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{{Excerpt|Indigenous peoples|only=paragraphs }}
] are "those ]s that were indigenous to a territory prior to being incorporated into a national state, and who are politically and culturally separate from the majority ethnic identity of the state that they are a part of".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sanders|first=Douglas|year=1999|title=Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition|journal=International Journal of Cultural Property|volume=8|issue=1|pages=4–13|doi=10.1017/S0940739199770591 }}</ref> There are internationally recognized definitions of indigenous peoples, such as those of the ], the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/about-us.html|title=Indigenous Peoples at the United Nations|publisher=UN}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169|title=C169 - Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (No. 169)|publisher=ILO|date=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/972151530217132480/ESF-Guidance-Note-7-Indigenous-Peoples-English.pdf|title=ESS7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities|publisher=World Bank|date=2016}}</ref>

This is a partial list of the world's indigenous or aboriginal or native people, grouped by region and sub-region. Note that a particular group may warrant listing under more than one region, either because the group is distributed in more than one region (for example ] in North America and eastern Russia), or there may be some overlap of the regions themselves (i.e. the boundaries of each region are not clear, or some locations may commonly be associated with more than one region).


== Definition == == Definition ==
{{Main|Indigenous peoples#Definitions}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples#Definitions|only=paragraphs}}
] of ] by Leonardo Torriani, 1592]]

] are the oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa]]
Indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and may consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.<ref>Jose R. Martinez Cobo</ref>
Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those which have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and may consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.<ref>Jose R. Martinez Cobo</ref>


This historical continuity may consist of the continuation, for an extended period reaching into the present of one or more of the following factors: This historical continuity may consist of the continuation, for an extended period reaching into the present of one or more of the following factors:
* Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them * Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them
* Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands * Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands
* Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership of an indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.) * Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership in an Indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.)
* Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language) * Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language)
* Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world * Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world
* Other relevant factors. * Other relevant factors.
* On an individual basis, an indigenous person is one who belongs to these indigenous populations through self-identification as indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of its members (acceptance by the group). This preserves for these communities the sovereign right and power to decide who belongs to them, without external interference.<ref></ref> * On an individual basis, an Indigenous person is one who belongs to these Indigenous populations through self-identification as Indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of its members (acceptance by the group). This preserves for these communities the sovereign right and power to decide who belongs to them, without external interference.<ref></ref>


== Africa == == Africa ==
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of Africa}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of Africa}}
] people, who are indigenous to the ]]]
] traditional dance]]
] pygmy dancers in the East Province of Cameroon]]
] ] with traditional bow and arrow]]
] women in traditional headresses]]
] women in traditional attire]]
] chief]]
] people playing trumpets during a wedding ceremony]]
] men in ], ]]]
]
]
]
]


=== African Great Lakes === === African Great Lakes ===
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2022}}
] people, who are indigenous to the ]]]
*]: ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Detachability of Women: Gender and Kinship in Processes of Socioeconomic Change among the Gusii of Kenya|journal=American Ethnologist|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/645919|last=Hakansson|first=N. Thomas|volume=21|issue=3|year=1994|pages=516–538 |doi=10.1525/ae.1994.21.3.02a00040 |jstor=645919 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gusii Oral Texts and the Gusii Experience under British Rule|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|url=https://doi-org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/217392|last=Maxon|first=R.M.|volume=9|issue=1|year=1976|pages=74–80 |doi=10.2307/217392 |jstor=217392 }}</ref>
*] (]): ], ] region: southeast, south and northwest of ].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} *] (]): ], ] region: southeast, south and northwest of ].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
*]: ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mothers on the March: Iraqw Women Negotiating the Public Sphere in Tanzania|journal=Africa Today|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187757|last=Snyder|first=Katherine A.|volume=53|issue=1|year=2006|pages=79–99 |doi=10.1353/at.2006.0064 |jstor=4187757 |s2cid=144707308 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Land Institutions and Political Ethnicity in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania|journal=Comparative Politics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43664170|last1=Boone|first1=Catherine|volume=48|last2=Nyeme|first2=Lydia|issue=1|year=2015|pages=67–86 |doi=10.5129/001041515816075123 |jstor=43664170 }}</ref>
*]: ]<ref name="Boone 2012 75–103">{{Cite journal|title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya|journal=African Studies Review|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804129|last=Boone|first=Catherine|volume=55|issue=1|year=2012|pages=75–103 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |jstor=41804129 |hdl=2152/19778 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous knowledge of landscape-ecological zones among traditional herbalists: a case study in Keiyo District, Kenya|journal=GeoJournal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147169|last=Jungerius|first=P. D.|volume=44|issue=1|year=1998|pages=51–60 |doi=10.1023/A:1006851813051 |jstor=41147169 |s2cid=128857738 }}</ref>
*]: ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous Kikuyu Education|journal=African Affairs|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/719766|last=McGlashan|first=Neil|volume=63|issue=250|year=1964|pages=47–57 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095163 |jstor=719766 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous Kikuyu Agroforestry: A Case Study of Kirinyaga, Kenya|journal=Human Ecology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996|last=Castro|first=Alfonso Peter|volume=19|issue=1|year=1991|pages=1–18 |doi=10.1007/BF00888974 |jstor=4602996 |s2cid=154663699 }}</ref>
*]: ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Teachers' Constructions of Democracy: Intersections of Western and Indigenous Knowledge in South Africa and Kenya|journal=Comparative Education Review|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/518479|last=Kubow|first=Patricia K.|volume=51|issue=3|year=2007|pages=307–328 |doi=10.1086/518479 |jstor=10.1086/518479 |s2cid=145758842 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agrarian Change and the Changing Relationships between Toil and Soil in Maragoli, Western Kenya (1900-1994)|journal=Human Ecology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4603359|last1=Crowley|first1=Eve L.|volume=28|last2=Carter|first2=Simon E.|issue=3|year=2000|pages=383–414 |doi=10.1023/A:1007005514841 |jstor=4603359 |s2cid=146217282 }}</ref>
*]: ], ]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Being Maasai, Becoming Indigenous: Postcolonial Politics in a Neoliberal World|last=Hodgson|first=Dorothy|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253223050}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indigenous Elites in Africa: The Case of Kenya's Maasai|last=Shani|first=Serah|year=2022|publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781032025766}}</ref><ref>"The '''indigenous Maasai''' wanted to secure plots for farming in their home villages" (p. 29). {{Cite journal|title=Pastoralists in Transition - A Case Study from Lengijape, Maasai Steppe|journal=GeoJournal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41146468|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Barbara|volume=36|pages=27–48|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Fouad N.|year=1995|issue=1|doi=10.1007/BF00812524|jstor=41146468|s2cid=154884572}}</ref>
*]: ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous Education in Nomadic Communities : A Survey of The Samburu, Rendille, Gabra and Boran of Northern Kenya|journal=Présence Africaine Nouvelle|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350929|last=Sifuna|first=Daniel|volume=131|issue=3e|year=1984|pages=66–88 |doi=10.3917/presa.131.0066 |jstor=24350929 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ethnic minorities and development: A prospective look at the situation of African pastoralists and hunter-gatherers|journal=Ethnicities|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890130|last=Campbell|first=John R.|volume=4|issue=1|year=2004|pages=5–26 |doi=10.1177/1468796804040326 |jstor=23890130 |s2cid=145416864 }}</ref>
*]: ], ]<ref name="Boone 2012 75–103"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=In a Cup of Tea: Commodities and History among Samburu Pastoralists in Northern Kenya|journal=American Ethnologist|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3805213|last=Holtzman|first=Jon D.|volume=30|issue=1|year=2003|pages=136–155 |doi=10.1525/ae.2003.30.1.136 |jstor=3805213 }}</ref>
*]: ], ] region: ], between Bubu and ] rivers, ] region.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} *]: ], ] region: ], between Bubu and ] rivers, ] region.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
*]: *]:
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***]: Central ], ]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} ***]: Central ], ]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
***]: Western ]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} ***]: Western ]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
] traditional dance.]]
*] speakers
**]: ]
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
*]
**]: ]
**]: ]
**]: ]
***]: ], ]
*] speakers
**]: ]
**]: ]


=== Central Africa === === Central Africa ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
] pygmy dancers in the East Province of Cameroon.]]
] ] with traditional bow and arrow]]
*]: *]:
**]: Northern Central ] **]: Northern Central ]
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***]: ***]:
**] **]
***Angola Twa: Northeastern, Eastern and Southern ] ***Angola Twa: Northeastern, Eastern and Southern ]
***Kasai Twa (Kuba Twa): Central ] ***Kasai Twa (Kuba Twa): Central ]
***Mbote Twa: Southeastern ], Northwest of ] ***Mbote Twa: Southeastern ], Northwest of ]
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=== Horn of Africa === === Horn of Africa ===
*] (Qafár/'Afár): the ] of ], ], ]<!--
] women in traditional headresses]]
--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dankalia.org/about/eritrean-afar-people/ |title=Eritrean Afar People |website=Eritrean Afar National Congress |access-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104215618/http://dankalia.org/about/eritrean-afar-people/ |archive-date=2022-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|pages=601–603, 610}}</ref>
] women in traditional attire]]
*]: ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Adaptation to High Altitude: Phenotypes and Genotypes|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|last=Beall|first=Cynthia M.|volume=43|year=2014|pages=251–272 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030000 |jstor=43049574 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Along Ethiopia's Western Frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in Transition|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/161849|last=Young|first=John|volume=37|issue=2|year=1999|pages=321–346 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X9900302X |jstor=161849 |s2cid=155057210 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Popular Protest, Political Opportunities, and Change in Africa|last=Sanches|first=Edalina Rodrigues|publisher=]|year=2022|pages=181–2|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003177371/popular-protest-political-opportunities-change-africa-edalina-rodrigues-sanches|doi=10.4324/9781003177371-11|isbn=9781003177371 |s2cid=246711828 |quote="...recognition of the identity of indigenous Amhara people from Welkait as Amhara"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Civil rights activists in Welkait give hope for peace and democracy in Ethiopia|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2021/09/13/civil-rights-activists-welkait-tplf-peace-democracy-ethiopia-pp-abiy-ahmed/|last=John|first=Sonja|date=2021-09-13|access-date=2022-02-20|work=Africa at ]|quote="They requested state institutions recognise their indigenous Amhara identity and end discrimination."}}</ref>
] chief]]
*]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref name="jstor_178984">{{Cite journal|title=Revolution and Modernity in Maale: Ethiopia, 1974 to 1987|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/178984|last=Donham|first=Donald L.|volume=34|issue=1|year=1992|pages=28–57 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500017424 |jstor=178984 |s2cid=143440554 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Threat of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia|journal=Northeast African Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931329|last=Lydall|first=Jean|volume=7|issue=1|year=2000|series=Special Issue: HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia, Part I: Risk and Preventive Behavior, Sexuality, and Opportunistic Infections|pages=41–61 |doi=10.1353/nas.2004.0007 |jstor=41931329 |s2cid=143405452 }}</ref>
] people playing trumpets during a wedding ceremony]]
*]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The State of Oral Literature Research in Ethiopia: Retrospect and Prospect|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41966115|last=Azeze|first=Fekade|volume=34|issue=1|year=2001|pages=43–85 |jstor=41966115 }}</ref>
*] speakers
*]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ingessana Throwing Knives (Sudan)|journal=Anthropos|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458698|last=Jedrej|first=M. C.|year=1975|series=Bd. 70, H. 1./2.|volume=70 |issue=1/2 |pages=42–48 |jstor=40458698 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Southern Funj of the Sudan as a Frontier Society, 1820-1980|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879507|last=Jedrej|first=M. C.|volume=46|issue=4|year=2004|pages=709–729 |doi=10.1017/S0010417504000337 |jstor=3879507 |s2cid=145732712 }}</ref>
**] speakers
*]: Southern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Contemporary Significance of What Has Been. Three Approaches to Remembering the past: Lineage, Gada, and Oral Tradition|journal=History in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065765|last1=Amborn|first1=Hermann|volume=33|last2=Schubert|first2=Ruth|year=2006|pages=53–84 |doi=10.1353/hia.2006.0004 |jstor=20065765 |s2cid=162724953 }}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal|title="Peace Is Not a Free Gift": Indigenous Conceptions of Peace among the Guji-Oromo in Southern Ethiopia|journal=Northeast African Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/nortafristud.18.1-2.0201|last1=Debelo|first1=Asebe Regassa|volume=18|last2=Jirata|first2=Tadesse Jaleta|issue=1–2|year=2018|pages=201–230 |doi=10.14321/nortafristud.18.1-2.0201 |jstor=10.14321/nortafristud.18.1-2.0201 |s2cid=203104277 }}</ref>
***] speakers
*]: Southern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref name="jstor.org"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and the Changing Livelihood Strategies of the Gedeo People|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48619998|last=Merid|first=Takele|volume=52|year=2019|pages=139–166 |jstor=48619998 }}</ref>
****]: ], ]
*]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Homicide in Ethiopia: Human Rights, Federalism, and Legal Pluralism|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649118|last1=Donovan|first1=Dolores A.|volume=51|last2=Assefa|first2=Getachew|issue=3|year=2003|pages=505–552 |doi=10.2307/3649118 |jstor=3649118 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Slavery, Emancipation, and Memory: Exploratory Notes on Western Ethiopia|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44723364|last=Meckelburg|first=Alexander|volume=48|issue=2|year=2015|series=Special Issue: Exploring Post-Slavery in Contemporary Africa|pages=345–362 |jstor=44723364 }}</ref>
****] speakers
*]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref name="Fratkin 2014 94–114">{{Cite journal|title=Ethiopia's Pastoralist Policies: Development, Displacement and Resettlement|journal=Nomadic Peoples|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43124163|last=Fratkin|first=Elliot|volume=18|issue=1|year=2014|series=Special issue: The Emerging World of Pastoralists and Nomads|pages=94–114 |doi=10.3197/np.2014.180107 |jstor=43124163 |s2cid=147312991 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A Hamar Spokesman on German Television and Radio: lessons on cultural difference and similarity|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41988226|last=Strecker|first=Ivo|volume=40|issue=1/2|year=2007|pages=181–201 |jstor=41988226 }}</ref>
*****] (Qafár/'Afár): Northeastern ], ]
*]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref name="Pankhurst 2002 1–60">{{Cite journal|title=Research on Ethiopian societies and cultures during the second half of the twentieth century|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41966134|last=Pankhurst|first=Alula|volume=35|issue=2|year=2002|pages=1–60 |jstor=41966134 }}</ref><ref name="Jalata">{{Cite journal|title=The Oromo Movement: The Effects of State Terrorism and Globalization in Oromia and Ethiopia|journal=Social Justice|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26538396|last=Jalata|first=Asafa|volume=44|issue=4|year=2017|pages=83–106 |jstor=26538396 }}</ref>
*****]: Central ], Southern part of ]
*]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]<ref name="Naty 2002 569–597">{{Cite journal|title=Environment, Society and the State in Western Eritrea|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556702|last=Naty|first=Alexander|volume=72|issue=4|year=2002|pages=569–597 |doi=10.3366/afr.2002.72.4.569 |jstor=3556702 |s2cid=142770729 }}</ref><ref name="Woldemikael 2003 117–136">{{Cite journal|title=Language, Education, and Public Policy in Eritrea|journal=African Studies Review|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1514983|last=Woldemikael|first=Tekle M.|volume=46|issue=1|year=2003|pages=117–136 |doi=10.2307/1514983 |jstor=1514983 |s2cid=143172927 }}</ref>
****]: ], ], eastern ], northeastern ]
*]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref name="jstor_178984"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=On Being "First": Making History by Two's in Southern Ethiopia|journal=Northeast African Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931255|last=Donham|first=Donald L.|volume=7|issue=3|year=2000|series=Special Issue: Cultural Variation and Social Change in Southern Ethiopia: Comparative Approaches|pages=21–33 |doi=10.1353/nas.2005.0005 |jstor=41931255 |s2cid=144593095 }}</ref>
***] speakers
*] (Mun): mainly in ], ], Southwest ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title="We Must Teach Them to Be Peaceful": Mursi views on being human and being Mursi|journal=Nomadic Peoples|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123371|last=Turton|first=David|volume=31|year=1992|issue=31 |pages=19–33 |jstor=43123371 }}</ref><ref name="Fratkin 2014 94–114"/>
****]: Southern ], ] (SNNPR)
*]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]<ref name="Woldemikael 2003 117–136"/><ref name="Naty 2002 569–597"/>
*****]: Southern ], ] (SNNPR)
*****]: Southern ], ] (SNNPR) *]: ], ]<ref name="Jalata" />
*]: Central ], Southern part of ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Favourable Awards to Trans-Boundary Indigenous Peoples|journal=Australian Indigenous Law Review|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26423239|last1=Weldehaimanot|first1=Simon M|volume=16|last2=Mekonnen|first2=Daniel R|issue=1|year=2012|pages=60–76 |jstor=26423239 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Archives of Eritrea as a Primary Source of Information for the Eritrean Cultural Heritage: Its Nature and Accessibility|journal=Rassegna di Studi Etiopici|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48564342|last=Tewolde|first=Azeb|volume=2|issue=49|year=2018|series=3a Serie|pages=11–22 |jstor=48564342 }}</ref>
**] speakers
*] (]): Northwestern ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Languages of Ethiopia: A New Lexicostatistic Classification and Some Problems of Diffusion|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30029540|last=Bender|first=M. L.|volume=13|issue=5|year=1971|pages=165–288 |jstor=30029540 }}</ref>
***] speakers
*]: Southern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sidama Agro-Pastoralism and Ethnobiological Classification of its Primary Plant, Enset (Ensete ventricosum)|journal=Ethnobiology Letters|last1=Quinlan|first1=Marsha B.|volume=5|last2=Quinlan|first2=Robert J.|year=2014|last3=Dira|first3=Samuel Jilo|pages=116–125 |doi=10.14237/ebl.5.2014.222 |jstor=26423590 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Religious Conversion Process among the Sidāma of North-East Africa|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556703|last=Hamer|first=John H.|volume=72|issue=4|year=2002|pages=598–627 |doi=10.3366/afr.2002.72.4.598 |jstor=3556703 |s2cid=143489496 }}</ref>
****]
*]: ], ], eastern ], northeastern ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Ethnic Geography of Kenya on the Eve of Independence: The 1962 Census (Ethnogeographie Kenias am Vorabend der Unabhängigkeit: Der Zensus von 1962)|journal=Erdkunde|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25647252|last=William T. W.|first=Morgan|volume=54|issue=1|year=2000|pages=76–87 |doi=10.3112/erdkunde.2000.01.07 |jstor=25647252 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous Conflict Management and Resolution Mechanisms on Rangelands in Somali Regional State, Ethiopia|journal=Nomadic Peoples|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123815|last1=Bouh|first1=Ahmed Mohammed|volume=12|last2=Mammo|first2=Yared|issue=1|year=2008|pages=109–121 |doi=10.3167/np.2008.120107 |jstor=43123815 }}</ref>
****]
*]: ]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ethiopian Tribeswomen Seek to Attract Favourable Husbands With Lip Plates|url=https://www.albawaba.com/editors-choice/ethiopian-tribeswomen-seek-attract-favourable-husbands-lip-plates-1364571|date=2020-06-24|access-date=2022-02-15|work=]}}</ref>
****]
*]: ]<ref name="Abbink 2000 527–550">{{Cite journal|title=Violence and the Crisis of Conciliation: Suri, Dizi and the State in South-West Ethiopia|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1161471|last=Abbink|first=J.|volume=70|issue=4|year=2000|pages=527–550 |doi=10.3366/afr.2000.70.4.527 |jstor=1161471 |hdl=1887/9482 |s2cid=145471725 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fratkin 2014 94–114"/>
****]
*]: ]<ref name="Abbink 2000 527–550"/>
**] speakers
*]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Resilience and Vulnerability: Enset Agriculture in Southern Ethiopia|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41966054|last=Rahmato|first=Dessalegn|volume=28|issue=1|year=1995|pages=23–51 |jstor=41966054 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethiopia: Ethnic Federalism and Its Discontents|last=International Crisis Group|publisher=International Crisis Group|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep38375.8|date=2009-09-04|chapter=V. Contested Multi-Ethnic Politics |journal=Ethiopia |pages=22–28 }}</ref>
***] speakers
*]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)<ref name="Pankhurst 2002 1–60"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multiethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: A Study of the Secession Clause in the Constitution|journal=Publius|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4624714|last=Habtu|first=Alem|volume=35|issue=5|year=2005|pages=313–335 |doi=10.1093/publius/pji016 |jstor=4624714 }}</ref>
****Gonga-Gimojan peoples
*****Gonga/Kefoid peoples
******] (]): Northwestern ],
*****] peoples
******]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)
******] peoples
*******]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)
*******]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)
*******]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)
***] speakers
****]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)
****]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)
****]: Southwestern ], ] (SNNPR)
*] speakers
**]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]
**] speakers
***] (]) speakers
****]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]
**]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]
**]: Western ], ], Far Eastern ]
***] speakers
****]
****] (Mun): mainly in ], ], Southwest ].


=== North Africa === === Sudan ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
] ] in ]]]
*] peoples: ], ]
] ] traditional dancers]]
*]: Far Northern ] and Far Southern ], along middle ] valley banks
*] languages
*] (Jieng): mainly in ], ] and ] States, Upper ] course, Central and North ].
**] (Imazighen): ], ], ], ], ], ], Mediterranean Coast, ] (Idurar n Waṭlas), North and Western ]
*] (Naadh): mainly in ], East of Upper ] course, East Central ].
***]
*] (Anywaa): mainly East ], East ], and also mainly in ], Lowlands of Far Southwest ] (border areas between ] and ]).
****]: ] (Drar n infusen), ], northwestern ]
*] (Chollo/Cøllø): mainly in North ], west of the Upper ] course, ], ] (] or ], formerly known as ] is in their territory).
****]: ], coast of western ] in northwestern ].
****]: ], southern ] *] (Fòòrà): ], Western ]
****] Berbers: ], southern ] coast *]: ], Western ]
*] peoples: ], ]
****] Berbers: ] Oasis (Isuknan), ], north central ], ]
****]: ] oasis, ], eastern ], ]
****]: ] Oasis, Western ], ]
***]
****] (Iqvayliyen): ] (Tamurt n Iqvayliyen), Mediterranean coast of northern ]
****] (Iznaten/Iznasen) speakers: regions in ] and ]
*****] (At Mzab): ] region, northern ], north central ]
*****] (Išawiyen): ] (]), northeastern ]
*****] (Ichenwiyen): west-central mountains of northwestern ]
*****] (Irifiyen): ], ] (Arrif), northern ]
*****] (Iẓnagen/Iẓnajen) peoples: regions in Middle West ] and Eastern ]
*****] peoples: regions in Northern and Western Morocco
******]: Far West ] (Arrif), Northern ]
******] (Shlḥi): West ], Western ]
*]: Indigenous population of the Maghreb and Sahara of uncertain origin; members now speak either ] or ]; inhabit ], ], ], ].


=== Nile Valley === === Southern Africa ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] speakers
**] speakers
***] (Rem en Khēmi/Rem en Kēme): ], a Christian, largely non-Arabized Egyptian people directly descended from ]
**] speakers
***]: Northeastern ], between ] coast and almost to the ] (] and ]) eastern banks, Far Northwest ], ] ], Far Southeast ]
**] speakers
***]: ] (Isiwan), western ], ]
*] speakers
**] peoples: ], ]
***]-] peoples: ], ]
***]-] peoples: ], ]
] men in ], ].]]
*] - current habit ], ], ]
*] speakers
**] speakers
***] (]) peoples
****] speakers
*****]: Far Northern ] and Far Southern ], along middle ] valley banks
***] (]) peoples
****] peoples
*****] peoples
******] (Jieng): mainly in ], ] and ] States, Upper ] course, Central and North ].
******] (Naadh): mainly in ], East of Upper ] course, East Central ].
*****]
******] (Anywaa): mainly East ], East ], and also mainly in ], Lowlands of Far Southwest ] (border areas between ] and ]).
******] (Chollo/Cøllø): mainly in North ], west of the Upper ] course, ], ] (] or ], formerly known as ] is in their territory).
**] speakers
***] (Fòòrà): ], Western ]
**] speakers
***]: ], Western ]
**] peoples: ], ]
**] speakers
***]: ]


*]-speaking peoples of ]: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], southern ].
=== Southern Africa ===
]
]
]
*] speaking peoples of ]: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], southern ].
**] **]
***] ***]
Line 224: Line 159:
***] ***]
**] **]
**] - speaking peoples: Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana m
**]
*** Zezuru
*** Korekore
*** ]
*** Barwe
*** Karanga
*** ]
*** ]
**] **]
***] ***]
Line 230: Line 172:
**] **]
**] **]
**] languages people **]-speaking peoples
***] ***]
***] ***]
***] ***]
***] ***]
*] speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, ], Zimbabwe, west and southwestern South Africa. *]-speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, ], Zimbabwe, west and southwestern South Africa.
**] **]
**] (]) **] (])
**] ] **]
**] **]
**] **]
**Naro **Naro
**Tsoa/Tshwa/Kua **Tsoa/Tshwa/Kua
*] speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Kalahari desert, west and southwestern South Africa. *]-speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Kalahari Desert, west and southwestern South Africa.
**Kx'a/Ju–ǂHoan **Kx'a/Ju–ǂHoan
***]/Juu ***]/Juu
Line 257: Line 199:


=== West Africa === === West Africa ===
] musket, 2010.]]
*] speakers
]
**]: Far Southeastern ] and Far Northwestern ]
*]: ], and small population in ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indigenous Tourism Movements |last=Douny |first=Laurence |publisher=] |year=2018 |isbn=9781442628298 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soBSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |editor-last=Bunten |editor-first=Alexis Celeste |chapter=The Commodification of Authenticity: Performing and Displaying Dogon Material Identity |editor-last2=Graburn |editor-first2=Nelson H.H. |editor2-link=Nelson H. H. Graburn |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |last=Danver |first=Steven L. |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=9781317464006 |pages=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |author-link=Steven L. Danver |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>
**] speakers
*]: ], ], and ]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |publisher=] |year=2020 |isbn=9798216102199 |pages=425 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT452 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>
***] speakers
*]: ], ], ], ], and formally North Africa. <ref name="WillSer">{{Cite book |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |publisher=] |year=2020 |isbn=9798216102199 |pages=429 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT452 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="PierretSer">Pierret, Paul, "Dictionnaire d'archéologie égyptienne", Imprimerie nationale 1875, p. 198-199 ], "Precolonial Black Africa", (trans: Harold Salemson), Chicago Review Press (1988), p. 65</ref>
****] (]): ], the ], ], ]
*]: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
**] peoples
*]: ], ], and ].
***] peoples
****]: ] *]: ], ], and ].
*]: ], ], and ].
**] peoples
*]: ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayajidda HAUSA Historical Legend Myth or Reality |url=https://www.csan-niger.com/bayajidda-hausa-historical-legend-myth-or-reality.php |last=Mamadou |first=Abba Gana Wakil |date=2020-01-10 |access-date=2024-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Inter-Ethnic Tension: Management and Control in a Nigerian City |journal=] |last=Ogunnika |first=Olu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006872 |volume=1 |issue=4 |year=1988}}</ref>
***]/] people: in the ] region, southern ].
*]: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Gender relations in Indigenous Yorùbá culture: questioning current feminist actions and advocacies |journal=] |last=Muraina |first=Luqman Ọpẹ́yẹmí |date=2023-06-05 |volume=44 |issue=9 |last2=Ajímátanraẹjẹ |first2=Abdulkareem J.}}</ref>
****] people: in the Niger delta region
*]: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
**The Edo speaking people in the old Benin Empire
*]: ], ], ].
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ]
**] peoples
***]
****] (]): ]
****] (]): ]
**] speakers
***]: ], ], ]
*] speakers
**] (]): ], Western ]


== Eurasia == === North Africa ===
] ] in ]]]
=== Asia ===
] ] traditional dancers]]{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
==== Middle East/West Asia ====
*] languages
**] (Imazighen): ], ], ], ], ], ], Mediterranean Coast, ] (Idurar n Waṭlas), North and Western ]
***]
****]: ] (Drar n infusen), ], northwestern ]
****]s: ], coast of western ] in northwestern ].
****]s: ], southern ]
****] Berbers: ], southern ] coast
****] Berbers: ] Oasis (Isuknan), ], north central ], ]
****]: ] oasis, ], eastern ], ]
****]: ] Oasis, western ], ]
****]: ] (Isiwan), western ], ]
***]
****] (Iqvayliyen): ] (Tamurt n Iqvayliyen), Mediterranean coast of northern ]
****] (Iznaten/Iznasen) speakers: regions in ] and ]
*****] (At Mzab): ] region, northern ], north central ]
*****] (Išawiyen): ] (]), northeastern ]
*****] (Ichenwiyen): west-central mountains of northwestern ]
*****] (Irifiyen): ], ] (Arrif), northern ]
*****] (Iẓnagen/Iẓnajen) peoples: regions in Middle West ] and Eastern ]
*****] peoples: regions in Northern and Western Morocco
******]: Far West ] (Arrif), Northern ]
******] (Shlḥi): West ], Western ]
*]: Indigenous population of the Maghreb and Sahara of uncertain origin; members now speak either ] or ]; inhabit ], ], ], ].
*] - current habit ], ], ] and ]<ref name="WillSer"/><ref name="PierretSer"/>
*]: ]
*] (Rem en Khēmi/Rem en Kēme): ], the majority of Egypt's population descended from ]
*]: Northeastern ], between ] coast and almost to the ] (] and ]) eastern banks, Far Northwest ], ] ], Far Southeast ]
*]: ], ]

== West and Central Asia ==
=== West Asia ===
] poling a '']'' in the Mesopotamian Marshes]] ] poling a '']'' in the Mesopotamian Marshes]]
] woman wearing ], ]. ] woman wearing ] in ]
]] ]]
] on ] ]] ] on ] ]]
] men]] ] men]]
*] languages * ] languages
**] ** ]
***] peoples *** ] peoples
****] (Āṯūrāyē/Sūrāyē/Sūryāyē): A Christian ] speaking people indigenous to northern ] (which was once part of ], ]), southeastern ] and northwest of ] in ], but have also traditionally lived in northeast ], albeit recently. There is a testified historical continuity between old ] and modern Assyrians for the majority of people in the same land that they lived since Antiquity before ] of ]: ] that corresponds with old ] (originally they were speakers of the ] but in Antiquity, by the end of the 1st millennium BC, ] adopted the ] language from the ] and at present time they speak ]). However, not all modern Assyrians identify as such, and several are from peoples that adopted an Assyrian ethnic identity (see ]).<ref name="UNPO">Unrepresented Nations and People Organization | UNPO, ''Assyrians the Indigenous People of Iraq'' </ref> **** ] (Āṯūrāyē/Sūrāyē/Sūryāyē): A ] ]-speaking people indigenous to ], which is located in what is now northern ], southeastern ], northeastern ] and northwestern ] in ]. There is a testified historical ] between ancient Assyrians and modern Assyrians, for the majority of Assyrians in the same land that they have lived in since antiquity: (], ], ], & ]), before the ] of ], that corresponds with old Assyria (originally speakers of the ] but in antiquity, by the end of the 1st millennium BC, Assyrians adopted the ] language from ] as an official language of the ] and in present times speak ]. However, not all Assyrians identify as Assyrian, and several are from peoples that adopted an Assyrian ethnic identity {{crossref|(see ])}}.<ref name="UNPO">Unrepresented Nations and People Organization | UNPO, ''Assyrians the Indigenous People of Iraq'' </ref>
***] peoples *** ] peoples
****] peoples **** ] peoples
***** ] people: ], Southern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*****]
***** ]: ], Central ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

***** ] people: ], Southern ], Far Eastern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*] (Badawī) of the interior deserts of ] and ].
***** ]: ], Eastern ], ], Southern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*] (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn/Al-Muwaḥḥidīn/Ahl al-Tawḥīd): of ], ], ], ] and ]. The faith of the Druze is a blend of ]'s ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The foundational text of the faith is the ]. Even though they have been a minority for their entire history, they have played a significant role in shaping the history of the ]. Although the faith originally developed out of ], Druze are usually not considered Muslims. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in ] and in the south of Syria around ] (literally the "Mountain of the Druze").
***** ] people/] people: ], Southern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*]
***** ] people: ] island and group of islands, southeast of mainland ], ]. Descendants from the original natives of ] before ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*] (Badawī) of the interior deserts of ] and ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*] (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn/Al-Muwaḥḥidīn/Ahl al-Tawḥīd): of ], ], ], ] and ]. The faith of the Druze is a blend of ]'s ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} The foundational text of the faith is the ]. Even though they have been a minority for their entire history, they have played a significant role in shaping the history of the ]. Although the faith originally developed out of ], Druze are usually not considered Muslims. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in ] and in the south of Syria around ] (literally the "Mountain of the Druze").{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*]/] (Ma'dan/ʻArab al-Ahwār): An Arabic-speaking people living in the ] or on the Iranian side of the ].<ref>Sawahla & Dloomy (2007, pp. 425–433)</ref> *]/] (Ma'dan/ʻArab al-Ahwār): An Arabic-speaking people living in the ] or on the Iranian side of the ].<ref>Sawahla & Dloomy (2007, pp. 425–433)</ref>

*] peoples *] peoples
**] (Āramayē): Central and Western ], ancient land of the ] (]) in the ], an ]-speaking people that descends from ancient ]. In recent years, there has been an attempt to revive ] among ] living in the ] village of ]. **] (Āramayē): Central and Western ], ancient land of the ] (]) in the ], an ]-speaking people that descends from ancient ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} In recent years, there has been an attempt to revive ] among ] living in the ] village of ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
**] **]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
***]: <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Victoria R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA499|title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |date=2020-02-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5|language=en}}</ref>along with ], belong to the ] nation of the southern Levant, who are believed by archaeologists and historians to have branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centered on El/Yahweh,<ref>Tubb, 1998. pg 13–14.</ref><ref>Mark Smith, in ''The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel'', states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Palestinians and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture. ... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Palestinians for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) ''The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel'' (Eerdman's)</ref><ref>Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. ''The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship''. NYU Press, pp. 3–5</ref> one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. Following the ] colonial occupation, destruction of ], and failed Jewish revolts, most Jews were either expelled, taken as slaves to Rome, or massacred,<ref>]. 9:2.</ref> although a small number of Jews managed to remain over the centuries despite persecution by the various conquerors of the region, including the ], ], ], and the ]. Additionally, a substantial number of Jews returned from ] during the 19th and 20th centuries (mainly under the Zionist movement), as well as after the modern State of ] was established in 1948. This was coupled with the ], the only ] still spoken today. DNA studies show that all major diaspora Jewish communities derive the majority of their ancestry from ].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/abstracts.html |title = Jewish Genetics - DNA, genes, Jews, Ashkenazi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316 |pmid=23468648|pmc=3585000|title=Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=9|issue=2 |pages=e1003316|year=2013|last1=Haber|first1=Marc|last2=Gauguier|first2=Dominique|last3=Youhanna|first3=Sonia|last4=Patterson|first4=Nick|last5=Moorjani|first5=Priya|last6=Botigué|first6=Laura R|last7=Platt|first7=Daniel E|last8=Matisoo-Smith|first8=Elizabeth|last9=Soria-Hernanz|first9=David F|last10=Wells|first10=R. Spencer|last11=Bertranpetit |first11=Jaume|last12=Tyler-Smith|first12=Chris|last13=Comas|first13=David|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature09103| pmid=20531471| title=The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people| journal=Nature| volume=466| issue=7303| pages=238–242| year=2010| last1=Behar| first1=Doron M.| last2=Yunusbayev| first2=Bayazit| last3=Metspalu| first3=Mait| last4=Metspalu| first4=Ene| last5=Rosset| first5=Saharon| last6=Parik| first6=Jüri| last7=Rootsi| first7=Siiri| last8=Chaubey| first8=Gyaneshwer| last9=Kutuev| first9=Ildus| last10=Yudkovsky| first10=Guennady| last11=Khusnutdinova| first11=Elza K.| last12=Balanovsky| first12=Oleg| last13=Semino| first13=Ornella| last14=Pereira| first14=Luisa| last15=Comas| first15=David| last16=Gurwitz| first16=David| last17=Bonne-Tamir| first17=Batsheva| last18=Parfitt| first18=Tudor| last19=Hammer| first19=Michael F.| last20=Skorecki| first20=Karl| last21=Villems| first21=Richard| bibcode=2010Natur.466..238B| s2cid=4307824}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2010/06/tracing-roots-jewishness | title=Tracing the Roots of Jewishness| date=2010-06-03}}</ref> ***]:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Victoria R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA499|title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |date=2020-02-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5|language=en}}</ref> along with ], descend from the ] of the southern Levant, who are believed by archaeologists and historians to have branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centered on ]/],<ref>Tubb, 1998. pg 13–14.</ref><ref>Mark Smith, in ''The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel'', states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Palestinians and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture. ... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Palestinians for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) ''The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel'' (Eerdman's)</ref><ref>Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. ''The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship''. NYU Press, pp. 3–5</ref> one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. A ] existed for several centuries before the fall of the ], and their dwelling in other countries for the most part was not a result of compulsory dislocation.<ref>], ], 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–34: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'</ref> Following the ] ], destruction of ], and ], some Jews were either expelled, taken as slaves to Rome, or massacred,<ref>]. 9:2.</ref> while other Jews ] over the centuries, despite the conversion of many Jews to Christianity and Islam as well as persecution by the various conquerors of the region, including the ], ], ], and the ]. Additionally, a substantial number of diaspora Jews ] to Palestine during the 19th and 20th centuries (mainly under the ] movement), as well as after the modern ] was established in 1948. This was coupled with the ] of ], the only ] still spoken today. ] show that many major diaspora Jewish communities derive a substantial portion of their ancestry from ].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/abstracts.html |title = Jewish Genetics - DNA, genes, Jews, Ashkenazi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316 |pmid=23468648|pmc=3585000|title=Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=9|issue=2 |pages=e1003316|year=2013|last1=Haber|first1=Marc|last2=Gauguier|first2=Dominique|last3=Youhanna|first3=Sonia|last4=Patterson|first4=Nick|last5=Moorjani|first5=Priya|last6=Botigué|first6=Laura R|last7=Platt|first7=Daniel E|last8=Matisoo-Smith|first8=Elizabeth|last9=Soria-Hernanz|first9=David F|last10=Wells|first10=R. Spencer|last11=Bertranpetit |first11=Jaume|last12=Tyler-Smith|first12=Chris|last13=Comas|first13=David|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature09103| pmid=20531471| title=The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people| journal=Nature| volume=466| issue=7303| pages=238–242| year=2010| last1=Behar| first1=Doron M.| last2=Yunusbayev| first2=Bayazit| last3=Metspalu| first3=Mait| last4=Metspalu| first4=Ene| last5=Rosset| first5=Saharon| last6=Parik| first6=Jüri| last7=Rootsi| first7=Siiri| last8=Chaubey| first8=Gyaneshwer| last9=Kutuev| first9=Ildus| last10=Yudkovsky| first10=Guennady| last11=Khusnutdinova| first11=Elza K.| last12=Balanovsky| first12=Oleg| last13=Semino| first13=Ornella| last14=Pereira| first14=Luisa| last15=Comas| first15=David| last16=Gurwitz| first16=David| last17=Bonne-Tamir| first17=Batsheva| last18=Parfitt| first18=Tudor| last19=Hammer| first19=Michael F.| last20=Skorecki| first20=Karl| last21=Villems| first21=Richard| bibcode=2010Natur.466..238B| s2cid=4307824}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/tracing-roots-jewishness-rev2 | title=Tracing the Roots of Jewishness| date=2010-06-03}}</ref>


::*There are competing claims that ] and ] are indigenous to ]/the ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Busbridge |first1=Rachel |title=Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial 'Turn': From Interpretation to Decolonization |journal=Theory, Culture & Society |date=1 January 2018 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=91–115 |doi=10.1177/0263276416688544 |s2cid=151793639 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0263276416688544 |language=en |issn=0263-2764}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ukashi |first1=Ran |title=Zionism, Imperialism, and Indigeneity in Israel/Palestine: A Critical Analysis |journal=Peace and Conflict Studies |date=1 May 2018 |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1442 |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol25/iss1/7/ |issn=1082-7307|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Carole |title=Swimming against the Current |chapter=Invoking the Indigenous, for and against Israel |date=14 April 2020 |pages=298–318 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.1515/9781644693087-019 |isbn=978-1-64469-308-7 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781644693087-019/html |language=en}}</ref> The argument entered the ] in the 1990s, with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Troen |first1=Ilan |last2=Troen |first2=Carol |title=Indigeneity |journal=Israel Studies |date=2019 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=17–32 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02 |jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02 |issn=1084-9513}}</ref> Israeli Jews have in turn claimed indigeneity based on ] and disputed the authenticity of Palestinian claims.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kattan |first1=Victor |title='Invented' Palestinians, 'Indigenous' Jews: The Roots of Israel's Annexation Plan, and Why the World Must Stop Netanyahu, Before It's Too Late |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-why-the-world-must-stop-netanyahu-before-it-s-too-late-1.8905737 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pappe |first1=Ilan |title=Indigeneity as Cultural Resistance: Notes on the Palestinian Struggle within Twenty-First-Century Israel |journal=South Atlantic Quarterly |date=1 January 2018 |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |doi=10.1215/00382876-4282082 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/south-atlantic-quarterly/article-abstract/117/1/157/133456/Indigeneity-as-Cultural-ResistanceNotes-on-the?redirectedFrom=PDF |issn=0038-2876}}</ref> In 2007, the ] were officially recognised as Indigenous peoples of Israel by the United Nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |last2=Yahel |first2=Havatzelet |last3=Kark |first3=Ruth |title=Contested Indigeneity: The Development of an Indigenous Discourse on the Bedouin of the Negev, Israel |journal=Israel Studies |date=2012 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=78–104 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.17.1.78 |s2cid=143785060 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/460759 |issn=1527-201X}}</ref> This has been criticised both by scholars associated with the Israeli state, who dispute the Bedouin's claim to indigeneity,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yiftachel |first1=Oren |last2=Roded |first2=Batya |last3=Kedar |first3=Alexandre (Sandy) |title=Between rights and denials: Bedouin indigeneity in the Negev/Naqab |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |date=1 November 2016 |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=2129–2161 |doi=10.1177/0308518X16653404 |s2cid=147970455 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0308518X16653404?casa_token=0Ca7Yaq3JSQAAAAA%3AIiRT2Gy8Q-ceg4L-Xxn86gDtPsLoE652SbixqKy-EdJSlWQ8_W6zT2tmfCBdfKZtRXn9JtDHGZDt |language=en |issn=0308-518X}}</ref> and those who argue that recognising just one group of Palestinians as indigenous risks undermining others' claims and "fetishising" nomadic cultures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tatour |first1=Lana |title=The culturalisation of indigeneity: the Palestinian-Bedouin of the Naqab and indigenous rights |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |date=26 November 2019 |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=1569–1593 |doi=10.1080/13642987.2019.1609454 |s2cid=150663547 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13642987.2019.1609454 |issn=1364-2987}}</ref> ::*Due to changes in the ], there are competing claims that ] and ] are indigenous.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Busbridge |first1=Rachel |title=Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial 'Turn': From Interpretation to Decolonization |journal=Theory, Culture & Society |date=1 January 2018 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=91–115 |doi=10.1177/0263276416688544 |s2cid=151793639 |language=en |issn=0263-2764|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ukashi |first1=Ran |title=Zionism, Imperialism, and Indigeneity in Israel/Palestine: A Critical Analysis |journal=Peace and Conflict Studies |date=1 May 2018 |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1442 |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol25/iss1/7/ |issn=1082-7307|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Carole |title=Swimming against the Current |chapter=Invoking the Indigenous, for and against Israel |date=14 April 2020 |pages=298–318 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.1515/9781644693087-019 |isbn=978-1-64469-308-7 |s2cid=243669197 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781644693087-019/html |language=en}}</ref> The argument entered the ] in the 1990s, with Jews claiming indigeneity based on ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kattan |first1=Victor |title='Invented' Palestinians, 'Indigenous' Jews: The Roots of Israel's Annexation Plan, and Why the World Must Stop Netanyahu, Before It's Too Late |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-why-the-world-must-stop-netanyahu-before-it-s-too-late-1.8905737 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pappe |first1=Ilan |title=Indigeneity as Cultural Resistance: Notes on the Palestinian Struggle within Twenty-First-Century Israel |journal=South Atlantic Quarterly |date=1 January 2018 |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |doi=10.1215/00382876-4282082 |hdl=10871/28176 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/south-atlantic-quarterly/article-abstract/117/1/157/133456/Indigeneity-as-Cultural-ResistanceNotes-on-the?redirectedFrom=PDF |issn=0038-2876|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Palestinians claim Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Troen |first1=Ilan |last2=Troen |first2=Carol |title=Indigeneity |journal=Israel Studies |date=2019 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=17–32 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02 |jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02 |s2cid=239062214 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02 |issn=1084-9513}}</ref> In 2007, the ] were officially "recognized as an indigenous people of Israel" by the United Nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |last2=Yahel |first2=Havatzelet |last3=Kark |first3=Ruth |title=Contested Indigeneity: The Development of an indigenous Discourse on the Bedouin of the Negev, Israel |journal=Israel Studies |date=2012 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=78–104 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.17.1.78 |s2cid=143785060 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/460759 |issn=1527-201X}}</ref> This has been criticized both by scholars associated with the Israeli state, who dispute the Bedouin's claim to indigeneity,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yiftachel |first1=Oren |last2=Roded |first2=Batya |last3=Kedar |first3=Alexandre (Sandy) |title=Between rights and denials: Bedouin indigeneity in the Negev/Naqab |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |date=1 November 2016 |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=2129–2161 |doi=10.1177/0308518X16653404 |bibcode=2016EnPlA..48.2129Y |s2cid=147970455 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0308518X16653404 |language=en |issn=0308-518X}}</ref> and those who argue that recognising just one group of Palestinians as Indigenous risks undermining others' claims and "fetishising" nomadic cultures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tatour |first1=Lana |title=The culturalisation of indigeneity: the Palestinian-Bedouin of the Naqab and indigenous rights |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |date=26 November 2019 |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=1569–1593 |doi=10.1080/13642987.2019.1609454 |s2cid=150663547 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13642987.2019.1609454 |issn=1364-2987}}</ref>


::*] (]): of ]. An ethno-religious group of the Levant, closely related ] and culturally to the ] and are understood to have branched off from the latter around the time of the ]. The Samaritans are adherents of ], an ] closely related to ]. Their sole norm of religious observance is the ].<ref name="UNHCR">The UN Refugee Agency | UNHCR, ''World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples'' </ref><ref name="Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations"> ::*] (]): of ]. An ethno-religious group of the Levant, closely related ] and culturally to the ] and are understood to have branched off from the latter around the time of the ]. The Samaritans are adherents of ], an ] closely related to ]. Their sole norm of religious observance is the ].<ref name="UNHCR">The UN Refugee Agency | UNHCR, ''World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples'' </ref><ref name="Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations">
Department of Evolutionary Biology at University of Tartu Estonian Biocentre | Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation, ''Molecular Anthropology Group'' </ref> Department of Evolutionary Biology at University of Tartu Estonian Biocentre | Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation, ''Molecular Anthropology Group'' </ref>

*] speakers
**] speakers
***] people: ], Southern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].
***]: ], Central ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].
***] people: ], Southern ], Far Eastern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].
***]: ], Eastern ], ], Southern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].
***] people/] people: ], Southern ]. Descendants from the original people of ] before ].
***] people: ] island and group of islands, southeast of mainland ], ]. Descendants from the original natives of ] before ].


] women in ]]] ] women in ]]]
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] festival at ] ]] ] festival at ] ]]
] of ], Afghanistan]] ] of ], Afghanistan]]

*] speakers
**
**] (]): The Christian Armenian people were the original inhabitants of what is now modern Eastern Turkey, specifically around ] and the biblical mountain of ] and spoke the ] language. Since the ] in which up to 1,500,000 people perished, the number of the original Armenian inhabitants is almost non-existent and they have since been replaced with ethnic Turks and Kurds.
**] **]
***] peoples ***] peoples
****] peoples ****] peoples
*****] (Iræттæ): ], ], Southern ] Mountains *****] (Iræттæ): ], ], Southern ] Mountains{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
***] peoples ***] peoples
****]/] peoples ****]/] peoples
*****]: ], North ], South ] coast and ] Mountains *****]: ], North ], South ] coast and ] Mountains{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*****]/]/]: ], ], Northern ], South ] coast and ] Mountains *****]/]/]: ], ], Northern ], South ] coast and ] Mountains{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
****] peoples ****] peoples
*****Northwestern I *****Northwestern I
******] (Kurd/Kurmandzh): ], Northwestern and Western ], Northern ], Northeast and Northern ], Southeast ], ] and East ] ******] (Kurd/Kurmandzh): ], Northwestern and Western ], Northern ], Northeast and Northern ], Southeast ], ] and East ]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*******] (Êzidî): ], Northern ] *******] (Êzidî): ], Northern ]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
******]: Southwestern ], ] Mountains ******]: Southwestern ], ] Mountains{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
******] peoples ******] peoples
*******]: ] District of the ] in northern ]. *******]: ] District of the ] in northern ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*******]: Southeastern Turkey, Upper ] river, East ] *******]: Southeastern Turkey, Upper ] river, East ]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*****Northwestern II *****Northwestern II
******] (Baloch/Baluch): ], Southeastern ], Southwestern ], Extreme Southern ] ******] (Baloch/Baluch): ], Southeastern ], Southwestern ], Extreme Southern ]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
******Tatic peoples ******Tatic peoples
*******] (Talyshon): Northwestern ], Far South ], South ] coast and ] Mountains *******] (Talyshon): ] (Northwestern ], South ], South ] coast and ] Mountains)<ref>{{cite book|last = Williams|first = Victoria R.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ|title = Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |year = 2020|chapter = Talysh|location = Santa Barbara, California|publisher = ]|isbn = 9781440861185|page = 1016}}</ref>
*******]/] (Irünə Tâtün): Northwest ] *******]/] (Irünə Tâtün): Northwest ]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
****] peoples ****] peoples
*****]: ], ], ], ]
*****Larestani–Gulf peoples *****Larestani–Gulf peoples
******]: Northern ], ] ******]: Northern ], ]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*****Lurs and Bakhtiaris *****Lurs and Bakhtiaris
******] (Lur): ], Western and Southwestern ], ] Mountains ******] (Lur): ], Western and Southwestern ], ] Mountains{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
******] (Bakhtiar): Southwestern ], ] ******] (Bakhtiar): Southwestern ], ]{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
*****]: ], ] (]) *****]: ], ] (]){{citation needed|date=December 2021}}


==== Caucasus ==== ==== Caucasus ====
{{Main|Peoples of the Caucasus}} {{Main|Peoples of the Caucasus}}
] clothing.]] {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}] clothing.]]


*Indo-European peoples *Indo-European peoples
**] (]): **] (Hayer)
**] **]
***] peoples ***] peoples
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******] (Tati/Parsi/Lohijon/Daghli): East ] Mountains, ] ******] (Tati/Parsi/Lohijon/Daghli): East ] Mountains, ]
*] *]
**] (Kartvels)
**] **]
***]
***] (Lazepe): Southwestern ], Far Northeastern ] ***] (Lazepe): Southwestern ], Far Northeastern ]
**]
*] peoples *] peoples
**] peoples **] peoples
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**] **]
***] (Batsbi) ***] (Batsbi)
***] peoples ***] peoples
****] (Nokhchiy): ], ], Northern ] Mountains ****] (Nokhchiy): ], ], Northern ] Mountains
****] (Ghalghay): ], ], Northern ] Mountains ****] (Ghalghay): ], ], Northern ] Mountains
**] (Didoic) peoples **] (Didoic) peoples
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****] (Cherkes): ], ], Northern ] Mountains ****] (Cherkes): ], ], Northern ] Mountains
****] (Qeberdeykher): ], ], Northern ] Mountains ****] (Qeberdeykher): ], ], Northern ] Mountains
**] (Karachai): ], ] peoples, Northern ] Mountains<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Szczśniak |first=Andrew L. |date=1963 |title=A Brief Index of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Asiatic Russia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30022425 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=1–29 |issn=0003-5483 |jstor=30022425}}</ref>
**] (Tʷaχ): were indigenous to the mountains of West Caucasus, ] area, ], ], later migrated to ]. **] (Tʷaχ): were indigenous to the mountains of West Caucasus, ] area, ], ], later migrated to ].


==== Siberia (North Asia) ==== === Central Asia ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}] of ]]]
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East}}
] family by Louis Choris (1816)]]
] ] of ], Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia.]]
] child]]
Over 40 distinct peoples, each with their own language and culture in the Asiatic part of ] (]/]).
*] peoples
**] peoples
***] (Lyg'oravetl'et/Chukchi people|O'ravetl'et/Ankalyn-Chavchu): Northeast ], Russia
***] (Nymylan-Chauchuven): ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
**] peoples
***]: ]
*]
**]: Alaska and the ]
***] (Yupighyt): Siberia, Russia, ], ].
****], ].
****], ].
*]
**] (Buryaad): ], Russia, and Mongolia
**]s: ], Russia, Mongolia, and Chine
*]
**Northern Tungusic peoples
***] (Evenkil): Siberia (They are also distributed in ] and ] in ]).
***] (Udihe/Udekhe/Udeghe): ], ]
*]
**]
***] (Altay-kizhi): titular nation of ], Russia
****]
****]
****]
***]: ], Russia
***]: Northern Siberia
***] (Tadarlar): titular nation of ], Russia
***]: ], Russia
***]: Southern Siberia
***]s: ], Russia
***]: ], Russia
***]: Southern Siberia
***] (Tyvalar): titular nation of ], Russia
****]: ], Russia
***] (Sakha): titular nation of ], Russia
**]
***]
****]
*Ugric peoples
**]: ], ], Russia
***] (Hantõ-Kantõk/Kantek/Khanti): ], ], Russia
***] (Maan's'i/Maan's'i Maahum/Mansi), formerly known as ]: ], ], Russia
*]
**Northern Samoyedic peoples: ] and Far Northern ]
***] (Entsi): Far Northern ], Russia
***] (Neney Neneche): Far Northern ] and Far Northern ]
***] (Ŋənəhsa(nəh)): ], Siberia, Russia
*] (Odul/Vadul/Detkil'): Far Northern ], Russia
*] peoples
**] (Deng): Along middle ] banks
*] (Gilyak): ], Russia
*] (Uilta): ], Russia


* Indo-European peoples
==== Eurasian Steppe ====
] of ]]]
*Indo-European peoples
**] **]
***] peoples ***] peoples
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*****]: ] *****]: ]
*****] (Yaγnōbī́t): ] *****] (Yaγnōbī́t): ]
*] **]
**Central Mongolic peoples
***]: ]
***]: Historically ]
***]: ], ]
***] (Nayman): ], ]
***] (Oirad/Oird) (] and ]): ] (Northern ]), ]
***]: ], ]
*Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
**]: ], ] and neighbouring regions
*]
**Common Turks
***] (] peoples)
****] (Uyghur): ] (Southern ]), ]
****]: ], Northern ], ]
****] (Yogïr/Sarïg Yogïr): ], ] province, ]
****] (Salır): ], ] province, ]
****] (Dukha/Dukhans/Duhalar/Tsaatan): ]
****] (Wūliánghǎi/Uriankhan/урианхан/Uriankhat/урианхад): Mongolia
***] (] peoples) ***] (] peoples)
****] (Başqorttar): ], ]
****]: ], ], ], ] ****]: ], ], ], ]
****]: ], ]
****] (Qrymçaklar): ] in Southern ]
****] (Qrymqaraylar): ] in Southern ]
****] (Qırımtatarlar): ] in Southern ]
****] (Tatarlar): ], ]
***] (] peoples)
****] (Gagauzlar): ], ]
**]
***] (Chăvаsh): ], ]


==== South Asia ==== == South Asia ==
] ]
] ]
]]] ]]]
] chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, leader of the indigenous people ]]] ] Chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, leader of the Indigenous people of ]]]{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}

*]s: collective term for many indigenous peoples in ] (''see also'' Scheduled Tribes in India)
=== Indian subcontinent ===
*]s: collective term for many Indigenous peoples in ] {{crossref|(see also ])}}
**] **]
***]: ], ] ***]: ], ]
***]: ], Central India ***]: ], Central India
***]: ], ] ***]: ], ]
***]: indigenous peoples of the ], ] ***]: Indigenous peoples of the ], ]
***]: ], ], ] ***]: ], ], ]
***] (Kothar/Kov): ], ] ***] (Kothar/Kov): ], ]
***]: ], ], ], ] ***]: ], ], ], ]
***]: ], ] and ]
***]: ], ] ***]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ]
**Indo-European peoples **Indo-European peoples
**]
***]: southern Afghanistan and Northwest Pakistan
***]: southeastern Iran, southwest Pakistan
**]
***]: ], ], ], Northern ]
****] (Kaĺaśa): Ancient pre-Muslim polytheistic pagan ethnic minority in ], ]
****]: ], Northern ]
****]: ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ]
***]: ] ***]: ]
***]: ], ], ] ***]: ], ], ]
***]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Immigration and Identity Transformation in Assam |journal=] |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4407987 |last=Udayon |first=Misra |issue=21 |volume=34 |year=1987 |page=1266 |jstor=4407987 |quote=Census official C S Mullan's observations in the 1931 Census Report where he predicted that if the immigrations went on unchecked, the indigenous Assamese would be outnumbered in all but one or two Upper Assam districts, brought to the fore the threat to the Assamese identity. |access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil--Assam, 1979-1985 |journal=] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644315 |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |issue=11 |volume=26 |pages=1187–88 |doi=10.2307/2644315 |year=1986 |jstor=2644315 |quote=Even without immigration, Assam's indigenous population is extremely diverse in cultural, linguistic, and religious terms. Of the languages that appear in Table 2, Assamese is an indigenous language. |access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref>
***]: ]
***] woman from ]]]]: ], ]
***]: ]
***]: ], ]
***] ***]
**Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples **Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
Line 561: Line 428:
****]: ], ] ****]: ], ]
***] peoples ***] peoples
****]: Tirap, ], ]
***]
****] (Borok): ], ]
****] peoples
*****]: Tirap, ], ]
***] peoples ***] peoples
****]: ], ], ] ****]: ], ], ]
Line 570: Line 434:
****]: ], ] ****]: ], ]
***] peoples ***] peoples
****]: ], ] ****]: ], ]
***] (Borok): ], ]
**] peoples **] peoples
***]: ], ] ***]: ], ]
Line 581: Line 446:
****] (Róng ʔágít/Róngkup/Mútuncí Róngkup Rumkup) ****] (Róng ʔágít/Róngkup/Mútuncí Róngkup Rumkup)
****]: ], ] ****]: ], ]
*]
**] peoples
***]: ]
*]: ] and ] districts, ], Northern ] *]: ] and ] districts, ], Northern ]
*Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples *Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
Line 589: Line 451:
***] peoples ***] peoples
****]: ] ****]: ]
**]: ] and neighboring states of India, ], ] **]: ] and neighboring states of India, ], ]
*] (Wanniyala-Aetto): ] *] (Wanniyala-Aetto): ]
*]: ]
*]: ]
*]: ] *]: ]


==== Southeast Asia ==== === Andaman and Nicobar Islands ===

===== ] =====
* ]:
**], in the ], which include:
***]: formerly at least 10 distinct groups living throughout ], now confined to a single community on ], Andaman Is.
***]: now extinct, formerly of ], Andamans
***]: ] and ]
***] (Önge): ], Andaman Islands
***] (?): ], Andaman Islands
* ] peoples
**] (]): ], ]
**] (Kalay-Keyet): ], India

== Northeast Asia ==
] (]) girls in China]]
] dancer]]{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}

=== China ===

==== Western China ====
*]
**Common Turks
***] (] peoples)
****] (Uyghur): ], Southern ], ]
****]: ], Northern ], ]
****]: ], Southwestern ], ]
****] (Yogïr/Sarïg Yogïr): ], ] province, ]
****] (Salır): ], ] province, ]
***] (] peoples)
****]: ], ], ], ]
****]: ], ]
*] peoples
*]
**] (Oirad/Oird) (] and ]): ] (Northern ]), ]

==== North China ====
*]: ]
*] peoples
*] peoples
**] peoples
***] (Hezhen/Nanai/Hezhe/Golds/Samagir): ] in China, ] and ] in Russia
***]: Far Northern ]
**] peoples
***] (Manju/Manchu people): ], northeast ]

==== South China ====
*] peoples
**]: Southern ] (provinces of ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]), ], northern ], ] and ]
**]: ], ] and ]
**] (Mien): Southern ] (provinces ], ], ], ], and ])

=== Mongolia ===
* ]
**Central Mongolic peoples
***]: ]
***]: Historically ]
***] (Nayman): ], ]
***]: ], ]
* ]
** Common Turks
*** ] (] peoples)
**** ] (Dukha/Dukhans/Duhalar/Tsaatan): ]
**** ] (Wūliánghǎi/Uriankhan/урианхан/Uriankhat/урианхад): Mongolia

=== Taiwan ===
{{Main|Taiwanese indigenous peoples|List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan}}
] in 1900. Photograph by ]]]
]]]
]]]
*Indigenous peoples of the island of ]
** ] (Pangcah)
** ]
** ] (Tayal; Tayan)
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ] (Saaroa)
** ]
** ] (Kebalan; Kbaran)
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ] (Payuan)
** ]
** ]
*** ]
** ] (Pinuyumayan)
** ] (Drekay)
** ] (Say-Siyat)
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ] (Yami)
** ]
** ] (Truku)
** ] (Ngan)
** ] (Cou)

=== Japan ===
] of ], 1904]]
* ] (Aynu): ], Japan and ] and the ], Russia
* ]: ], Japan
* ] (Ruuchuu Minzuku): Old ], now ]

=== Korea ===
*]: ], ]

=== Siberia and Far East of Russia ===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East}}] family by Louis Choris (1816)]]
] ] of ], ] in eastern Siberia.]]
] child]]
] woman]]
Over 40 distinct peoples, each with their own language and culture in the Asiatic part of ] (] and ]).
*] peoples
**]: mainly in ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=35}}
**]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=141}}
**]: former ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=180}}
***]: northern reaches of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=19}}
**]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=118}}
*]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=56}}
*]
**], ], ] and the southwestern tip of the ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=7}}
**]: Northeastern Russia, ], ] and ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=167}}
***]: Northeastern Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=167}}
****], ].
****], ].
*]: ] and ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=133}}
*]
**] (Buryaad): ], Russia, and Mongolia{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
**]s: ], Russia, Mongolia, and China{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
*], ], ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=363}}
*]
**]: Russia, Mongolia and northeastern China.{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=99}}
***]: Northeastern Siberia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=19}}
**]: ] basin{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=216}}
**]: Lower ] watershed{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=428}}
**]: ] ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=233}}
**]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=280}}
**]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=296}}
**]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=410}}
*]
**]
***]: ]
****], mainly in the ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=29}}
****]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=372}}
****]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=394}}
***]: ], Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=50}}
***]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=63}}
***] (Tadarlar): titular nation of ], Russia{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
***]: ], Russia{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
***]: Southern Siberia, core population in ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=333}}
***]s: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=357}}
***]: Southwestern Siberia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=378}}
***]: Southern Siberia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=385}}
***]: ]
****]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=401}}
***] (Sakha): titular nation of ], Russia{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
**]
***]
****]{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
****]: Southwestern Siberia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=196}}
*]
**]
***]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=167}}
***]: ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=204}}
**]
***]: northern ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=73}}
***]: Northwestern Siberia and Far Northern ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=241}}
***]: Northern end of ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=255}}
***]: Between ] and ] Rivers{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=319}}
*]: Eastern Siberia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=450}}
*] peoples
**]: along the middle branch of ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=150}}
*]: ] lowlands and ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=268}}

== Southeast Asia ==
] woman carrying her child]] ] woman carrying her child]]

=== ] ===
] girls of ], ], Thailand]] ] girls of ], ], Thailand]]
] girl in ]]] ] girl in ]]]
]/Nuosu women]] ]/Nuosu women]]
] ]{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples *] peoples
**] peoples **] peoples
***] (Sengoi/Sng'oi) (a people of the ethnic groups called by the generic word ] - Original People): in ])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/hss/book/pdf/vol06_07.pdf|title=Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia : Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition}}</ref> ***] (Sengoi/Sng'oi) (a people of the ethnic groups called by the generic word ] - Original People): in ])<ref>{{cite web |title=Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia : Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/hss/book/pdf/vol06_07.pdf}}</ref>
**]: of ] **]: of ]
**] groups: **] groups:
Line 612: Line 649:
**] peoples **] peoples
***] (Vāx): One of the ] of ] (They are also distributed in ], China in ]). ***] (Vāx): One of the ] of ] (They are also distributed in ], China in ]).
***] (Zo Pau): One of the indigenous people in Southeast Asia. The word Zomi is the collective name given to many tribes who traced their descent from a common ancestor. Through history they have been known under various appellation, such as—Chin, Kuki and Mizo—but the expression was disliked by them, and they insist that the term was a misnomer given by others and by which they have been recorded in certain documents designate their ancient origins as a separate ethnicity. ***] (Zo Pau): One of the Indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia. The word Zomi is the collective name given to many tribes who traced their descent from a common ancestor. Through history they have been known under various appellation, such as Chin, Kuki and Mizo, but the expression was disliked by them, and they insist that the term was a misnomer given by others and by which they have been recorded in certain documents designate their ancient origins as a separate ethnicity.
**] **]
***] ***]
Line 623: Line 660:
****Ahao ****Ahao
****Ahlao ****Ahlao
***] ***]
****] ****]
****Mày ****Mày
****] ****]
****Mã Liềng ****Mã Liềng
****Sách ****]
****Salang ****Salang
***Maleng–Pakatan
***Parakanic
****] ****]
****Arao ****Arao
****Atel ****Atel
****Atop ****Atop
****]
****Kalueng
****Maleng ****Maleng
****Parakan ****Pakatan
****Themarou ****]
***Kri–Phoóng
****Krii ****Krii
****Phoóng ****Phoóng
Line 649: Line 687:
***]: in ], and ] ***]: in ], and ]
*] peoples *] peoples
**]: subgroups of ], ], ] and ] (They are also distributed in China in East Asia). **]: subgroups of ], ], ] and ] (They are also distributed in China in East Asia).
*] (Degar): an umbrella term for several Pre-Vietnamese peoples that dwell in the plateaus and mountains of the southern regions of ] *] (Degar): an umbrella term for several Pre-Vietnamese peoples that dwell in the plateaus and mountains of the southern regions of ]
**] peoples **] peoples
Line 655: Line 693:
****North Bahnaric peoples ****North Bahnaric peoples
*****], Halang and Kayong: ] *****], Halang and Kayong: ]
*****]: ], ]
****Central Bahnaric peoples ****Central Bahnaric peoples
*****]: ] of ] and ], as well as the coastal provinces of ] and ] (]) *****]: ] of ] and ], as well as the coastal provinces of ] and ] (])
*****] people: ], ]
****Southern Bahnaric peoples
*****]: ], ]
*****]: ] and ] *****]: ] and ]
*****]: Cambodia and Vietnam *****]: Cambodia and Vietnam
*****]: ] Highland of Vietnam *****]: ] Highland of Vietnam
****Eastern Bahnaric: ****Eastern Bahnaric:
*****] *****]
Line 667: Line 709:
****West ****West
*****] (Bruu): ], ], ] and ] *****] (Bruu): ], ], ] and ]
*****]: ], ]
**] **]
***] peoples ***] peoples
Line 700: Line 743:
***] ***]


===== ] (]) ===== === ] (]) ===
] man (a member of one of the ] ethnicities) in Monsopiad Cultural Village, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, ], ], ] Island]] ] man (a member of one of the ] ethnicities) in Monsopiad Cultural Village, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, ], ], ] Island]]
] woman, the ], 2007<ref>"", UNHCR | Refworld.</ref> The ]s were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1605316|title=Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the proto-sundadont dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia|year=1992|last1=Hanihara|first1=T|volume=88|issue=2|pages=183–96|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330880206|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology }}</ref>]] ] woman, the ], 2007<ref>"", UNHCR | Refworld.</ref> The ]s were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanihara |first1=T |year=1992 |title=Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the proto-sundadont dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=183–96 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330880206 |pmid=1605316}}</ref>]]{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] (]): ], ]
**] (Kalay-Keyet): ], India
*] *]
**] peoples **] peoples
Line 722: Line 762:
****]: ], ] ****]: ], ]
***] peoples ***] peoples
****] (Ifugao: Ipugao; Benguet: Ibaloi, Kankanaey; Mountain Province: Bontoc; Kalinga: Kiangan; Abra: Itneg; Apayao: Isneg):<ref>{{cite book |last=Agpaoa |first=Joshua C. |year=2013 |title=Design Motifs of the Northern Philippine Textiles}}</ref> ] in ] in the ] ****] (Ifugao: Ipugao; Benguet: Ibaloi, Kankanaey; Mountain Province: Bontoc; Kalinga: Kiangan; Abra: Itneg; Apayao: Isneg):<ref>{{cite book |last=Agpaoa |first=Joshua C. |title=Design Motifs of the Northern Philippine Textiles |year=2013}}</ref> ] in ] in the ]
****] (Katawhang Lumad): ] in the Philippines ****] (Katawhang Lumad): ] in the Philippines
****]: ] in the Philippines ****]: ] in the Philippines
Line 733: Line 773:
*]: ], Indonesia *]: ], Indonesia
*]: *]:
**], in the ], which include:
***]: formerly at least 10 distinct groups living throughout ], now confined to a single community on ], Andaman Is.
***]: now extinct, formerly of ], Andamans
***]: ] and ]
***] (Önge): ], Andaman Islands
***] (?): ], Andaman Islands
**]: ], Philippines **]: ], Philippines
**]: ], Philippines **]: ], Philippines
Line 746: Line 780:
{{See also|Indigenous peoples of the Philippines}} {{See also|Indigenous peoples of the Philippines}}


==== East Asia ==== == Europe ==
]
===== Western China =====
Some sources describe the Sámi as the only recognized indigenous peoples in Europe,<ref name=Baer>{{cite journal|last=Baer|first=Lars-Anders|title=The Rights of Indigenous Peoples – A Brief Introduction in the Context of the Sámi|journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=12|issue=2/3|year=2005|jstor=24675300|pages=245–267|doi=10.1163/157181105774740589 }}</ref><ref name=Gouverneur>{{cite news|last=Gouverneur|first=Cédric|title=Europe's only indigenous people|work=Le Monde Diplomatique|date=1 January 2017|url=https://mondediplo.com/2017/01/14saami|accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=FUF>{{cite web|title=Europe's only recognized indigenous peoples live in Sweden|publisher=Swedish Development Forum|date=27 March 2018|url=https://fuf.se/en/magasin/europas-enda-erkanda-urfolk-bor-i-sverigre/|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> with others describing them as the only indigenous people in the ].<ref name=CoE>{{cite web|url=https://edoc.coe.int/en/national-minorities/6684-the-sami-the-people-their-culture-and-languages.html|title=The Sámi: The People, Their Culture and Languages|year=2015|publisher=Council of Europe|accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rights of the Sámi People|publisher=Finnish Ministry of Justice|url=https://oikeusministerio.fi/en/rights-of-the-sami-people|accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=Jaakkola>{{cite journal|last1=Jaakkola|first1=Jouni J. K.|last2=Juntunen|first2=Suvi|last3=Näkkäläjärvi|first3=Klemetti|title=The Holistic Effects of Climate Change on the Culture, Well-Being, and Health of the Saami, the Only Indigenous People in the European Union|journal=Current Environmental Health Reports|volume=5|issue=4|year=2018|doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0211-2| pages=401–417|pmid=30350264 |pmc=6306421 }}</ref><ref name="Valkonen Valkonen 2017 pp. 138–152">{{cite book|last1=Valkonen|first1=Sanna|last2=Valkonen|first2=Jarno|title=Shaping Citizenship: A Political Concept in Theory, Debate and Practice|chapter=The Non-State Sámi|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|doi=10.4324/9781315186214-11|pages=138–152|isbn=9781315186214 |editor1-first=Claudia|editor1-last=Wiesner|editor2-first=Anna|editor2-last=Björk|editor3-first=Hanna-Mari|editor3-last=Kivistö|editor4-first=Katja|editor4-last=Mäkinen}}</ref> Other groups, particularly in Central, Western and Southern Europe, that might be considered to fit the description of indigenous peoples in the ], such as the ], are generally categorized as ] instead.<ref name=Grote>{{cite journal|last=Grote|first=Rainer|title=On the Fringes of Europe: Europe's Largely Forgotten Indigenous Peoples|journal=American Indian Law Review|volume=31|issue=2|year=2006|jstor=20070794|pages=425–443|doi=10.2307/20070794 }}</ref>
*]
**] peoples
**] peoples: ]
**] peoples
*] peoples


===== North China ===== === Northern Europe ===
* ] of ], ], ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sápmi - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/sapmi.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.iwgia.org}}</ref>
*]: ]
* ] of northern Russia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samoyed:eHRAF World Cultures |url=https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/ru04/summary |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu}}</ref>
*] peoples
* ] of northwestern Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=99}}
**] peoples
***] (Hezhen/Nanai/Hezhe/Golds/Samagir): ] in China, ] and ] in Russia
***]: Far Northern ]
**] peoples
***] (Manju/Manchu people): ], northeast ]


===== South China ===== === Eastern Europe ===
] (]) girls in China]]
] dancer]]
*] peoples
**]: Southern ] (provinces of ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]), ], northern ], ] and ]
**]: ], ] and ]
**] (Mien): Southern ] (provinces ], ], ], ], and ])

===== Taiwan =====
{{Main|Taiwanese indigenous peoples|List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan}}
*Indigenous peoples of the island of ]
**] (Pangcah)
**]
**]
**] (Kebalan; Kbaran)
**] (Tayal; Tayan)
**] (Say-Siyat)
**]
**] (Taroko)
**] (Ngan)
**] (Payuan)
**] (Pinuyumayan)
**] (Drekay)
**] (Cou)
**] (Tao)
**] (Saaroa)
**]

===== Japan =====
*] (Aynu): ], Japan and (until the end of World War II) on ] Island, Russia
*] peoples
**] (Ruuchuu Minzuku): Old ], now ]

=== Europe ===
The question of indigeneity in Europe is a hotly debated topic, with many groups that most would not consider to be indigenous having fringe movements with claims of indigeneity, such as the ] and ].<ref></ref> The following list only includes groups generally considered to be indigenous.
==== Europe in general====
* The cultures of ], such as the ], ], ], and others were largely wiped out or assimilated during the ], and to a lesser extent, expansions by ] and ].
* The ] and subgroups such as the ], although originating as an ] group and arriving in Europe by the thirteenth century if not later, have many aspects of indigeneity, such as being largely colonized, carrying unique traditions and culture, among other things.
==== Eastern Europe and the European Caucasus====
] old and young people.]]
] women of ] dressed in traditional costumes.]]
*]
**]
***] (Ižoralaizet/Inkeroine/Izhora/Izhoralaine/Karjalain/Maaväki): Northwest of ]
***] (Karjalaižet): Northwest of ]
***] (Raandalist/Kalamied/Liivõd/Liibõd/Liivnikad/Liivlist): Far Northern ] peninsula, ]
***] (Setokõsõq): ] - Far Southeastern ], southern border region between ] and ], East ] and Northwest ], southwest of ] Lake.
***] (Vepslaine/Bepslaane/Lüdinik/Lüdilaine): ], Northwest of ]
**]
***] (Komiyas): ] in Northeast of ]
***] (Udmurt'yos): ] in Northeast of ]
**] (Sámi/Saami): ], Northern and central ], Northern ], Northern ] and ] in the Northwest of ]
**]
***]: Middle ], ]
***] (Erzyat/Mokshet): ]
****] (Erzyat)
****] (Mokshet)
*]
**] peoples
***] (Neney Neneche) : Northeastern part of ]
*] *]
**] (] peoples)
**] in Russia and European Kazakhstan
***] (Qrymçaklar): ] in Southern ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fremer |first=Iana |date=2021 |title=Ukraine: New Law Determines Legal Status of Indigenous People |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-08-02/ukraine-new-law-determines-legal-status-of-indigenous-people/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
**] in Russia
***] (Qrymqaraylar): ] in Southern ]<ref name=":0" />
**] in Russia
**] (Gagauzlar) : Southern ] and Southeastern ] ***] (Qırımtatarlar): ] in Southern ]<ref name=":0" />
**] in Russia
**] in ]
**] in Russia
**] in Russia, ], Ukraine, and European Kazakhstan
**] in Ukraine, ], and Russia
***] in Crimea and Moldova
****Dobrujan Tatars in Moldova
****]
****]
****]
***] in ]
****] in ]
****]

==== Northern and western Europe ====
* The ] are indigenous to ] in northern ], ], ] and the ] in ]. They are legally recognised as indigenous peoples in all four countries.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1GFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA424|last=Johansson|first=Peter|title=Handbook of Indigenous Peoples' Rights|editor-last=Short|editor-first=Damien|editor-last2=Lennox|editor-first2=Corinne|date=2016-02-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136313868|location=London|pages=424–442|language=en|chapter=Indigenous self-determination in the Nordic countries: the Sami, and the Inuit of Greenland}}</ref><ref name="Osherenko">{{cite web|title=Indigenous rights in Russia: Is title to land essential for cultural survival? |last=Osherenko |first=Gail |date=April 1, 2001 |website=Georgetown International Environmental Law Review |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104207/http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/international-law/1112279-1.html |archivedate=May 11, 2011 }}</ref>
* In the ], ] have asked to be designated as indigenous peoples of the ]. The ] does not officially recognise any indigenous peoples within the country.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/crofters-fight-for-rights-of-indigenous-people-811791.html |title = Crofters fight for rights of indigenous people|date = 2008-04-19}}</ref>
* ] in ] are largely considered indigenous.<ref></ref>
* ] have been recognized as indigenous to ] since 2017.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
* The ] in ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref></ref><ref></ref>
* The ] in southern and southwestern Norway.
* ] in ].
* ] in ].
* ] or Hiortaich of St Kilda in Scotland can be considered to be indigenous.


====Southern Europe==== === Western Europe ===
* ] of the island of ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Refworld &#124; World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Ireland : Travellers |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d0541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126162319/https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d0541.html |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Irish Traveller Movement - About Irish Travellers |url=https://itmtrav.ie/what-is-itm/irish-travellers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084721/https://itmtrav.ie/what-is-itm/irish-travellers/ |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
* ]: ] and ] in ], ] in ].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
* ] in ] and northern ].
* There is a moderate population of ] in ].
* ] or Quinqui people in northern ].
* The ] of ], especially ].
* Dobrujan Tatars in Romania.
* Nogais in Romania.


== Americas == == Americas ==
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
] is the supercontinent comprising North and South America, and associated islands.
The ] consist of the supercontinent comprising ] and ], and associated islands.
{{Main|Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}


List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping: List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:
Line 872: Line 809:
] includes all of the continent and islands east of the ] and north of the ]; it includes ], ], ], ], ]n and ]. However a distinction can be made between a broader North America and a narrower ] and ] due to ethnic and cultural characteristics. ] includes all of the continent and islands east of the ] and north of the ]; it includes ], ], ], ], ]n and ]. However a distinction can be made between a broader North America and a narrower ] and ] due to ethnic and cultural characteristics.


*] by Country * ] by Country
**] ** ]
***] *** ]
***] *** ]
***] *** ]
**] ** ]
*** ]
***]
*** ]
**]
*] by native cultural regions ** ]
* ] by native cultural regions


==== Arctic ==== ==== Arctic ====
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the North American Arctic}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of the North American Arctic}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}] women in traditional ] (packing parkas)]]
] women in traditional ] (packing parkas)]]


*] - ] and ] *] - ] and ]
Line 896: Line 833:
****]: ], Alaska, United States ****]: ], Alaska, United States
****] of ], Alaska, United States. ****] of ], Alaska, United States.
***Inuit peoples: ] - ], ], ], ]; ]; Alaska, United States ***Inuit: ] - ], ], ], ]; ]; Alaska, United States
****]: ] ****]: ]
*****]: North Greenland *****]: ]
*****]: West Greenland *****]: ]
*****]: East Greenland *****]: ]
****Inupiat (]): Alaska's Arctic, ] and boroughs and the ] ****Inupiat (]): ], ] and boroughs and the ]
*****]: ]. *****]: ].
****] (Inuit): ] ****]: ]
*****Eastern Canadian Inuit: East Canadian Arctic, East ], ], ] *****Eastern Canadian Inuit: East Canadian Arctic, East ], ], ]
*****] (Inuvialuit): West Canadian Arctic, ], Arctic coast of ], West ] *****] (Inuvialuit): West Canadian Arctic, ], Arctic coast of ], West ]
*]: a mixed ] (from several peoples) and ] (from several peoples) people of ]. *]: a mixed ] (from several peoples) and ] (from several peoples) people of ].


==== Subarctic ==== ==== Subarctic ====
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*Na-Dené peoples *Na-Dené peoples
**Athabaskan peoples **Athabaskan peoples
Line 919: Line 856:
******] ******]
*****] of ]. *****] of ].
*****] of Interior Alaska and the Yukon. *****] of Interior Alaska and the Yukon.
*****]. *****].
*****] of Interior Alaska. *****] of Interior Alaska.
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==== Pacific Northwest Coast ==== ==== Pacific Northwest Coast ====
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
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==== Northwest Plateau-Great Basin-California ==== ==== Northwest Plateau-Great Basin-California ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}

===== Northwest Plateau ===== ===== Northwest Plateau =====
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau}}
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{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin}}
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
*] of ], ], and ], ]. *] of ], ], ], and ], ].
**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
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**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
]
*Paiute of ], ], ], and ], ]. *Paiute of ], ], ], and ], ].
**]. **].
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===== California ===== ===== California =====
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of California}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of California}}

*] peoples *] peoples
**]: ], ] **]: ], ]
Line 978: Line 917:
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
*] of ], ] *] of ], ].
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
*] of ], ]. *] of ], ].
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==== Great Plains ==== ==== Great Plains ====
{{Main|Plains Indians}} {{Main|Plains Indians}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
], by ], 1845]]
] man, 1899]]
*] of ] and ], ]. *] of ] and ], ].
*] of ] and ], ]. *] of ] and ], ].
Line 1,001: Line 942:
**] of ], ], and ], ]. **] of ], ], and ], ].
*] of ], and ]. *] of ], and ].
**] (see the Southwest section for another category this tribe belongs too) of ], and ]. **] {{crossref|printworthy=y|(see the Southwest section for another category this tribe belongs to)}} of ], and ].
*] of ]. *] of ].
*] of ]. *] of ].
Line 1,010: Line 951:


===== Northeastern Woodlands ===== ===== Northeastern Woodlands =====
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples *] peoples
**] of ], ], and ], ], as well as ] and ], ]. **] of ], ], and ], ], as well as ] and ], ].
Line 1,020: Line 961:
***] of ], ], and ], ]. ***] of ], ], and ], ].
**] of ], ], and ], ], as well as ], ]. **] of ], ], and ], ], as well as ], ].
**'']'' of ], ], and Northwest ], ]. **'']'' of ], ], and ], ].
**] of ], and ], ]. **Conestoga (]) of ], ], ], and ] (]).
**]: ], ], ], and ], ]. **]: ], ], ], and ], ].
**]: ], ], and ], ]. **]: ], ], and ], ].
**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
**] of ] and ], ]? **] of ] and ], ].
*] peoples *] peoples
**] **]
***] of ]. ***] of ].
***Carolina Algonquian ***]
****] of ]. ****] of ].
*****] of ]. *****] of ].
Line 1,044: Line 985:
***] of the ], now ]. ***] of the ], now ].
***] peoples ***] peoples
****] (]/]): indigenous from southeast ], ], also in ], ] ****] (]/]): Indigenous peoples from ], ], also in ], ].
****] (Illiniwek) ****] (Illiniwek)
****] ****]
Line 1,053: Line 994:


===== Southeastern Woodlands ===== ===== Southeastern Woodlands =====
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands}} {{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] of ], ], and ]. *] of ], ], and ].
*] of ] and ]. *] of ] and ].
Line 1,074: Line 1,015:
**] of ], ], and ]. **] of ], ], and ].
**] of ], ] and ], ]. **] of ], ] and ], ].
**] of Western ], ], ], and Southeastern ]. **] of ], ], ], and Southeastern ].
**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
Line 1,080: Line 1,021:


==== Southwest ==== ==== Southwest ====
{{Main|Southwest peoples}} {{Main|Southwest peoples}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
] man in Monument Valley, Utah]]
] dancers in 2017]]
*] peoples *] peoples
**] (]) peoples **] (]) peoples
Line 1,098: Line 1,041:
**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
**] of ] and ], ]. **] of ] and ], ].
**] of ], ]. **] of ], ].
**] of ], ], ], and ], ]. **] of ], ], ], and ], ].
**] of Southern ], ]. **] of ], ].
*]s *]s
**] of ], ], and ], ], as well as ], ], ], and ], ]. **] of ], ], and ], ], as well as ], ], ], and ], ].
***] of Southern ], ], and Southeast ]. ***] of Southern ], ], and Southeast ].
***] of Northern ], and ]. ***] of ], and ].
***] of ]. ***] of ].
***] of ], ], and Northern ]. ***] of ], ], and Northern ].
Line 1,114: Line 1,057:


==== Mesoamerica ==== ==== Mesoamerica ====
] dancers waiting to perform, ].]] ] dancers waiting to perform, ]]]
] people.]]
] family from ]]] ] family from ]]]
] in traditional dress.]] ] in traditional dress]]
] girls performing a dance in ].]] ] girls performing a dance in ]]]
] woman and child.]] ] woman and child]]{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] (]/]): ], Mexico *] (]/]): ], Mexico
*]: ] and ]
*] *]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ]
***] (Yokot'anob/Yokot'an): ], ]
***] (Winik Atel/Batzilʼop): ], ]
***] (Bats'ik'op/Sotz'leb): ], ]
**] (Téenek/Te' Inik): ], ] **] (Téenek/Te' Inik): ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ]
***]: ]
**] peoples
***]: ]
***]: ]&nbsp;– also called Poptí
***]: ]
***]: ]
**Qichean peoples
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
**] peoples
***]: ]
***] (Hach Winik): ], ]
***]: ] and ]
***] (Maya proper) (Màaya): ], ] and ], ]
*] peoples *] peoples
**] (Ayüükjä'äy): ], ] **] (Ayüükjä'äy): ], ]
Line 1,157: Line 1,071:
**] (Tzjon Non/Tzo'tyio/Ñ'anncue): ], ] **] (Tzjon Non/Tzo'tyio/Ñ'anncue): ], ]
**]: ], ] **]: ], ]
**]
***] (Mangue/Mankeme): ], ], and ]
**] **]
***]:], ] ***]: ], ]
***] (Ñuù Savi/Nayívi Savi/Ñuù Davi/Nayivi Davi): ], ] ***] (Ñuù Savi/Nayívi Savi/Ñuù Davi/Nayivi Davi): ], ]
***]: ], ] ***]: ], ]
Line 1,167: Line 1,079:
***]: ], ] ***]: ], ]
***] (Tetjo Ñaa Jñatjo): ], ] ***] (Tetjo Ñaa Jñatjo): ], ]
***] (Hñähñu/Hñähño/Ñuhu/Ñhato/Ñuhmu): ], ] ***] (Hñähñu/Hñähño/Ñuhu/Ñhato/Ñuhmu): Central ]
***] (Xi'úi): ], ] ***] (Xi'úi): ], ]
**] peoples **] peoples
Line 1,188: Line 1,100:
***] (Náayarite): ] and ], ] ***] (Náayarite): ] and ], ]
***] (Wixáritari/Wixárita): ] and ], ] ***] (Wixáritari/Wixárita): ] and ], ]

=== Central America ===
] is generally defined as a subregion in North America located between the ] and the ].

* ] by country:
** ]
** ]

] people]]

==== Mesoamerica ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}

* ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***] (Yokot'anob/Yokot'an): ], ]
***] (Winik Atel/Batzilʼop): ], ]
***] (Bats'ik'op/Sotz'leb): ], ]
***]: ]
**] peoples
***] (Hach Winik): ], ]
***] (Maya proper) (Màaya): ], ] and ], ]
***]: ]
***]: ] and ]
* ]: ] and ]
* ] peoples
**]: ]
**]: ]
*] peoples
**]: ]
**]: ]&nbsp;– also called Poptí
**]: ]
**]: ]
*Qichean peoples
**]: ]
**]: ]
**]: ]
**]: ]
**]: ]
**]: ]
**]: ]
*] peoples
**]
***] (Mangue/Mankeme): ], ], and ]
*] (Xinka): ] *] (Xinka): ]


==== Circum-Caribbean ==== ==== Isthmo-Colombian Area ====
] woman in traditional dress.]] ] woman in traditional dress]]
] on the Peace Corps World Stage at ] 2011]] ] on the Peace Corps World Stage at ] 2011]]{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples *] peoples
**]: ] **]: ]
Line 1,219: Line 1,176:
**]: A mixed West African (from several peoples) and Amerindian people (mainly from the original Miskito) that traditionally speaks ], a Misumalpan language, and also ] in ] and ]. **]: A mixed West African (from several peoples) and Amerindian people (mainly from the original Miskito) that traditionally speaks ], a Misumalpan language, and also ] in ] and ].
*]: ], ], and ]. (Mixed ] and ]). *]: ], ], and ]. (Mixed ] and ]).

==== West Indies ====
]

The ], or the ], generally includes the island chains of the ].
*]
**Northern
***]/] peoples
****]/]: ]. An ], may have been the ]/] before caribbeanization. (The ] had the tradition that the ] were the older people of ] but they could have been ancestors of the majority of ]).
****] (]/]/]): ]. Often called "]" (but may have been an older ] with a ] conquering warrior elite or influenced by ]. Apparently, the majority of the people spoke an ] and not a carib one.)
****]: ] who originally inhabited the ] of the Caribbean, they are of ]an descent.
*****] Some scholars distinguish between the ] and Neo-Taíno groups. Neo-Taíno groups were also ] of the Antilles islands, but had distinctive languages and cultural practices that differed from the ''High Taíno''.<ref>Rouse (1992)</ref> These groups include:
******]: a term preferred in Cuban historical texts for the neo-Taino-Siboney nations of the island of Cuba.
******]: Eastern ]
******]: Based in the ].
******]: ].
*]: Western ] island, a Pre-] and Pre-] people of the ].


=== South America === === South America ===
Line 1,247: Line 1,187:
] generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the ]. ] generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the ].


*] by Country: *] by country:
**] **]
**] **]
**] **]
**] **]
Line 1,256: Line 1,196:
*] by native cultural regions *] by native cultural regions


==== Circum-Caribbean (Chibcha) ==== ==== Isthmo-Colombian Area ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] *]
**Northern **Northern
Line 1,262: Line 1,203:
****]: ]/] ****]: ]/]
*] peoples *] peoples
**Cuna-Colombian
**Chibcha–Motilon
***Chibcha–Tunebo
****]: ]
**Kuna–Colombian
***] (]/]): ] ***] (]/]): ]
***Chibcha–Motilon
****Chibcha–Tunebo
*****]: ]
***Arwako-Chimila
****Arwako
*****] children near ], ], 2021]]]: ]
*] peoples *] peoples
**] (]): ]/] **] (]): ]/]
*]: ]'s ] delta region. *]: ]'s ] delta region.


==== Amazon ==== ==== Amazon ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] *]
**Southern **Southern
Line 1,322: Line 1,267:


===== Guianas ===== ===== Guianas =====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples *] peoples
**]/] (]): ], ] (northern coast of South America) **]/] (]): ], ] (northern coast of South America)
Line 1,333: Line 1,279:


==== Eastern Highlands (Brazilian Highlands) ==== ==== Eastern Highlands (Brazilian Highlands) ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*Charruan peoples *Charruan peoples
**]: ], ] and ] **]: ], ] and ]
Line 1,356: Line 1,303:


==== Chaco ==== ==== Chaco ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples *] peoples
**]: ] **]: ]
Line 1,364: Line 1,312:


==== Central Andes ==== ==== Central Andes ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*]: ], ], and ]
*] peoples *] peoples
**]: ]/]/] **]: ]/]/]
*]: Chile/Argentina
*]: Peru
*]: ] *]: ]
*] *]
**] (]/]/]/]) **] (]/]/]/])
*]: ], Peru and Bolivia


==== Southern Cone ==== ==== Southern Cone ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}

===== Araucania ===== ===== Araucania =====
*] peoples *] peoples
**] (]): ]/] **] (]): ]/]
**]: Chile
**]
**] **]: Chile/Argentina
**]: Chile

===== Pampas =====

* ]: Argentina
* ]: ]
* ]: Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil


===== Patagonia ===== ===== Patagonia =====
] of ], {{circa|1915}}]]
*]: ], ] and ]
*]: Southern ]/] *]: ], ] and ], ]
*]: Southern Chile/Argentina
*] (]): ], Chile
*] (]): Tierra del Fuego, Argentina and Chile
*] (]): Tierra del Fuego, Chile
*] (]): Tierra del Fuego, Argentina


===== Tierra del Fuego ===== === Caribbean ===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean}}
*] (]): Far Southern ]
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}]
*]: Southern ] and Chile

*] (]): Far Southern Chile
The ], or the ], generally includes the island chains of the ], namely the ], the ], and the ].
*]: Far Southern Argentina
*]
**Northern
***]/] peoples
****]/]: ]. An ], may have been the ]/] before Caribbeanization. (The ] had the tradition that the ] were the older people of ] but they could have been ancestors of the majority of ]).
****] (]/]/]): ]. Often called "]" (but may have been an older ] with a ] conquering warrior elite or influenced by ]. Apparently, the majority of the people spoke an ] and not a carib one.)
****]: ] who originally inhabited the ] of the Caribbean, they are of ]an descent.
*****] Some scholars distinguish between the ] and Neo-Taíno groups. Neo-Taíno groups were also ] to the Antilles islands, but had distinctive languages and cultural practices that differed from the ''High Taíno''.<ref>Rouse (1992)</ref> These groups include:
******]: a term preferred in Cuban historical texts for the neo-Taino-Siboney nations of the island of Cuba.
******]: Based in the ]
*]: Eastern ]
*]: ]
*]: Western ]


== Oceania == == Oceania ==
{{Main|Indigenous Australians|Pacific Islander}}
] includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, ], ] and the continent of ]. ] includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, ], ] and the continent of ].


Line 1,393: Line 1,373:


=== Australia === === Australia ===
]s ({{circa|1858}}) in ]]]
] ]
], circa 1905]]
] include ] on the ] and ] as well as ] peoples from the ]. ] include ] on the ] and ] as well as ] peoples from the ].
*Aboriginal Australians include ] of people, defined by various overlapping characteristics such as language, culture and geography, which may include sub-groups. The ] and the ] (of the ] off the ]) are also Aboriginal peoples, who are genetically and culturally distinct from Torres Strait Islander peoples. *Aboriginal Australians include ] of people, defined by various overlapping characteristics such as language, culture and geography, which may include sub-groups. The ] and the ] (of the ] off the ]) are also Aboriginal peoples, who are genetically and culturally distinct from Torres Strait Islander peoples.
*Torres Strait Islander peoples are culturally and linguistically ]-], and the various peoples of the islands are of predominantly ] descent. The ] are part of the state of ] *Torres Strait Islander peoples are culturally and linguistically ]-], and the various peoples of the islands are of predominantly ] descent. The ] are part of the state of ].

*]:<ref>{{Cite web|last=MS_2303_warner|date=18 Aug 2021|title=AIATSIS MS_2303_warner.|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/catalogue_resources/ms_2303_warner.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Bugelli-manji now called the Brinja Aboriginal People<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warner|first=Harry|date=18 Aug 2021|title=Warner, H. (1966). Ethnography summary of the late Brinja-Yuin tribe of Tuross, N.S.W. Canberra: AIATSIS.|journal=}}</ref> from the South Coast of New South Wales. Clinical anthropologist at Bega hospital in 1966 showed three groups of Aboriginal people on the South Coast of New South Wales. The Brinja People were the central Group with the Walbunja People north of the Moruya River with sub-group at Broulee and Batemans Bay. To the South of the Brinja,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zdanowicz|first=Cathy|date=18 Aug 2021|title=Serendipitous discovery|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/blog/serendipitous-discovery|url-status=live}}</ref> south of Corunna lake are the Tadera - manji, in the Bega district and Thauaira,  east of Malagoota Inlet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Howitt|first=Alfred William|date=18 Aug 2021|title=Native Tribes of South-East Australia|url=https://en.wikisource.org/Native_Tribes_of_South-East_Australia|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Western Desert ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]

==== Kimberley ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**]: ], ], ]
**]: ], ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ] and ], ], ]
**Miriwoongic peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: Eastern ] and ], ]
*] peoples
**Nyulnyulic peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
**Dyukun peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]

==== Northwest ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ] region, ], ]
****]: ] region, ], ]
****]: ] region, ], ]
****]: ] region, ], ]
****]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ] region, ], ]
****]: ] region, ], ]
****]: ] region, ], ]
****]: ] region, ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]

==== Southwest ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ] and ], ]
****]: ] region, ], ]
***]: ] region, ], ]

==== Fitzmaurice Basin ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ], ]
***Warrayic peoples
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ], ]
**]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]

==== Arnhem Land ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**]: ], ]
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
**East Arnhem peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**Marran peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
**Gunwinyguan peoples
***Gunwinggic peoples
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***Jala peoples
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ], ], ]
**Iwaidjic peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***Warrkbi
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ], ], ]
**]: ], ], ]

==== Top End ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*]: ], ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ], ]
**Limilngan
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**Umbugarlic peoples
***]: ], ], ]
*]: ], ], ]

==== Gulf Country ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ], ], ], ]
**]: ], ], ]
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
**]: ], ]
*] peoples
**]: ] and ], ]
**]: ], ]

==== Cape York ====
===== West Cape =====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****] peoples
*****]: ], ], ]
*****]: ], ], ]
*****]: ], ], ]
*****]: ], ], ]
*****]: ], ], ]
*****]: ], ], ]
*****]: ], ], ]
*****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****Thaypan peoples
*****]: ], ], ]

===== East Cape =====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
***Lamalamic peoples
****]: ], ], ]
***Northeast Paman peoples
****]: ], ], ]

==== Daintree Rainforest ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]

==== Lake Eyre Basin ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]

==== Spencer Gulf ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]

==== Murray-Darling Basin ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ] and ], ]
***]: ] and ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ] and ], ]
****]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ] and ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**]: ] and ], ]

==== Northeast ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]

==== Southeast ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
**]: ], ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ] and ], ]
***]: ] and ], ]
**] peoples
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
***]: ], ]
**] peoples
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
****]: ], ]
***] peoples
****]: ], ], ]
****]: ], ]
***]: ], ], ]

==== Tasmania ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*] peoples
**] peoples
***]: ] and ], ], ]
***]: ], ], ]
**] peoples
***]: Northern ], ]
**] peoples
***]: Northeastern ], ]
***]: ] and ], ], ]
**] peoples
***]: Oyster Bay, ], ]
***]: Big River, ], ]
***]: ], ], ]

==== Torres Strait Islands ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
*]
**]: ], ], ], ]
**]: Central ], ], ]
**]: ], ], ]
**]: Eastern ], ], ]


=== Melanesia === === Melanesia ===
] {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}]
] during a ] ceremony on ], ]]]
] generally includes ] and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the ] out to ]. The region is mostly inhabited by the ] peoples. ] generally includes ] and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the ] out to ]. The region is mostly inhabited by the ] peoples.
*] *]
**] speaking Melanesians **]-speaking Melanesians
***] (iTaukei): ] ***] (iTaukei): ]
***]: ] ***]: ]
***]: ], ] ***]: ], ]
***]: ] ***]: ]
**] speaking Melanesians **]-speaking Melanesians
***] ***]] in ]]]
*]: more than 250 distinct ]s or clans, each with their own language and culture. The main island of ] and surrounding islands (territory forming independent state of ] (PNG) and the ]n provinces of ] and ]). Considered "Indigenous" these people are a subject to many debates. *]: more than 250 distinct ]s or clans, each with their own language and culture. The main island of ] and surrounding islands (territory forming independent state of ] (PNG) and the ]n provinces of ] and ]). Considered "Indigenous" these people are a subject to many debates.
**] peoples **] peoples
***]: ], ]. ***]: ], ].
Line 1,432: Line 1,864:


=== Micronesia === === Micronesia ===
] generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the ]n peoples. {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}] generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the ].
*] *]
**]: ] and ] **]: ] and ]
**]: ] **]: ]
** Yapese, Kosraeans, Chuukese, Phonpeians, Palauans, Kiribati's ** ], ], ], ], ], ]


=== Polynesia === === Polynesia ===
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}
] man wearing a ] and ]]]
] family]] ] family]]
] includes ] and the islands of ], and has various Indigenous populations.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Natacha |last1=Gagné |first2=Marie |last2=Salaün |date=2012 |title=Appeals to indigeneity: insights from Oceania |journal=Social Identities |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=381–398 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2012.673868|s2cid=144491173 }}</ref>
] includes New Zealand and the islands of the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The region is mostly inhabited by the ] peoples.
*]
**Ellicean–Outlier
***]: ]
**Futunic
***] and ]:]
**Marquesic
***]: ], ]
***Marquesan and Mangarevan
****]: ]
****]: ]
**]: ] (Rapanui)
**Samoic
***] (Tagata Māoʻi): ], ]
***]: ]
**Tahitic
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ]
***]: ] (''Rēkohu''), New Zealand
***] (Ta'ata Tahiti (Ma'ohi)) : ], ]
***]: ]
**Tongic
***]: ]
***]: ]


====]====
]s
*]<ref name=Oka17/>
*]
*]<ref name=Oka17>{{cite book|title=Marking Indigeneity: The Tongan Art of Sociospatial Relations |first=Tevita |last=O. Ka'ili |publisher=University of Arizona Press |date=2017 |isbn=9780816530564 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwMxDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
**Ellicean–Outlier
*]
***] and ]: ]
*]
***] ]
*]
***] ]
*]
***]: ]
***] *]
*]
***]
*]
**Futunic
***]: ] *], ]
***]: ] (]) *], New Zealand
*], ]
***] and ]: ]
*], ]
****]
*]
****]
***]: ] *]

***Makata: ]
====]s====
***] (Erakoro, Eratapu): ]
*]{{Efn|The Indigenous people of Vanuatu make up more than 95 percent of a country of just under a quarter of a million people (who speak more than 111 different languages), recognized by the United Nations as simultaneously having Least Developed status and having the world’s greatest cultural and linguistic diversity.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Introduction: Culture, Property, Indigeneity |title=Treasured Possessions |first=Haidy |last=Geismar |year=2020 |page=1 |doi=10.1515/9780822399704-004 |isbn=9780822399704 |s2cid=241275292 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780822399704-004/html}}</ref>}}
***] and ]: ]
*] and ], ]
****]
*], ] and ], ]
****]
***]: ] *], ]
***]: ] *], ]
*], ]
*]
*]
*], ]
*], ], ]
*]
*]
*]


== Circumpolar == == Circumpolar ==
] is an umbrella term for the various indigenous peoples of the ]. ] is an umbrella term for the various Indigenous peoples of the ].
List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping: List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping:
*"]" *"]"
Line 1,508: Line 1,925:
****] (Nunivak Cup'ig people): ], ] ****] (Nunivak Cup'ig people): ], ]
****] (Yupighyt): Siberia, Russia ****] (Yupighyt): Siberia, Russia
***]: ], Northern Canada (] and ]), ], ] ***]: ], Northern Canada (], ] and ]), ], ]
****] (Iñupiat): Alaska's Arctic and ] boroughs and the ] ****] (Iñupiat): Alaska's Arctic and ] boroughs and the ]
****] (]): ] ****] (]): ]
Line 1,515: Line 1,932:
***] (Dolgan/Tya Kikhi): ] (]), ] ***] (Dolgan/Tya Kikhi): ] (]), ]
***] (Sakha): ] (]), ] ***] (Sakha): ] (]), ]
*]
*], Yugra, Siberia, Russia
**] (Kantek/Khanti): ], ], ] **]: Western Siberia
**], formerly known as ]: ], ], ] ***], formerly known as Ostyaks{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=167}}
***], formerly known as Voguls{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=204}}
*] (Sámi/Saami/Lapp), formerly known by the ] ]: Northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and ] in Russia
**] (Sámi/Saami/Lapp), formerly known as ]: Northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and ] in Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=308}}
*]
**Northern Samoyedic peoples: ] and Far Northern ] **]
***Northern Samoyedic peoples: ] and Far Northern ]
***] (Entsi): Far Northern ], Russia ****]: Far Northern ], Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=73}}
***] (Neney Neneche): Far Northern ] and Far Northern ] ****]: Far Northern ] and Far Northern ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=241}}
***] (Ŋənəhsa(nəh)): ], ], Russia ****]: ], ], Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=255}}
****]: Between ] and ] Rivers in Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=319}}
*] (Odul/Vadul/Detkil'): Far Northern ], Russia
*]: Far Northern ], Russia{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=450}}
*] peoples
**]: along the middle branch of ]{{Sfn|Turaev|Sulyandziga|Sulyandziga|Bochamikov|2011|p=150}}


== See also == == See also ==
Line 1,533: Line 1,954:
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
Line 1,549: Line 1,970:
*] *]
*] *]
*''See all pages that start with'' ] ''or'' ] *''See all pages that start with'' ] ''or'' ]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist|refs=
{{Efn|name=name|1=Also known as '''First peoples''', '''First nations''', '''Aboriginal peoples''', '''Native peoples''', '''Indigenous Natives''', or '''Autochthonous peoples'''. Since 2020, most style guides have recommend capitalization of "Indigenous" when referring to specific Indigenous peoples as ]s, nations, and the citizens or members of these groups.<ref name=APstyle>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|url=https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities|title=APA Style - Racial and Ethnic Identity|work=Section 5.7 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition|date=2019-11-01|access-date=2022-02-03|quote=Racial and ethnic groups are designated by proper nouns and are capitalized. ... capitalize terms such as "Native American," "Hispanic," and so on. Capitalize "Indigenous" and "Aboriginal" whenever they are used. Capitalize "Indigenous People" or "Aboriginal People" when referring to a specific group (e.g., the Indigenous Peoples of Canada), but use lowercase for "people" when describing persons who are Indigenous or Aboriginal (e.g., "the authors were all Indigenous people but belonged to different nations")|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315021652/https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=IndigTermGuide>{{cite web |url=https://www.naja.com/reporter-s-indigenous-terminology-guide/ |title=Reporter's Indigenous Terminology Guide |website=The Native American Journalists Association|access-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116050310/https://www.naja.com/reporter-s-indigenous-terminology-guide/ |archive-date=2018-11-16}}</ref><ref name=NAJA-styleguide>{{cite web |url=https://www.naja.com/resources/naja-ap-style-guide/ |title=NAJA AP Style Guide |website=The Native American Journalists Association |access-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218222154/https://www.naja.com/resources/naja-ap-style-guide/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bia.gov/guide/editorial-guide|title=Editorial Guide|website=Indian Affairs|publisher=]|access-date=2023-02-14|quote=The term "indigenous" is a common synonym for the term "American Indian and Alaska Native" and "Native American." But "indigenous" doesn't need to be capitalized unless it's used in context as a proper noun.|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118220603/https://www.bia.gov/guide/editorial-guide|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Capitalization/faq0106.html|website=]|access-date=2023-02-14|title=FAQ Item: Capitalization|quote=We would capitalize "Indigenous" in both contexts: that of Indigenous people and groups, on the one hand, and Indigenous culture and society, on the other.|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126214942/https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Capitalization/faq0106.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}


== Notes == ===Citations===
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}


== References == ===Sources===
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFUNHR_Fact_Sheet_No._92013}} <!-- from excerpt -->
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFSecretariat_of_the_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues2009}} <!-- from excerpt -->
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. --> {{refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. -->
* {{cite book |last=Bodley |first=John H. |date=2008 |title=Victims of Progress |edition=5th |location=Plymouth, England |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-1148-6}}
* {{Cite book|author=Kipuri, Naomi|year=2007|chapter=Kenya|title=The Indigenous World 2007|chapter-url=http://www.iwgia.org/sw29940.asp|chapter-format=] online edition|editor=Sille Stidsen (compilation and ed.)|others=Marianne Wiben Jensen (Horn of Africa and East Africa regional ed.)|journal=The Indigenous World|series=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs yearbooks |issn=1024-0217|location=Copenhagen|publisher=], distributed by ]|pages=468–476|isbn=978-87-91563-23-2|oclc=30981676|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022134122/http://www.iwgia.org/sw29940.asp|archive-date=2008-10-22}} * {{Cite book|author=Kipuri, Naomi|year=2007|chapter=Kenya|title=The Indigenous World 2007|chapter-url=http://www.iwgia.org/sw29940.asp|chapter-format=] online edition|editor=Sille Stidsen (compilation and ed.)|others=Marianne Wiben Jensen (Horn of Africa and East Africa regional ed.)|journal=The Indigenous World|series=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs yearbooks |issn=1024-0217|location=Copenhagen|publisher=], distributed by ]|pages=468–476|isbn=978-87-91563-23-2|oclc=30981676|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022134122/http://www.iwgia.org/sw29940.asp|archive-date=2008-10-22}}
* {{citation|author=Minority Rights Group International|year=1997|title=World Directory of Minorities|location=London, UK|publisher=Minority Rights Group International|isbn=978-1-873194-36-2|author-link=Minority Rights Group International|url=https://archive.org/details/worlddirectoryof00brid}} * {{citation|author=Minority Rights Group International|year=1997|title=World Directory of Minorities|location=London, UK|publisher=Minority Rights Group International|isbn=978-1-873194-36-2|author-link=Minority Rights Group International|url=https://archive.org/details/worlddirectoryof00brid}}
* {{Citation|author=Rouse, Irving|year=1992|title=The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People who greeted Columbus|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-300-05181-0|oclc=24469325|url=https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous}} * {{Citation|author=Rouse, Irving|year=1992|title=The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People who greeted Columbus|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-300-05181-0|oclc=24469325|url=https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous}}
* {{Cite book |last=Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |title=State of the World's Indigenous Peoples |publisher=United Nations |year=2009 |location=New York |pages=4–7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tubb|first1=Jonathan N.|title=Canaanites|year=1998|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3108-5|url=https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb|url-access=registration|page=|quote=The Canaanites and Their Land.|ref=none}} * {{cite book|last1=Tubb|first1=Jonathan N.|title=Canaanites|year=1998|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3108-5|url=https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb|url-access=registration|page=|quote=The Canaanites and Their Land.|ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Turaev | first1 = Vadim | last2 = Sulyandziga | first2 = Rodion | last3 = Sulyandziga | first3 = Pavel | last4 = Bochamikov | first4 = Vladimir | title = Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation | year = 2011 | publisher = RAIPON & CSIPN | isbn = 978-5-905728-01-3 |url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/resources/publications/305-books/4302-encyclopedia-of-indigenous-peoples-of-the-north,-siberia-and-the-far-east-of-the-russian-federation.html}}
{{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style --> {{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->


Latest revision as of 10:41, 19 January 2025

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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These paragraphs are an excerpt from Indigenous peoples.

There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territory, and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model.

Estimates of the population of Indigenous peoples range from 250 million to 600 million. There are some 5,000 distinct Indigenous peoples spread across every inhabited climate zone and inhabited continent of the world. Most Indigenous peoples are in a minority in the state or traditional territory they inhabit and have experienced domination by other groups, especially non-Indigenous peoples. Although many Indigenous peoples have experienced colonization by settlers from European nations, Indigenous identity is not determined by Western colonization.

The rights of Indigenous peoples are outlined in national legislation, treaties and international law. The 1989 International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples protects Indigenous peoples from discrimination and specifies their rights to development, customary laws, lands, territories and resources, employment, education and health. In 2007, the United Nations (UN) adopted a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples including their rights to self-determination and to protect their cultures, identities, languages, ceremonies, and access to employment, health, education and natural resources.

Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being, languages, cultural heritage, and access to the resources on which their cultures depend. In the 21st century, Indigenous groups and advocates for Indigenous peoples have highlighted numerous apparent violations of the rights of Indigenous peoples.

Definition

Main article: Indigenous peoples § Definitions
Painting of Bimbache of El Hierro by Leonardo Torriani, 1592
The San are the oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa

Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those which have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and may consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.

This historical continuity may consist of the continuation, for an extended period reaching into the present of one or more of the following factors:

  • Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them
  • Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands
  • Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership in an Indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.)
  • Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language)
  • Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world
  • Other relevant factors.
  • On an individual basis, an Indigenous person is one who belongs to these Indigenous populations through self-identification as Indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of its members (acceptance by the group). This preserves for these communities the sovereign right and power to decide who belongs to them, without external interference.

Africa

Main article: Indigenous peoples of Africa
Hadza people, who are indigenous to the African Great Lakes
A Maasai traditional dance
Baka pygmy dancers in the East Province of Cameroon
Batwa Pygmy with traditional bow and arrow
Somali women in traditional headresses
Tigrayan women in traditional attire
Wolayta chief
Berta people playing trumpets during a wedding ceremony
Nilotic men in Kapoeta, South Sudan
19th century Zulu man wearing a warrior's garb
Sotho women wearing the traditional Seana Marena blanket
Makua mother and child
Damara man wearing the ǃgūb, a traditional attire

African Great Lakes

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Central Africa

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Horn of Africa

Sudan

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Southern Africa

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West Africa

A Dogon hunter with a flintlock musket, 2010.
Serer cultural vigil in Senegal.

North Africa

Shilha Berbers in Morocco
Sanhaja Berber traditional dancers
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West and Central Asia

West Asia

Marsh Arabs/Ma'dan poling a mashoof in the Mesopotamian Marshes
An Assyrian woman wearing traditional clothing in Zakho
Samaritans on Mount Gerizim
Soqotri men
  • Due to changes in the demographic history of Palestine, there are competing claims that Jews and Palestinian Arabs are indigenous. The argument entered the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in the 1990s, with Jews claiming indigeneity based on historic ties to the region. Palestinians claim Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel. In 2007, the Negev Bedouin were officially "recognized as an indigenous people of Israel" by the United Nations. This has been criticized both by scholars associated with the Israeli state, who dispute the Bedouin's claim to indigeneity, and those who argue that recognising just one group of Palestinians as Indigenous risks undermining others' claims and "fetishising" nomadic cultures.
Armenian women in Diyarbakır
Kurds wearing traditional clothing
Yazidi festival at Lalish
Baloch of Nimruz Province, Afghanistan

Caucasus

Main article: Peoples of the Caucasus
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Traditional Adyghe clothing.

Central Asia

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Pamiri people of Tajikistan

South Asia

Kalash in traditional dress
Kodava men in traditional attire, India
An Indigenous Assamese woman of Assam
Veddha Chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, leader of the Indigenous people of Sri Lanka
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Indian subcontinent

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Northeast Asia

Miao (Hmong) girls in China
Bunun dancer
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China

Western China

North China

South China

Mongolia

Taiwan

Main articles: Taiwanese indigenous peoples and List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan
Bunun in 1900. Photograph by Torii Ryūzō
Sakizaya
Saaroa people

Japan

Ainu people of Hokkaido, 1904

Korea

Siberia and Far East of Russia

Main articles: Indigenous peoples of Siberia and Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
Representation of a Chukchi family by Louis Choris (1816)
Buryat shaman of Olkhon, Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia.
Nenets child
Yakut woman

Over 40 distinct peoples, each with their own language and culture in the Asiatic part of Russia (Siberia and Far East).

Southeast Asia

A Wa woman carrying her child

Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochinese Peninsula)

S'gaw Karen girls of Khun Yuam District, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand
Akha girl in Laos
Yi/Nuosu women
A Tai Dam lady
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Maritime Southeast Asia (Malay Archipelago)

A Murut man (a member of one of the Dayak ethnicities) in Monsopiad Cultural Village, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, Penampang, Sabah, Borneo Island
Ati woman, the Philippines, 2007 The Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.
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See also: Indigenous peoples of the Philippines

Europe

Irish Travellers in Cork

Some sources describe the Sámi as the only recognized indigenous peoples in Europe, with others describing them as the only indigenous people in the European Union. Other groups, particularly in Central, Western and Southern Europe, that might be considered to fit the description of indigenous peoples in the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, such as the Sorbs, are generally categorized as national minorities instead.

Northern Europe

Eastern Europe

Western Europe

Americas

Main articles: Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

The Americas consist of the supercontinent comprising North and South America, and associated islands.

List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:

North America

Main articles: List of First Nations peoples, Federally recognized tribes, and Indigenous peoples of Mexico

North America includes all of the continent and islands east of the Bering Strait and north of the Isthmus of Panama; it includes Greenland, Canada, United States, Mexico, Central American and Caribbean countries. However a distinction can be made between a broader North America and a narrower Northern America and Middle America due to ethnic and cultural characteristics.

Arctic

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the North American Arctic
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Two Inuit women in traditional amauti (packing parkas)

Subarctic

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic
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Pacific Northwest Coast

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
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Northwest Plateau-Great Basin-California

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Northwest Plateau
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
Great Basin
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
California
Main article: Indigenous peoples of California

Great Plains

Main article: Plains Indians
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White Cloud, Chief of the Iowa, by George Catlin, 1845
Sioux man, 1899

Eastern Woodlands

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
Northeastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
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Southeastern Woodlands
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
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Southwest

Main article: Southwest peoples
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Navajo man in Monument Valley, Utah
Hopi dancers in 2017

Mesoamerica

Tzeltal dancers waiting to perform, San Cristobal
Mayan family from Yucatán
Amuzgos in traditional dress
Mazatec girls performing a dance in Huautla de Jimenez
Huichol woman and child
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Central America

Central America is generally defined as a subregion in North America located between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Darién Gap.

Mam people

Mesoamerica

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Isthmo-Colombian Area

A Kuna woman in traditional dress
Umalali featuring the Garifuna Collective on the Peace Corps World Stage at Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2011
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South America

Main articles: Indigenous peoples in South America and List of Indigenous peoples of South America
Emberá women
Urarina shaman, 1988
Bororo-Boe man from Mato Grosso at Brazil's Indigenous Games, 2007
Pai Tavytera people in Amambay Department, Paraguay, 2012
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Peru

South America generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the Isthmus of Panama.

Isthmo-Colombian Area

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Amazon

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Guianas
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Eastern Highlands (Brazilian Highlands)

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Chaco

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Central Andes

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Southern Cone

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Araucania
Pampas
Patagonia
The Selk'nam of Tierra del Fuego, c. 1915

Caribbean

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
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Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris in 1892

The West Indies, or the Caribbean, generally includes the island chains of the Caribbean Sea, namely the Lucayan Archipelago, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles.

Oceania

Main articles: Indigenous Australians and Pacific Islander

Oceania includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea, New Zealand and the continent of Australia.

List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:

Australia

A group of Aboriginal men in possum-skin cloaks (c. 1858) in Victoria
Aboriginal farmers in Victoria, Australia, 1858
Aboriginal men in Northern Territory, circa 1905

Indigenous Australians include Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and Tiwi Islands as well as Torres Strait Islander peoples from the Torres Strait Islands.

Western Desert

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Kimberley

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Northwest

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Southwest

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Fitzmaurice Basin

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Arnhem Land

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Top End

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Gulf Country

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Cape York

West Cape
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East Cape
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Daintree Rainforest

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Lake Eyre Basin

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Spencer Gulf

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Murray-Darling Basin

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Northeast

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Southeast

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Tasmania

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Torres Strait Islands

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Melanesia

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Fijians
Men wearing traditional nambas during a N'gol ceremony on Pentecost Island, Vanuatu

Melanesia generally includes New Guinea and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the Arafura Sea out to Fiji. The region is mostly inhabited by the Melanesian peoples.

Micronesia

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Micronesia generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the Micronesian peoples.

Polynesia

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Māori man wearing a korowai and piupiu
Samoan family

Polynesia includes New Zealand and the islands of Oceania, and has various Indigenous populations.

Polynesians

Polynesian outliers

Circumpolar

Circumpolar peoples is an umbrella term for the various Indigenous peoples of the Arctic. List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping:

See also

References

Notes

  1. Also known as First peoples, First nations, Aboriginal peoples, Native peoples, Indigenous Natives, or Autochthonous peoples. Since 2020, most style guides have recommend capitalization of "Indigenous" when referring to specific Indigenous peoples as ethnic groups, nations, and the citizens or members of these groups.
  2. The Indigenous people of Vanuatu make up more than 95 percent of a country of just under a quarter of a million people (who speak more than 111 different languages), recognized by the United Nations as simultaneously having Least Developed status and having the world’s greatest cultural and linguistic diversity.

Citations

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  3. McIntosh, Ian (September 2000). "Are there Indigenous Peoples in Asia?". Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  4. ^ Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 2009, p. 6.
  5. Muckle, Robert J. (2012). Indigenous Peoples of North America: A Concise Anthropological Overview. University of Toronto Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4426-0416-2.
  6. "Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System" (PDF). United Nations. p. 2. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
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  8. UNHR Fact Sheet No. 9 2013, p. 3.
  9. Taylor Saito, Natsu (2020). "Unsettling Narratives". Settler Colonialism, Race, and the Law: Why Structural Racism Persist (eBook). NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-0802-6. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2020. ...several thousand nations have been arbitrarly (and generally involuntarily) incorporated into approximately two hundred political constructs we call independent states...
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  12. Bodley 2008, p. 2.
  13. UNHR Fact Sheet No. 9 2013, p. 4.
  14. Jose R. Martinez Cobo
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