’ ''Human Biology'' 85: 445–484. |
|
* Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2013. 'Why have the Peninsular "Negritos" remained distinct?’ ''Human Biology'' 85: 445–484. |
|
* Garvan, John M., and Hermann Hochegger. ''The Negritos of the Philippines''. Wiener Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, Bd. 14. Horn: F. Berger, 1964. |
|
* Garvan, John M., and Hermann Hochegger. ''The Negritos of the Philippines''. Wiener Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, Bd. 14. Horn: F. Berger, 1964. |
|
* Hurst Gallery. ''Art of the Negritos''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hurst Gallery, 1987. |
|
* Hurst Gallery. ''Art of the Negritos''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hurst Gallery, 1987. |
|
* Khadizan bin Abdullah, and Abdul Razak Yaacob. ''Pasir Lenggi, a Bateq Negrito Resettlement Area in Ulu Kelantan''. Pulau Pinang: Social Anthropology Section, School of Comparative Social Sciences, Universití Sains Malaysia, 1974. |
|
* Khadizan bin Abdullah, and Abdul Razak Yaacob. ''Pasir Lenggi, a Bateq Negrito Resettlement Area in Ulu Kelantan''. Pulau Pinang: Social Anthropology Section, School of Comparative Social Sciences, Universití Sains Malaysia, 1974. |
|
* Mirante, Edith (2014). ''The Wind in the Bamboo: Journeys in Search of Asia's 'Negrito' Indigenous Peoples''. Bangkok, Orchid Press. |
|
* Mirante, Edith (2014). ''The Wind in the Bamboo: Journeys in Search of Asia's 'Negrito' Indigenous Peoples''. Bangkok, Orchid Press. |
|
* Schebesta, P., & Schütze, F. (1970). ''The Negritos of Asia''. Human relations area files, 1-2. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files. |
|
* Schebesta, P., & Schütze, F. (1970). ''The Negritos of Asia''. Human relations area files, 1–2. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files. |
|
* ] (1996). ''Egalitarian Rituals. Rites of the Atta hunter-gatherers of Kalinga-Apayao, Philippines'', Social and Human Sciences Faculty, ]. |
|
* ] (1996). ''Egalitarian Rituals. Rites of the Atta hunter-gatherers of Kalinga-Apayao, Philippines'', Social and Human Sciences Faculty, ]. |
|
* Zell, Reg. ''About the Negritos: A Bibliography''. edition blurb, 2011. |
|
* Zell, Reg. ''About the Negritos: A Bibliography''. Edition blurb, 2011. |
|
* Zell, Reg. ''Negritos of the Philippines''. The People of the Bamboo - Age - A Socio-Ecological Model. edition blurb, 2011. |
|
* Zell, Reg. ''Negritos of the Philippines''. The People of the Bamboo - Age - A Socio-Ecological Model. Edition blurb, 2011. |
|
* Zell, Reg, John M. Garvan. ''An Investigation: On the Negritos of Tayabas''. edition blurb, 2011. |
|
* Zell, Reg, John M. Garvan. ''An Investigation: On the Negritos of Tayabas''. Edition blurb, 2011. |
|
|
|
|
|
==External links== |
|
==External links== |
| Line 109: |
Line 58: |
|
* —detailed book written by an American at the turn of the previous century holistically describing the Negrito culture |
|
* —detailed book written by an American at the turn of the previous century holistically describing the Negrito culture |
|
* |
|
* |
|
⚫ |
* |
|
* |
|
| ⚫ |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
{{Negritos}} |
|
{{Negritos}} |
| Line 125: |
Line 73: |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
|
] |
Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.
Many online dictionaries give the plural in English as either "Negritos" or "Negritoes," without preference. The plural in Spanish is "Negritos."
Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, but were largely absorbed into the more recent South East Eurasian people. The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.
A Negrito with spear
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Negritos". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.