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{{Short description|Emperor of Japan from 697 to 707}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}} {{use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox monarch {{Infobox monarch
| name = Emperor Monmu<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|文武天皇}}}}
| name = Mommu
| title = Emperor of Japan. | succession = ]
| image= Monmu.gif | image = Emperor Monmu portrait.png
| caption = | caption =
| reign =697–707 | reign = 697–707
| coronation =September 23, 697 | coronation = September 23, 697
| othertitles = Emperor of Japan<br />Prince Karu | cor-type = Japan
| predecessor =] | predecessor = ]
| successor =] | successor = ]
| posthumous name = ]:<br/>Emperor Monmu ({{lang|ja|文武天皇}})<br/><br/>]:<br/>Yamato-neko-toyoohoji no Sumeramikoto ({{lang|ja|倭根子豊祖父天皇}}) (707)<br/>Ame-no-mamune-toyoohoji no Sumeramikoto ({{lang|ja|天之真宗豊祖父天皇}}) (797)
| suc-type =
| heir = | issue = {{plainlist|
* ]
| consort =Unknown.
* Prince Hironari
| issue =] by ]
⚫ * Prince Hiroyo}}
| royal house =
| royal anthem = | royal house = ]
| father =], son of ] | father = ]
| mother =Princess Abe (]) | mother = ]
| birth_name = Karu ({{lang|ja|珂瑠}} ''or'' {{lang|ja|軽}})
| birth_date =683 | birth_date = 13 October 683
| birth_place =
| death_date =July 18 707 | birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|707|7|18|683|10|13|df=y}}
| death_place =], ] | death_place = ], ]
| place of burial=''Hinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi'' (Nara) | burial_place = ''Hinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi'' (檜隈安古岡上陵) (Nara)|
|}} }}


{{nihongo|'''Emperor Mommu'''|文武天皇|Monmu-]|683–707}}<ref>Spelling note: A modified ] system for Japanese words is used throughout Western publications in a range of languages including ]. Unlike the standard system, the "''n''" is maintained even when followed by "]" (e.g., ''shinbun'', not ''shimbun''). In the same way that Misplaced Pages has not yet adopted a consensus policy to address spelling variations in English (e.g., ''humour'', not ''humor''), variant spellings based on ] are unresolved, perhaps unresolvable – as in Emperor Mommu vs. ], which are each construed as technically correct.</ref> was the 42nd ] of ],<ref name="kunaicho">] (''Kunaichō''): </ref> according to the traditional ].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' p. 55.</ref> {{nihongo|'''Emperor Monmu'''|文武天皇|Monmu-]|683–707}} was the 42nd ] of ],<ref name="kunaicho">] (''Kunaichō''): ; retrieved 2013-8-22.</ref> according to the traditional ].<ref>]. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan'', p. 55.</ref>


Mommu's reign spanned the years from 697 through 707.<ref>Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 270–271; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki.'' pp. 137–140; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' pp. 60–63.|page=63}}</ref> Monmu's reign spanned the years from ]<ref>]. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' pp. 60–63|page=63}}] (1979). ''Gukanshō'', pp. 270–271; ]. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki''. pp. 137–140.</ref>


==Traditional narrative== ==Traditional narrative==
Before his ascension to the ], his personal name ('']'')<ref>Brown, pp. 264; prior to ], the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was Karu''-shinnō''.<ref name="b270">Brown, p. 270.</ref> Before his ascension to the ], his personal name ('']'')<ref>Brown, pp. 264; prior to ], the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was Karu''-shinnō''.<ref name="b270">Brown, p. 270.</ref>


He was a grandson of ] and ]. He was the second son of Prince Kusakabe. Mommu's mother was Princess Abe, a daughter of ]. Mommu's mother would later accede to the throne herself, and she would be known as Empress Gemmei.<ref>Varley, p. 138.</ref> He was a grandson of ] and ]. He was the second son of Prince Kusakabe. Monmu's mother was Princess Abe, a daughter of ]. Monmu's mother would later accede to the throne herself, and she would be known as Empress Genmei.<ref>Varley, p. 138.</ref>


===Events of Mommu's life=== ===Events of Monmu's life===
Karu''-shinnō'' was only six years old when his father, ], died. Karu''-shinnō'' was only six years old when his father, ], died.


* '''697''': In the 10th year of Jitō''-tennō'' 's reign (持統天皇10年), the empress abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by a grandson of ]. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Mommu is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, Brown, p. 270; Varley, pp. 44, 137–138; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to ]; and all sovereigns except ], ], ], and ] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of ].</ref> * '''697''': In the 10th year of Jitō''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (持統天皇十年), the empress abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by a grandson of ]. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Monmu is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, ; Brown, p. 270; Varley, pp. 44, 137–138; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to ]; and all sovereigns except ], ], ], and ] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of ].</ref>


Emperor Mommu ruled until his death in 707, at which point he was succeeded by his mother, ], who was also his ] and his first cousin twice removed. He left a young son by ] no Miyako, a daughter of ]: Obito no miko (Prince Obito), who eventually became ]. Emperor Monmu ruled until his death in 707, at which point he was succeeded by his mother, ], who was also his ] and his first cousin twice removed. He left a young son by ] no Miyako, a daughter of ]: Obito no miko (Prince Obito), who eventually became ].


Emperor Mommu's reign lasted 10 years. He died at the age of 25.<ref>Varley, p. 140.</ref> Emperor Monmu's reign lasted 10 years. He died at the age of 25.<ref>Varley, p. 140.</ref>


The actual site of Mommu's ] is known.<ref name="kunaicho"/> This emperor is traditionally venerated at a ] ] ] (''misasagi'') at Nara. The actual site of Monmu's ] is known.<ref name="kunaicho"/> This emperor is traditionally venerated at a ] ] ] (''misasagi'') at Nara.


The ] designates this location as Mommu's ]. It is formally named ''Hinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.</ref> The ] designates this location as Monmu's ]. It is formally named ''Hinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.</ref>


===Kugyō=== ===Kugyō===
{{nihongo|'']''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the ] in pre-] eras. {{nihongo|'']''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the ] in pre-] eras.


In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Mommu's reign, this apex of the '']'' included: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Monmu's reign, this apex of the '']'' included:
* '']'', Osakabe''-shinnō''.<ref name = "b270"/> * '']'', Osakabe''-shinnō''.<ref name = "b270"/>
* '']'' * '']''
* '']'' * '']''
* '']'', Nakatomi Kamako no Muraji.<ref>Brown, p. 266.</ref> * '']'', Nakatomi Kamako no Muraji.<ref>Brown, p. 266.</ref>
* '']'', Fujiwara Fuhito.<ref>Brown, p. 271.</ref> * '']'', Fujiwara Fuhito.<ref>Brown, p. 271.</ref>


==Eras of Mommu's reign== ==Eras of Monmu's reign==
Conventional modern scholarship seems to have determined that the years of Mommu's reign are encompassed within more than one ] or '']''.<ref>Titsingh, pp. 60–63; Brown, p. 271.</ref> Conventional modern scholarship seems to have determined that the years of Monmu's reign are encompassed within more than one ] or '']''.<ref>Titsingh, pp. 60–63; Brown, p. 271.</ref>
* '']'' (701–704) * '']'' (701–704)
* '']'' (704–708) * '']'' (704–708)


===Non''-nengō'' period=== ===Non''-nengō'' period===
The initial years of Mommu's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or ''nengō''.<ref>Titsingh, p. 60.</ref> The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – ''nengō'' – languished until Mommu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701. The initial years of Monmu's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or ''nengō''.<ref>Titsingh, p. 60.</ref> The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – ''nengō'' – languished until Monmu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701.
* See ] * See ]
* See ] (697–701). * See ] (697–701).


In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of ''Gukanshō'' offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame: In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of ''Gukanshō'' offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame:
::"The eras that fell in this reign were: (1) the remaining seven years of Shuchō ; and (2) Taika, which was four years long . (The first year of this era was ''kinoto-hitsuji'' .) ...In the third year of the Taka era , Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince."<ref name="b270"/> ::"The eras that fell in this reign were: (1) the remaining seven years of Shuchō ; and (2) Taika, which was four years long . (The first year of this era was ''kinoto-hitsuji'' .) ... In the third year of the Taka era , Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince."<ref name="b270"/>


==Consorts and Children== ==Consorts and children==
''Bunin'': Fujiwara no Miyako (藤原宮子) (?–754), daughter of ] ''Bunin'': Fujiwara no Miyako (藤原宮子, d. 754), ]’s daughter
*Prince Obito (首皇子) (]) (701–756) *First Son: Prince Obito (首皇子) later ]


''Hin'': Ki no Kamado-no-iratsume (紀竃門娘) ''Hin'': Ki no Kamado-no-iratsume (紀竃門娘)


''Hin'': Ishikawa no Tone-no-iratsume (石川刀子娘) ''Hin'': Ishikawa no Tone-no-iratsume (石川刀子娘)
*Prince Hironari (広成皇子) *Takamado Hironari (Hiroyo)
⚫ *Prince Hiroyo (広世皇子)


==See also== ==See also==
Line 84: Line 85:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


==Notes== ==Notes==
] — a stylized ] blossom]] ] — a stylized ] blossom]]
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|1}}


==References== ==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; * ] and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; {{OCLC|251325323}}
* ]. (1959). Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. * ]. (1959). Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}}
* ] (1834). '']''; ou, Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. * ] (1834). '']''; ou, Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. {{OCLC|5850691}}
* ] (1980). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; * ] (1980). New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; {{OCLC|59145842}}


{{S-start}} {{S-start}}
{{s-reg}} {{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{succession box | before=] | after=] | title=]:<br>Mommu | years=697–707}} {{s-ttl|title=]:<br>Monmu|years=697–707}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
{{S-end}} {{S-end}}
{{Emperors of Japan}} {{Emperors of Japan}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->

| NAME = Mommu
⚫ {{DEFAULTSORT:Monmu}}
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 683
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 707
| PLACE OF DEATH = ], ]
}}
⚫ {{DEFAULTSORT:Mommu}}
⚫ ]
] ]
] ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
]
] ]
] ]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 10:24, 22 October 2024

Emperor of Japan from 697 to 707

Emperor Monmu
文武天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign697–707
EnthronementSeptember 23, 697
PredecessorJitō
SuccessorGenmei
BornKaru (珂瑠 or 軽)
13 October 683
Died18 July 707(707-07-18) (aged 23)
Fujiwara-kyō, Japan
BurialHinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi (檜隈安古岡上陵) (Nara)
Issue
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Monmu (文武天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Yamato-neko-toyoohoji no Sumeramikoto (倭根子豊祖父天皇) (707)
Ame-no-mamune-toyoohoji no Sumeramikoto (天之真宗豊祖父天皇) (797)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherPrince Kusakabe
MotherEmpress Genmei

Emperor Monmu (文武天皇, Monmu-tennō, 683–707) was the 42nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Monmu's reign spanned the years from 697 through 707.

Traditional narrative

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Karu-shinnō.

He was a grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō. He was the second son of Prince Kusakabe. Monmu's mother was Princess Abe, a daughter of Emperor Tenji. Monmu's mother would later accede to the throne herself, and she would be known as Empress Genmei.

Events of Monmu's life

Karu-shinnō was only six years old when his father, Crown Prince Kusakabe, died.

  • 697: In the 10th year of Jitō-tennō's reign (持統天皇十年), the empress abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a grandson of Emperor Tenmu. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Monmu is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).

Emperor Monmu ruled until his death in 707, at which point he was succeeded by his mother, Empress Genmei, who was also his first cousin once removed and his first cousin twice removed. He left a young son by Fujiwara no Miyako, a daughter of Fujiwara no Fuhito: Obito no miko (Prince Obito), who eventually became Emperor Shōmu.

Emperor Monmu's reign lasted 10 years. He died at the age of 25.

The actual site of Monmu's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Monmu's mausoleum. It is formally named Hinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi.

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Monmu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Eras of Monmu's reign

Conventional modern scholarship seems to have determined that the years of Monmu's reign are encompassed within more than one era name or nengō.

Non-nengō period

The initial years of Monmu's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō. The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – nengō – languished until Monmu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701.

In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame:

"The eras that fell in this reign were: (1) the remaining seven years of Shuchō ; and (2) Taika, which was four years long . (The first year of this era was kinoto-hitsuji .) ... In the third year of the Taka era , Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince."

Consorts and children

Bunin: Fujiwara no Miyako (藤原宮子, d. 754), Fujiwara no Fuhito’s daughter

Hin: Ki no Kamado-no-iratsume (紀竃門娘)

Hin: Ishikawa no Tone-no-iratsume (石川刀子娘)

  • Takamado Hironari (Hiroyo)

See also

Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 文武天皇 (42); retrieved 2013-8-22.
  2. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 55.
  3. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 60–63, p. 63, at Google BooksBrown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 270–271; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 137–140.
  4. Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
  5. ^ Brown, p. 270.
  6. Varley, p. 138.
  7. Titsingh, p. 60; Brown, p. 270; Varley, pp. 44, 137–138; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fishimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  8. Varley, p. 140.
  9. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
  10. Brown, p. 266.
  11. Brown, p. 271.
  12. Titsingh, pp. 60–63; Brown, p. 271.
  13. Titsingh, p. 60.

References

Regnal titles
Preceded byEmpress Jitō Emperor of Japan:
Monmu
697–707 		Succeeded byEmpress Genmei
Japan Emperors of Japan (list)
Legendary
Jōmon
660 BC–291 BC
Yayoi
290 BC–269 AD
Yamato
Kofun
269–539
Asuka
539–710
Nara
710–794
Heian
794–1185
Kamakura
1185–1333
Northern Court
1333–1392
Muromachi
1333–1573
Azuchi-Momoyama
1573–1603
Edo
1603–1868
Empire of Japan
1868–1947
Japan
1947–present

Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD  Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed.

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