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{{Short description|Mythological creature in Greek mythology}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses}}
}}
{{Expand French|topic=cult|Pégase (mythologie)|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox deity {{Infobox deity
| type = Greek | type = Greek
| image = Bellerophon riding Pegasus and killing the Chimera, Roman mosaic, the Rolin Museum in Autun, France, 2nd to 3rd century AD.jpg
| name = Pegasus
| caption = ] riding Pegasus and slaying the ], central medallion of a ] mosaic from ], ], 2nd to 3rd century AD.
| image = The-Winged-Horse.jpg
| siblings = ] and ]
| image_size =
| name = Pegasus
| alt =
| abode = ], ]
| caption = Bellerophon riding Pegasus (1914)
| parents = ] and ]
| god_of = Sky
| abode =
| symbol =
| consort =
| parents = ] and ]
| siblings = ]
| children =
| mount = ]
| Roman_equivalent = Pegasus
}} }}
] of ] with Pegasus on the reverse, dated 79–80 AD|thumb|261x261px|Silver ] of ] with Pegasus on the reverse, dated 79–80 AD]]
{{Greek mythology}}
'''Pegasus''' ({{langx|grc|Πήγασος|Pḗgasos}}; {{langx|la|Pegasus, Pegasos}}) is a ] in ], usually depicted as a white stallion. He was sired by ], in his role as horse-god, and foaled by the ] ]. Pegasus was the brother of ], both born from Medusa's blood when their mother was decapitated by ]. Greco-Roman poets wrote about his ascent to heaven after his birth and his obeisance to ], who instructed him to bring lightning and thunder from ].

Pegasus is the creator of ], the fountain on ]. He was captured by the Greek hero ], near the fountain ], with the help of ] and Poseidon. Pegasus allowed Bellerophon to ride him in order to defeat the monster ], which led to many more exploits. Bellerophon later fell from Pegasus's back while trying to reach ]. Both Pegasus and Bellerophon were said to have died at the hands of Zeus for trying to reach Olympus. Other tales have Zeus bring Pegasus to Olympus to carry his thunderbolts.

Long honored ], Pegasus is a subject of very rich iconography, especially through ] as well as paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance.

== Etymology ==
] (], 1910)]]
]]]
The poet ] presents a ] of the name ''Pegasus'' as derived from {{lang|grc|πηγή}} {{transl|grc|pēgē}} 'spring, well', referring to "the ''pegai'' of ], where he was born".<ref>Noted by ], ''The Heroes of the Greeks'', 1959:80: "In the name Pegasos itself the connection with a spring, ''pege'', is expressed."</ref>


A proposed etymology of the name is ] {{transl|xlu|pihassas}} 'lightning', and {{transl|hit|Pihassassi}}, a local Luwian-] name in southern ] of a weather deity associated with thunder and lightning. The proponents of this etymology adduce the role of Pegasus, reported as early as ], as the bringer of thunderbolts to Zeus. That interpretation was first suggested in 1952 and remains widely accepted,<ref>The connection of ''Pegasus'' with ''Pihassas'' was suggested by H.T. Bossert, "Die phönikisch-hethitischen Bilinguen vom Karatepe", ''Jahrbuch für kleinasiatische Forschung'', '''2''' 1952/53:333, P. Frei, "Die Bellerophontessaga und das Alte Testament", in B. Janowski, K. Koch and G. Wilhelm, eds., ''Religionsgeschichtliche Beziehungen zwischen Kleinasien, Nordsyrien und der Alte Testament'', 1993:48f, and Hutter, "Der luwische Wettergott ''pihašsašsi'' under der griechischen Pegasos", in Chr. Zinko, ed. ''Studia Onomastica et Indogermanica...'' 1995:79–98. Commentary was provided by ] in his ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 1183.</ref> but ] (2009) has criticized it as implausible.<ref>"a storm god is not the origin of a horse. However, he had a like-sounding name, and Greek visitors to ] may have connected their existing Pegasus with ]'s lightning after hearing about this 'Pihassassi' and his functions and assuming, wrongly, he was their own Pegasus in a foreign land." Robin Lane Fox, ''Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer'', Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009, {{ISBN|9780307271518}}, pp. 207ff.</ref>
'''Pegasus''' ({{lang-grc|Πήγασος}}, ''Pēgasos''; ]: ''Pegasus'') is one of the best known creatures in ]. He is a winged divine stallion usually depicted as pure white in color. He was sired by ], in his role as horse-god, and foaled by the ] ].<ref>Medusa, in her archaic ]-like form. She appears in the incised relief on a mid-7th century BCE vase from ] at the ] (]), illustrated in John Boardman, Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray, ''Greece and the Hellenistic World'' (Oxford University Press) 1988, fig p 87.</ref> He was the brother of ], born at a single birthing when his mother was decapitated by ]. Greco-Roman poets write about his ascent to heaven after his birth and his obeisance to ], king of the gods, who instructed him to bring lightning and thunder from Olympus. Friend of the Muses, Pegasus is the creator of ], the fountain on ]. He was captured by the Greek hero ] near the fountain Peirene with the help of Athena and Poseidon. Pegasus allows the hero to ride him to defeat a monster, the Chimera, before realizing many other exploits. His rider, however, falls off his back trying to reach Mount Olympus. Zeus transformed him into the constellation ] and placed him up in the sky.
Hypotheses have been proposed regarding its relationship with the ], the gods ], ], ], ], and the hero ].


== Springs ==
The symbolism of Pegasus varies with time. Symbol of wisdom and especially of fame from the Middle Ages until the Renaissance, he became one symbol of the poetry and the creator of sources in which the poets come to draw inspiration, particularly in the 19th century. Pegasus is the subject of a very rich iconography, especially through the ancient Greek pottery and paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance.
According to early myths, everywhere the winged horse struck his hoof to the earth, an inspiring water spring burst forth. One of these springs was upon the ]s' ], the '']'' ("horse spring").<ref>], 9. 31. 3.</ref> ] has suggested,<ref>Antoninus Liberalis, ''Metamorphoses'' 9</ref> that it was opened at the behest of ] to prevent the ] from swelling with rapture at the song of the Muses. Another spring associated with Pegasus was at ].<ref>Pausanias, 2. 31. 9.</ref> Hesiod relates how Pegasus was peacefully drinking from a spring when the hero ] captured him.


==Etymology== == Thunderbolts ==
] wrote that Pegasus carried ]s for ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card=270&highlight=thunder%2Cpegasus | title=Hesiod, Theogony, line 270 }}</ref>
] (], 1910)]]
The poet ] presents a ] of the name ''Pegasus'' as derived from πηγή ''pēgē'' "spring, well": "the ''pegai'' of ], where he was born."<ref>Noted by ], ''The Heroes of the Greeks'', 1959:80: "In the name Pegasos itself the connection with a spring, ''pege'', is expressed."</ref>


== Birth ==
A proposed etymology of the name is ] ''pihassas'', meaning "lightning", and ''Pihassassi'', a local Luwian-Hittite name in southern Cilicia of a weather god represented with thunder and lightning. The proponents of this etymology adduce Pegasus' role, reported as early as ], as bringer of thunderbolts to Zeus. It was first suggested in 1952 and remains widely accepted,<ref>The connection of ''Pegasus'' with ''Pihassas'' was suggested by H.T. Bossert, "Die phönikisch-hethitischen Bilinguen vom Karatepe", ''Jahrbuch für kleinasiatische Forschung'', '''2''' 1952/53:333, P. Frei, "Die Bellerophontessaga und das Alte Testament", in B. Janowski, K. Koch and G. Wilhelm, eds., ''Religionsgeschichtliche Beziehungen zwischen Kleinasien, Nordsyrien und der Alte Testament'', 1993:48f, and Hutter, "Der luwische Wettergott ''pihašsašsi'' under der griechischen Pegasos", in Chr. Zinko, ed. ''Studia Onomastica et Indogermanica...'' 1995:79–98. Commentary was provided by ] in his ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 1183.</ref> but ] (2009) has criticized it as implausible.<ref>"a storm god is not the origin of a horse. However, he had a like-sounding name, and Greek visitors to ] may have connected their existing Pegasus with ]'s lightning after hearing about this 'Pihassassi' and his functions and assuming, wrongly, he was their own Pegasus in a foreign land." Robin Lane Fox, ''Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer'', Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 9780307271518, pp. 207ff.</ref>
There are several versions of the birth of the winged stallion and his brother ] in the far distant place at the edge of Earth, Hesiod's "springs of Oceanus", which encircles the inhabited earth, where ] found ]:


One is that they sprang from the blood issuing from Medusa's neck as ] was beheading her,<ref>], '']'' 281; Pseudo-Apollodorus, '']'' 2. 42, ''et al.'' Harris, Stephen L. and Gloria Platzner. ''Classical Mythology: Images and Insights.'' 2nd ed. (New York: Mayfield Publishing), 1998. 234.</ref> similar to the manner in which ] was born from the head of Zeus after he swallowed her pregnant mother.
==Pegasus and springs==
]
According to legend, everywhere the winged horse struck his hoof to the earth, an inspiring spring burst forth. One of these springs was upon the ]s' ], the '']'' ("horse spring"),<ref>], 9. 31. 3.</ref> opened, ] suggested,<ref>Antoninus Liberalis, ''Metamorphoses'' 9</ref> at the behest of ] to prevent the ] swelling with rapture at the song of the Muses; another was at ].<ref>Pausanias, 2. 31. 9.</ref> Hesiod relates how Pegasus was peacefully drinking from a spring when the hero ] captured him. Hesiod also says Pegasus carried ]s for ].


In another version, when Perseus beheaded Medusa, the brothers were born of the Earth, when the Gorgon's blood fell upon her. A variation of this story holds that they were formed from the mingling of Medusa's blood, pain, and sea foam, implying that Poseidon had involvement in their making.
==Birth==
There are several versions of the birth of the winged stallion and his brother ] in the far distant place at the edge of Earth, Hesiod's "springs of Oceanus, which encircles the inhabited earth, where ] found ]:


The last version bears resemblance to ]'s account of the birth of ] from the foam created when the severed genitals of ] were cast into the sea by ].
One is that they sprang from the blood issuing from Medusa's neck as ] was beheading her,<ref>], '']'' 281; Pseudo-Apollodorus, '']'' 2. 42, ''et al.'' Harris, Stephen L. and Gloria Platzner. ''Classical Mythology: Images and Insights.'' 2nd ed. (New York: Mayfield Publishing), 1998. 234.</ref> similar to the manner in which ] was born from the head of Zeus. In another version, when Perseus beheaded Medusa, they were born of the Earth, fed by the Gorgon's blood. A variation of this story holds that they were formed from the mingling of Medusa's blood, pain and sea foam, implying that Poseidon had involvement in their making. The last version bears resemblance to the birth of ], daughter of ].


{{Pedigree {{Pedigree
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}} }}


==Bellerophon== == Bellerophon ==
]
Pegasus aided the hero ] in his fight against both the ] and the ]. There are varying tales as to how Bellerophon found Pegasus; the most common<ref>For example in ], Olympian Ode 13.</ref> says that the hero was told by ] to sleep in the ], where the goddess visited him in the night and presented him with a golden bridle. The next morning, still clutching the bridle, he found Pegasus drinking at the ] spring and caught Pegasus, and eventually tamed him. Kjashfkseuhfuksdhfksudbfjyaebfukdshfiusdgfkusdnfkisdhfdkaudgfkaiehfkudshfksuefbmuaebfkauebfkieahfieafhkaeihfa,difhakdihfkaidfhadkifhdksifhsdkifhkdisfbsdkifhskdibfakdibsdkubfksuebfkauevfmauebfkseubfkseubfksiefhkaiefhkisehfkaeifbkuaefbikhfkfucjfskdifhsdkifhsdkfjbsdkufbksdibckudscyfufuksdhfuksdbfksdufgsdkufhksduhcucsduhfuchudchcuycuhcuchuchcuhcuhdsfhaifhskdifhsdkifhskufhsdkfuhskubh
{{Multiple image
|total_width=300
|image1=Bellerophon killing Chimaera (mosaic from Rhodes).jpg
|image2=Bellerophon mosaic, Nîmes - panel 5 Bellerophon (Nîmes, Mus Arch).jpg
|footer=Left: a ] ] of ] riding Pegasus while slaying the ], 300–270 BC, ] {{pb}}Right: a ] of Bellerophon slaying the Chimera, 2nd to 3rd centuries AD, ]
}}
Pegasus aided the hero ] in his fight against the ]. There are varying tales about how Bellerophon found Pegasus; the most common<ref>For example in ], Olympian Ode 13.</ref> being that the hero was told by ] to sleep in the ], where the goddess visited him in the night and presented him with a golden bridle. The next morning, still clutching the bridle, Bellerophon found Pegasus drinking at the ] spring, caught him, and eventually tamed him.


==Perseus== == Perseus ==
Michaud's ''Biographie universelle'' relates that when Pegasus was born, he flew to where thunder and lightning are released. Then, according to certain versions of the myth, Athena tamed him and gave him to Perseus, who flew to ] to help ].<ref name="Michaud">{{Cite book
]n era bronze plate depicting Pegasus (''Pegaz'' in Persian), excavated in ], ], ].]]
Michaud's ''Biographie universelle'' relates that when Pegasus was born, he flew to where thunder and lightning are released. Then, according to certain versions of the myth, Athena tamed him and gave him to Perseus, who flew to Ethiopia to help Andromeda.<ref name="Michaud">{{Cite book
|last1=Michaud |last1=Michaud
|first1=Joseph F. |first1=Joseph F.
Line 85: Line 95:
|editor=Michaud Frères |editor=Michaud Frères
|title= Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, ou Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes |title= Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, ou Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HGRIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284&dq=P%C3%A9gase |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGRIAAAAMAAJ&q=P%C3%A9gase&pg=PA284
|accessdate=23 June 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009
|language= French |language= fr
|year=1833 |year=1833
|volume=5 |volume=5
|name-list-style=amp
|page=
|lastauthoramp=yes
|postscript=.
}}</ref> }}</ref>


== Olympus ==
In fact Pegasus is a late addition to the story of Perseus, who flew on his own with the sandals loaned him by ].
] is displayed]]
After Bellerophon fell off Pegasus while trying to reach Olympus, Pegasus and Athena left him and continued to Olympus where he was stabled with other steeds belonging to ], and was given the task of carrying ]' thunderbolts, along with other members of his entourage, his ]s/]s/]s/]s, ].


Because of his years of faithful service to Zeus, Pegasus was later honoured with transformation into a ].<ref>], ''Phaenomena'' 206; Scott Littleton, ''Mythology. The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth and Storytelling'' London: Duncan Baird, 2002:147. {{ISBN|1-903296-37-4}}</ref> On the day of his '']'', when Zeus transformed him into a constellation, a single feather fell to Earth near the city of ].<ref>{{cite book | last=Grimal |first= Pierre |title=The Dictionary of Classical Mythology |editor=Trans. by A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop | location= Oxford |publisher= Blackwell Publishing |page= 349 |isbn=978-0-631-20102-1 |date=4 September 1996 }}</ref>
{{-}}


==Olympus== == Legacy ==
=== In heraldry ===
Pegasus and Athena left Bellerophon and continued to Olympus where he was stabled with ]' other steeds, and was given the task of carrying ]' thunderbolts. Because of his faithful service to Zeus, he was honored with transformation into a ].<ref>], ''Phaenomena'' 206; Scott Littleton, ''Mythology. The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth and Storytelling'' London: Duncan Baird, 2002:147. ISBN 1-903296-37-4</ref> On the day of his '']'', when Zeus transformed him into a constellation, a single feather fell to the earth near the city of ].<ref>{{cite book | last=Grimal |first= Pierre |title=The Dictionary of Classical Mythology |editor=Trans. by A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop | location= Oxford |publisher= Blackwell Publishing |page= 349 |isbn=978-0-631-20102-1 |date=4 September 1996 }}</ref>
The pegasus became a common element in British heraldry, appearing chiefly as a ] or a ]. Pegasi may also appear upon ], although this is rare. A pegasus rampant is featured on the arms of the ], while those of the Richardson family contain a rare depiction of a pegasus sejant.<ref>]. ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, 202, https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft.</ref>


=== World War II emblem ===
==Legacy==
During ], the silhouetted image of Bellerophon the warrior, mounted on the winged Pegasus, was adopted by the ]'s newly raised parachute troops in 1941 as their upper sleeve insignia.
] riding the flying horse Pegasus]]
The image clearly symbolized a warrior arriving at a battle by air, the same tactics used by ]s. The square upper-sleeve insignia comprised Bellerophon/Pegasus in light blue on a maroon background. One source suggests that the insignia was designed by famous English novelist ], who was wife of the commander of the ] (and later the expanded British Airborne Forces), General ]. According to the British Army Website, the insignia was designed by the celebrated East Anglian painter Major ] in May 1942. The maroon background on the insignia was later used again by the Airborne Forces when they adopted the famous maroon beret in Summer 1942. The beret was the origin of the German nickname for British airborne troops, the ]. Today's ] carries on the maroon beret tradition. The selection process for the elite Parachute Regiment is called ] (often abbreviated to "P Company").


In 2015 it was announced that the units of ] would once again use the Pegasus insignia after a 15-year hiatus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Farmer |first=Ben |date=2015-10-22 |title=Paras win 15-year battle to reinstate Pegasus emblem |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11945878/Paras-win-15-year-battle-to-reinstate-Pegasus-emblem.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11945878/Paras-win-15-year-battle-to-reinstate-Pegasus-emblem.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=2018-03-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
===World War II===
] riding the flying horse Pegasus.]]
During ], the silhouetted image of Bellerophon the warrior, mounted on the winged Pegasus, was adopted by the ]'s newly raised parachute troops in 1941 as their upper sleeve insignia. The image clearly symbolized a warrior arriving at a battle by air, the same tactics used by ]s. The square upper-sleeve insignia comprised Bellerophon/Pegasus in light blue on a maroon background. The insignia was designed by famous English novelist ], who was married to the commander of the ] (and later the expanded British Airborne Forces), General ]. According to The British Army Website, the insignia was designed by Major Edward Seago in May 1942. The maroon background on the insignia was later used again by the Airborne Forces when they adopted the famous maroon beret in Summer 1942. The beret was the origin of the German nickname for British airborne troops, The ]. Today's ] carries on the maroon beret tradition.


During the ] of the ] on the night of 5–6 June 1944, ] captured all its key objectives in advance of the seaborne assault, including the capture and holding at all costs of a vital bridge over the ], near ]. In memory of their tenacity, the bridge has been known ever since as ]. During the ] of the ] on the night of 5–6 June 1944, ] captured all its key objectives in advance of the seaborne assault, including the capture and holding at all costs of a vital bridge over the ], near ]. In memory of their tenacity, the bridge has been known ever since as ].


The Tuscan ] during the German occupation of Italy also had a Pegasus as its emblem. The winged horse is still featured on the Tuscan flag and coat of arms. The Tuscan ] during the German occupation of Italy also had a Pegasus as its emblem. The winged horse is still featured on the ] and coat of arms.
] plane]]


===US Air Force Tanker=== === In popular culture ===
The US Air Force KC-46A tanker is named for Pegasus.<ref>http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20140220/NEWS04/302200040/KC-46A-tanker-gets-new-name-Pegasus</ref>

===In popular culture===
{{Main|Pegasus in popular culture}} {{Main|Pegasus in popular culture}}
]
The winged horse has provided an instantly recognizable corporate logo or emblem of inspiration. The South American country of ] launched its first satellite, named ''Pegaso'' ({{IPA-es|peˈɣaso|pron}}, Pegasus in Spanish), on April 26, 2013. ] (Turkish: Pegasus Hava Taşımacılığı A.Ş.) is a low-cost airline headquartered in the Kurtköy area of Pendik, ], ]. The English ] club ] has two winged horses on its crest.
The winged horse has provided an instantly recognizable corporate logo or emblem of inspiration. ] launched its weather satellite, named ''Pegaso'' ({{IPA|es|peˈɣaso|pron}}, Pegasus in Spanish), on 26 April 2013 but it was damaged by Russian space debris.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ecuador Pegasus satellite fears over space debris crash – BBC News|publisher=BBC News|date=24 May 2013|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22635671}}</ref> ] (Turkish: Pegasus Hava Taşımacılığı A.Ş.) is a low-cost airline headquartered in the Kurtköy area of Pendik, ], ]. ] Oil has had a Pegasus as its company logo since its affiliation with ] in the 1930s. ] famously uses a winged horse in their logo.


== Gallery ==
===Robinson College, Cambridge===
<gallery>
The winged horse is also featured on the flag and coat of arms of ], the most recently-built college of ]. Students and alumni of Robinson can often be heard honourably declaring their "Pegasus Pride".
File:Bellerophon, Pegasus, and Athena.jpg|Bellerophon, Pegasus, and Athena, fresco of the 3rd style from ], first half of the 1st century
File:Winged horse Dodona Louvre Br149.jpg|Bronze figurine (Greece, sixth century BC)
File:Pelike Bellerophon Louvre G535.jpg|Bellerophon mounted on Pegasus fighting the Chimera, side A from an Attic red-figure pelike
File:NAMA Epinetron Bellérophon.jpg|Bellerophon and the Chimera, edge of an Attic red-figure epinetron (thigh-protector used by a woman when weaving)
File:Pegasus reel Louvre Bj1887.jpg|Reel (probably an ear-stud) with representations of Pegasus and Chimaira
File:Pegasos Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2504.jpg|Pegasus, Attic red-figure squat lekythos, 480–460 BC, from Sicily
File:Pegasus iran.jpg|]n era bronze plate depicting Pegasus (''Pegaz'' in Persian), excavated in ], ], ]
File:The-Winged-Horse.jpg|A 1914 illustration depicting Bellerophon riding Pegasus
File:Columbia University, NYC (June 2014) - 13.JPG|'']'', by ]. 1977. ], New York
</gallery>


==See also== == See also ==
{{colbegin}}
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
{{colend}}
* ], Iranian mythical flying creature
* ], Hindu mythological lion-elephant-horse hybrid


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Pegasus}}


== External links ==
*
* {{Commons category-inline|Pegasus}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Pegasus}}
{{Greek religion}}
{{Heraldic creatures}} {{Heraldic creatures}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}


]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
]

] ]
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 16:01, 28 November 2024

Mythological creature in Greek mythology For other uses, see Pegasus (disambiguation).
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Pegasus
Bellerophon riding Pegasus and slaying the Chimera, central medallion of a Gallo-Roman mosaic from Autun, Musée Rolin, 2nd to 3rd century AD.
AbodeHippocrene, Mount Helicon
Genealogy
ParentsPoseidon and Medusa
SiblingsChrysaor and several paternal half-siblings
Silver denarius of Domitian with Pegasus on the reverse, dated 79–80 AD
Silver denarius of Domitian with Pegasus on the reverse, dated 79–80 AD
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Pegasus (Ancient Greek: Πήγασος, romanized: Pḗgasos; Latin: Pegasus, Pegasos) is a winged horse in Greek mythology, usually depicted as a white stallion. He was sired by Poseidon, in his role as horse-god, and foaled by the Gorgon Medusa. Pegasus was the brother of Chrysaor, both born from Medusa's blood when their mother was decapitated by Perseus. Greco-Roman poets wrote about his ascent to heaven after his birth and his obeisance to Zeus, who instructed him to bring lightning and thunder from Olympus.

Pegasus is the creator of Hippocrene, the fountain on Mount Helicon. He was captured by the Greek hero Bellerophon, near the fountain Peirene, with the help of Athena and Poseidon. Pegasus allowed Bellerophon to ride him in order to defeat the monster Chimera, which led to many more exploits. Bellerophon later fell from Pegasus's back while trying to reach Mount Olympus. Both Pegasus and Bellerophon were said to have died at the hands of Zeus for trying to reach Olympus. Other tales have Zeus bring Pegasus to Olympus to carry his thunderbolts.

Long honored as a constellation, Pegasus is a subject of very rich iconography, especially through ancient Greek pottery as well as paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance.

Etymology

Pegasus, as the horse of Muses, on the roof of Poznań Opera House (Max Littmann, 1910)
Pegasus on ancient cup of Marlik

The poet Hesiod presents a folk etymology of the name Pegasus as derived from πηγή pēgē 'spring, well', referring to "the pegai of Okeanos, where he was born".

A proposed etymology of the name is Luwian pihassas 'lightning', and Pihassassi, a local Luwian-Hittite name in southern Cilicia of a weather deity associated with thunder and lightning. The proponents of this etymology adduce the role of Pegasus, reported as early as Hesiod, as the bringer of thunderbolts to Zeus. That interpretation was first suggested in 1952 and remains widely accepted, but Robin Lane Fox (2009) has criticized it as implausible.

Springs

According to early myths, everywhere the winged horse struck his hoof to the earth, an inspiring water spring burst forth. One of these springs was upon the Muses' Mount Helicon, the Hippocrene ("horse spring"). Antoninus Liberalis has suggested, that it was opened at the behest of Poseidon to prevent the mountain from swelling with rapture at the song of the Muses. Another spring associated with Pegasus was at Troezen. Hesiod relates how Pegasus was peacefully drinking from a spring when the hero Bellerophon captured him.

Thunderbolts

Hesiod wrote that Pegasus carried thunderbolts for Zeus.

Birth

There are several versions of the birth of the winged stallion and his brother Chrysaor in the far distant place at the edge of Earth, Hesiod's "springs of Oceanus", which encircles the inhabited earth, where Perseus found Medusa:

One is that they sprang from the blood issuing from Medusa's neck as Perseus was beheading her, similar to the manner in which Athena was born from the head of Zeus after he swallowed her pregnant mother.

In another version, when Perseus beheaded Medusa, the brothers were born of the Earth, when the Gorgon's blood fell upon her. A variation of this story holds that they were formed from the mingling of Medusa's blood, pain, and sea foam, implying that Poseidon had involvement in their making.

The last version bears resemblance to Hesiod's account of the birth of Aphrodite from the foam created when the severed genitals of Uranus were cast into the sea by Cronus.

Pedigree of Pegasus
Sire
Poseidon 		Cronus Uranus Gaïa or Nyx
Gaïa or Nyx
Gaïa Chaos
Chaos
Rhea Uranus Gaïa or Nyx
Gaïa or Nyx
Gaïa Chaos
Chaos
Dam
Medusa 		Phorcys Pontus Ether or Uranus
Gaïa
Gaïa Chaos
Chaos
Ceto Pontus Ether or Uranus
Gaïa
Gaïa Chaos
Chaos

Bellerophon

Bellerophon fighting the Chimera, side A of a black-figure double-belly cup of Siana made in Athens found in Camiros (Rhodes)
Left: a Hellenistic Greek mosaic of Bellerophon riding Pegasus while slaying the Chimera, 300–270 BC, Archaeological Museum of Rhodes Right: a Roman mosaic of Bellerophon slaying the Chimera, 2nd to 3rd centuries AD, Musée de la Romanité

Pegasus aided the hero Bellerophon in his fight against the Chimera. There are varying tales about how Bellerophon found Pegasus; the most common being that the hero was told by Polyeidos to sleep in the temple of Athena, where the goddess visited him in the night and presented him with a golden bridle. The next morning, still clutching the bridle, Bellerophon found Pegasus drinking at the Pierian spring, caught him, and eventually tamed him.

Perseus

Michaud's Biographie universelle relates that when Pegasus was born, he flew to where thunder and lightning are released. Then, according to certain versions of the myth, Athena tamed him and gave him to Perseus, who flew to Ethiopia to help Andromeda.

Olympus

Left, the head of Athena wearing the Corinthian helmet adorned with a griffin; right, Pegasus flying and between his legs, a triskele is displayed

After Bellerophon fell off Pegasus while trying to reach Olympus, Pegasus and Athena left him and continued to Olympus where he was stabled with other steeds belonging to Zeus, and was given the task of carrying Zeus' thunderbolts, along with other members of his entourage, his attendants/handmaidens/shield bearers/shieldmaidens, Astrape and Bronte.

Because of his years of faithful service to Zeus, Pegasus was later honoured with transformation into a constellation. On the day of his catasterism, when Zeus transformed him into a constellation, a single feather fell to Earth near the city of Tarsus.

Legacy

In heraldry

The pegasus became a common element in British heraldry, appearing chiefly as a supporter or a crest. Pegasi may also appear upon escutcheons, although this is rare. A pegasus rampant is featured on the arms of the Inner Temple, while those of the Richardson family contain a rare depiction of a pegasus sejant.

World War II emblem

During World War II, the silhouetted image of Bellerophon the warrior, mounted on the winged Pegasus, was adopted by the United Kingdom's newly raised parachute troops in 1941 as their upper sleeve insignia.

The emblem of the World War II, British Airborne Forces, Bellerophon riding the flying horse Pegasus

The image clearly symbolized a warrior arriving at a battle by air, the same tactics used by paratroopers. The square upper-sleeve insignia comprised Bellerophon/Pegasus in light blue on a maroon background. One source suggests that the insignia was designed by famous English novelist Daphne du Maurier, who was wife of the commander of the 1st Airborne Division (and later the expanded British Airborne Forces), General Frederick "Boy" Browning. According to the British Army Website, the insignia was designed by the celebrated East Anglian painter Major Edward Seago in May 1942. The maroon background on the insignia was later used again by the Airborne Forces when they adopted the famous maroon beret in Summer 1942. The beret was the origin of the German nickname for British airborne troops, the Red Devils. Today's Parachute Regiment carries on the maroon beret tradition. The selection process for the elite Parachute Regiment is called Pegasus Company (often abbreviated to "P Company").

In 2015 it was announced that the units of 16 Air Assault Brigade would once again use the Pegasus insignia after a 15-year hiatus.

During the airborne phase of the Normandy invasion on the night of 5–6 June 1944, British 6th Airborne Division captured all its key objectives in advance of the seaborne assault, including the capture and holding at all costs of a vital bridge over the Caen Canal, near Ouistreham. In memory of their tenacity, the bridge has been known ever since as Pegasus Bridge.

The Tuscan National Liberation Committee during the German occupation of Italy also had a Pegasus as its emblem. The winged horse is still featured on the Tuscan flag and coat of arms.

Wing of the Pegasus Airlines plane

In popular culture

Main article: Pegasus in popular culture
Pegasus Pool Toy

The winged horse has provided an instantly recognizable corporate logo or emblem of inspiration. Ecuador launched its weather satellite, named Pegaso (pronounced [peˈɣaso], Pegasus in Spanish), on 26 April 2013 but it was damaged by Russian space debris. Pegasus Airlines (Turkish: Pegasus Hava Taşımacılığı A.Ş.) is a low-cost airline headquartered in the Kurtköy area of Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey. Mobil Oil has had a Pegasus as its company logo since its affiliation with Magnolia Petroleum Company in the 1930s. TriStar Pictures famously uses a winged horse in their logo.

Gallery

  • Bellerophon, Pegasus, and Athena, fresco of the 3rd style from Pompeii, first half of the 1st century Bellerophon, Pegasus, and Athena, fresco of the 3rd style from Pompeii, first half of the 1st century
  • Bronze figurine (Greece, sixth century BC) Bronze figurine (Greece, sixth century BC)
  • Bellerophon mounted on Pegasus fighting the Chimera, side A from an Attic red-figure pelike Bellerophon mounted on Pegasus fighting the Chimera, side A from an Attic red-figure pelike
  • Bellerophon and the Chimera, edge of an Attic red-figure epinetron (thigh-protector used by a woman when weaving) Bellerophon and the Chimera, edge of an Attic red-figure epinetron (thigh-protector used by a woman when weaving)
  • Reel (probably an ear-stud) with representations of Pegasus and Chimaira Reel (probably an ear-stud) with representations of Pegasus and Chimaira
  • Pegasus, Attic red-figure squat lekythos, 480–460 BC, from Sicily Pegasus, Attic red-figure squat lekythos, 480–460 BC, from Sicily
  • Parthian era bronze plate depicting Pegasus (Pegaz in Persian), excavated in Masjed Soleyman, Khūzestān, Iran Parthian era bronze plate depicting Pegasus (Pegaz in Persian), excavated in Masjed Soleyman, Khūzestān, Iran
  • A 1914 illustration depicting Bellerophon riding Pegasus A 1914 illustration depicting Bellerophon riding Pegasus
  • Bellerophon Taming Pegasus, by Jacques Lipchitz. 1977. Columbia University, New York Bellerophon Taming Pegasus, by Jacques Lipchitz. 1977. Columbia University, New York

See also

References

  1. Noted by Karl Kerényi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959:80: "In the name Pegasos itself the connection with a spring, pege, is expressed."
  2. The connection of Pegasus with Pihassas was suggested by H.T. Bossert, "Die phönikisch-hethitischen Bilinguen vom Karatepe", Jahrbuch für kleinasiatische Forschung, 2 1952/53:333, P. Frei, "Die Bellerophontessaga und das Alte Testament", in B. Janowski, K. Koch and G. Wilhelm, eds., Religionsgeschichtliche Beziehungen zwischen Kleinasien, Nordsyrien und der Alte Testament, 1993:48f, and Hutter, "Der luwische Wettergott pihašsašsi under der griechischen Pegasos", in Chr. Zinko, ed. Studia Onomastica et Indogermanica... 1995:79–98. Commentary was provided by R. S. P. Beekes in his Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 1183.
  3. "a storm god is not the origin of a horse. However, he had a like-sounding name, and Greek visitors to Cilicia may have connected their existing Pegasus with Zeus's lightning after hearing about this 'Pihassassi' and his functions and assuming, wrongly, he was their own Pegasus in a foreign land." Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 9780307271518, pp. 207ff.
  4. Pausanias, 9. 31. 3.
  5. Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 9
  6. Pausanias, 2. 31. 9.
  7. "Hesiod, Theogony, line 270".
  8. Hesiod, Theogony 281; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke 2. 42, et al. Harris, Stephen L. and Gloria Platzner. Classical Mythology: Images and Insights. 2nd ed. (New York: Mayfield Publishing), 1998. 234.
  9. For example in Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.
  10. Michaud, Joseph F. & Michaud, Louis G. (1833). Michaud Frères (ed.). Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, ou Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes (in French). Vol. 5. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  11. Aratus, Phaenomena 206; Scott Littleton, Mythology. The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth and Storytelling London: Duncan Baird, 2002:147. ISBN 1-903296-37-4
  12. Grimal, Pierre (4 September 1996). Trans. by A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop (ed.). The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
  13. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies. A Complete Guide to Heraldry, T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, 202, https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft.
  14. Farmer, Ben (22 October 2015). "Paras win 15-year battle to reinstate Pegasus emblem". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  15. "Ecuador Pegasus satellite fears over space debris crash – BBC News". BBC News. 24 May 2013.

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