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Bayer AG

Company type	Aktiengesellschaft
Traded as	FWB: BAYN
Industry	Pharmaceuticals, chemicals
Founded	August 1, 1863
Founder	Friedrich Bayer, Johann Friedrich Weskott
Headquarters	Leverkusen, Germany
Key people	Marijn Dekkers (CEO), Werner Wenning (Chairman of the supervisory board)
Products	Veterinary drugs, diagnostic imaging, general and specialty medicines, women's health products, over-the-counter drugs, diabetes care, pesticides, plant biotechnology, polymers, coatings, adhesives
Revenue	€39.76 billion (2012)
Operating income	€3.960 billion (2012)
Net income	€2.446 billion (2012)
Total assets	€51.34 billion (end 2012)
Total equity	€18.57 billion (end 2012)
Number of employees	110,500 (FTE, 2012)
Subsidiaries	Bayer MaterialScience, Bayer Corporation, Bayer Schering Pharma, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Bayer CropScience
Website	www.bayer.com

Bayer AG (/ˈbaɪər/; Template:IPA-de) is a German multinational chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen (today a part of Wuppertal), Germany in 1863. It is headquartered in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and well known for its original brand of aspirin. Bayer's primary areas of business include human and veterinary pharmaceuticals; consumer healthcare products; agricultural chemicals and biotechnology products; and high value polymers. The company turned 150 years old on 1 August 2013.

History

Bayer AG was founded in Barmen (today a part of Wuppertal), Germany in 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and his partner, Johann Friedrich Weskott.

Early history

Bayer's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid (originally discovered by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853), a modification of salicylic acid or salicin, a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow plant. By 1899, Bayer's trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid, but because of the confiscation of Bayer's US assets and trademarks during World War I by the United States – and the subsequent widespread usage of the word to describe all brands of the compound —, "Aspirin" lost its trademark status in the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. It is now widely used in the US, UK, and France for all brands of the drug. However in over 80 other countries, such as Canada, Mexico, Germany, and Switzerland, it is still a registered trademark of Bayer.

In 1903 Bayer licensed the patent for the hypnotic drug diethylbarbituic acid from its inventors, Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. It was marketed under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action at Bayer led to the discovery of phenobarbital in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications.

World War I and II

As part of the reparations after World War I, Bayer assets, including the rights to its name and trademarks, were confiscated in the United States, Canada, and several other countries. In the United States and Canada, Bayer's assets and trademarks were acquired by Sterling Drug, a predecessor of Sterling Winthrop.

Bayer became part of IG Farben, a German chemical company conglomerate, in 1925. In the 1930s, IG Farben scientists Gerhard Domagk, Fritz Mietzsch, and Joseph Klarer, discovered Prontosil, the first commercially available antibacterial drug. The discovery and development of this first sulfonamide drug opened a new era in medicine. Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this work in 1939.

During World War II, IG Farben used slave labor in factories attached to large slave labor camps, notably I.G. Auschwitz, and the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. IG Farben engaged in human experimentation on Auschwitz prisoners, often with fatal results. After World War II, the Allies broke up IG Farben and Bayer reappeared as an individual business. IG Farben board member Fritz ter Meer, sentenced to seven years in prison during the IG Farben Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, was elected Bayer's supervisory board head in 1956.

Acquisitions and partnerships

In 1978, Bayer purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and Cutter Laboratories (along with product lines including Alka-Seltzer, Flintstones vitamins and One-A-Day vitamins, and Cutter insect repellent).

In 1994, Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop's over-the-counter drug business from SmithKline Beecham and merged it with Miles Laboratories, thereby reacquiring the U.S. and Canadian trademark rights to "Bayer" and the Bayer cross, as well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada.

On 2 November 2010, Bayer AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland-based animal health company Bomac Group.

Bayer partnered on the development of the radiotherapeutic Xofigo with Algeta, and in 2014 moved to acquire the company for about US$3,000,000,000.

In 2014 Bayer agreed to buy Merck's consumer health business for $14.2 billion which would provide Bayer control with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl's. Bayer would attain second place globally in nonprescription drugs.

Discoveries by Bayer

Bayer has discovered, among others:

• Aspirin, an analgesic, antipyretic, and anticoagulant medicine
• Heroin (diacetylmorphine), a now illegal addictive drug, was originally sold as a substitute for morphine. Heroin was a Bayer trademark, until after World War I.
• Prontosil, the first sulfonamide (while part of IG Farben)
• Ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic used to treat anthrax and urinary tract infections
• Levitra, a treatment for erectile dysfunction
• Polyurethane, a very versatile polymer used for a wide variety of applications
• Polycarbonate, a thermoplastic used in electronics, data storage, and construction (Makrolon).
• Suramin
• Parathion, insecticide
• Propoxur, insecticide
• Primodos, hormone pregnancy testing

Logo

The company's corporate logo, the Bayer cross, was introduced in 1904. It consists of the horizontal word "BAYER" crossed with the vertical word "BAYER", both words sharing the "Y", and enclosed in a circle. An illuminated version of the logo lights up the skyline of Leverkusen, where Bayer is headquartered. Installed in 1958, this is the largest illuminated advertisement in the world.

Operations

To separate operational and strategic managements, Bayer AG was reorganized into a holding company in December 2003. The group's core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by Bayer AG. These companies are: Bayer CropScience AG; Bayer HealthCare AG; Bayer MaterialScience AG and Bayer Chemicals AG, and the three service limited companies Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG. Bayer AG shares are listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the London Stock Exchange and previously on the New York Stock Exchange.

Following the reorganization, its chemicals activities (with the exception of H.C. Starck and Wolff Walsrode) were combined with certain components of the polymers segment to form the new company Lanxess on 1 July 2004. Lanxess was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in early 2005. Bayer HealthCare's Diagnostics Division was acquired by Siemens Medical Solutions in January 2007.

In 2004, Bayer HealthCare AG acquired the over-the-counter (OTC) Pharmaceutical Division of Roche Pharmaceuticals.

On 13 March 2006, Merck KGaA announced a €14.6bn bid for Schering AG. Merck's takeover bid was surpassed by Bayer's $19.5bn bid on 23 March 2006.

On 11 March 2008, Bayer HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel, Inc., a US-based company that markets OTC medications in most of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and others.

Corporate structure

Bayer AG comprises three subgroups and three services companies. The subgroups and service companies operate independently, led by the management holding company.

Bayer CropScience

Bayer CropScience has products in the areas of crop protection (i.e. pesticides), nonagricultural pest control, seeds and plant biotechnology. In addition to conventional agrochemical business, it is involved in genetic engineering of food.

In 2002, Bayer AG acquired Aventis (now part of Sanofi) CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division (Bayer Pflanzenschutz or "Crop Protection") to form Bayer CropScience; the Belgian biotech company Plant Genetic Systems became part of Bayer through the Aventis acquisition. Also in 2002, Bayer AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems, which at the time was one of the world's top five seed companies.

In 2006, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that Bayer CropScience's LibertyLink genetically modified rice had contaminated the U.S. rice supply. Shortly after the public learned of the contamination, the E.U. banned imports of U.S. long-grain rice and the futures price plunged. In April 2010, a Lonoke County, Arkansas jury awarded a dozen farmers $48 million. The case is currently on appeal to the Arkansas Supreme Court. On 1 July 2011 Bayer CropScience agreed to a global settlement for up to $750 million.

In September 2014, the firm announced plans to invest $1 billion in the United States between 2013 and 2016. A Bayer spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the production of its herbicide Liberty. Liberty is used to kill weeds which have grown resistant to Monsanto's product Roundup.

Operations in India

Bayer CropScience is listed on the Indian stock exchanges viz. the Bombay Stock Exchange & National Stock Exchange of India and has a market capitalization of $2 billion.

Bayer BioScience, headquartered in Hyderabad, India has about 400 employees, and has research, production and an extensive sales network spread across India.

Bayer HealthCare

Bayer HealthCare is Bayer's pharmaceutical and medical products subgroup. It is involved in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of products that aim to improve the health of people and animals. Bayer HealthCare comprises a further four subdivisions: Bayer Schering Pharma, Bayer Consumer Care, Bayer Animal Health and Bayer Medical Care.

Bayer Pharma

In 2007, Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering was the largest take-over in Bayer's history. The name was changed to Bayer Pharma in 2011.

Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals is divided into two business units – General Medicine and Specialty Medicine.

Women's healthcare is an example of a General Medicine business unit. Bayer Pharma produces the birth control pills Yaz and Yasmin. Both pills use a newer type of progesterone hormone called drospirenone in combination with estrogen. Yaz is advertised as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and moderate acne. Other key products include the cancer drug Nexavar, the multiple sclerosis drug betaferon/betaseron and the blood-clotting drug, Kogenate.

An example of a Specialty Medicine Business Unit is Diagnostic Imaging. Contrast agents from this unit helps play a crucial role in precise and early diagnosis and the selection of optimal treatment. Diagnostic imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound are used to make tissues and organs visible in their natural position inside the body along with contrast. Work is also focused on the development of tracers for positron emission tomography (PET). The PET tracer florbetaben F18 in Bayer's pipeline makes it possible to recognize beta amyloid, one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, with high accuracy very early on and while the patient is still alive.

Bayer Consumer Care

Bayer Consumer Care manages Bayer's OTC medicines portfolio. Key products include analgesics such as Bayer Aspirin and Aleve, food supplements Redoxon and Berocca, and skincare products Bepanthen and Bepanthol.

In May 2014 it was announced that Bayer would buy Merck & Co's consumer health care unit for $14.2 billion.

Bayer Animal Health

Bayer HealthCare's Animal Health Division is the maker of Advantage Multi (imidacloprid + moxidectin) Topical Solution for dogs and cats, Advantage flea control for cats and dogs and K9 Advantix, a flea, tick, and mosquito control product for dogs. Advantage Multi, K9 Advantix and Advantage are trademarks of Bayer. The division specializes in parasite control and prescription pharmaceuticals for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. North American operation for the Animal Health Division are headquartered in Shawnee, Kansas. Bayer Animal Health is a division of Bayer HealthCare LLC, one of the world's leading healthcare companies.

Bayer Diabetes Care

Bayer Diabetes Care manages Bayer's medical devices portfolio. Key products include the blood glucose monitors Contour Next EZ (XT), Contour, Contour USB and Breeze 2 used in the management of diabetes.

Bayer MaterialScience

Bayer MaterialScience is a supplier of high-tech polymers, and develops solutions for a broad range of applications relevant to everyday life.

Bayer Business Services

Located at the Bayer USA Headquarters in Robinson Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, Bayer Business Services handles the information technology infrastructure and technical support aspect of Bayer USA and Bayer Canada. This is also the headquarters of the North American Service Desk, the central IT Help Desk for all of Bayer USA and Bayer Canada. Bayer Business Services also employs 4500 specialists in India.

Bayer Technology Services

Bayer Technology Services is engaged in process development and in process and plant engineering, construction and optimization.

Currenta

Currenta offers services for the chemical industry, including utility supply, waste management, infrastructure, safety, security, analytics and vocational training.

Products

Current

Pharmaceutical

In 2014 pharmaceutical products contributed €12.05 billion of Bayer's €40.15 billion in gross revenue. Top-selling products included

• Kogenate (recombinant clotting factor VIII). Kogenate is a recombinant version of clotting factor VIII, the absence of deficiency of which causes the abnormal bleeding associated with haemophilia type A. Kogenate is one of several commerically available Factor VIII products having equivalent efficacy.

• Xarelto (rivaroxaban) is a small molecule inhibitor of Factor Xa, a key enzyme involved in blood coagulation. In the United States, the FDA has approved rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke in people with atrial fibrillation, for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in people undergoing hip surgery. Rivaroxaban competes with other newer generation anticoagulants such as apixaban and dabigatran as well as with the generic anticoagulant warfarin. It has similar efficacy to warfarin and is associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding, but unlike warfarin there is no established protocol for rapidly reversing its effects in the event of uncontrolled bleeding or the need for emergency surgery.

• Betaseron is an injectable form of the protein interferon beta used to prevent relapses in the relapsing remitting form of multiple sclerosis. Betaseron competes with other injectable forms of interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, and a variety of newer multiple sclerosis drugs, some of which can be taken orally (Dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, others).

• Yasmin / Yaz birth control pills are part of a group of birth control pill products based on the synthetic progesterone analog drospirenone. Yaz is approved in the United States for the prevention of pregnancy, to treat symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception, and to treat moderate acne in women at least 14 years of age who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception. The FDA has conducted a safety review regarding the potential of Yaz and other drospirenone-containing products to increase the risk of blood clots. Although conflicting results were obtained in different studies, the Agency added a warning to the label that Yaz and related products may be associated with an increased risk of clotting relative to other birth control pill products. Subsequently, a meta analysis suggested that birth control pills of the class Yasmin belongs to raise the risk of blood clots to a greater extent than some other classes of birth control pills.

• Nexavar (sorafenib) is a kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of liver cancer (hepatocelluar carcinoma), kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma), and certain types of thyroid cancer.

• Trasylol (Aprotinin) Trasylol is a trypsin inhibitor used to control bleeding during major surgery. In a 2006 meeting called by the FDA to review the drug's safety, Bayer scientists failed to reveal the results of an on-going large study suggesting that Trasylol may increase the risks of death and stroke. According to a FDA official who preferred to remain anonymous, the FDA learned of the study only through information provided to the FDA by a whistleblowing scientist who was involved in it. The study concluded Trasylol carried greater risks of death, serious kidney damage, congestive heart failure and strokes. On December 15 of the same year the FDA restricted the use of Trasylol, and in Novermber of 2007 they requested that the company suspend marketing. A 2011 Cochrane review concluded that compared to other antifibrinolytics, the use of aprotinin is associated with a 39% increased risk of mortality. In 2011, Health Canada lifted its suspension of Trasylol for its originally approved indication of limiting bleeding in coronary bypass surgery, citing flaws in the design of the studies that led to its suspension.This decision was controversial. In 2013 the European Medicines Agency lifted its suspension of the Trasylol marketing authorization for selected patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery, citing a favorable risk-benefit ratio.

Agricultural

Bayer produces various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and some crop varieties.

• Fungicides are primarily marketed for cereal crops, fresh produce, fungal with bacteria-based pesticides, and control of mildew and rust diseases. Nativo products are a mixture of trifloxystrobin tebuconazole XPro products are a mix of bixafen and prothioconazole, while Luna contains fluopyram and pyrimethanil.

• Herbicides are marketed primarily for field crops and orchards. Liberty brands containing glufosinate are used for general weed control. Capreno containing a mixture of thiencarbazone-methyl and tembotrione is used for for grass and broad-leaf control.

• Insecticides are marketed according to specific crop and insect pest type. Foliar insecticides include Belt containing flubendiamide, which is marketed against Lepidopteran pests, and Movento containing spirotetramat, which is marketed against sucking insects. Neonicotinoids such clothianidin and imidacloprid are used as systemic seed treatments products such as Poncho and Goucho In 2008 neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impacts starting in Germany. Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few non EU countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids.

• Seed varieties consist of various vegetables, canola, and cotton.

Materials science

• Polyurethanes accounted for €6.28 billion revenue in 2014, approximately 15% of overall revenues. Key applications include thermal insulation, adhesives, electrical housings, and as a component of footware and mattresses.

• Polycarbonates are highly impact-resistant plastics that are widely used in electronics, automotive, and construction applications.

Notable Historical Products

Pharmaceutical

• Aspirin - (acetylsalicylic acid) As described above Bayer's first important pharmaceutical product was acetylsalicyclic acid, marketed under the tradename Aspirin. As of 2011, approximately 40 thousands tons of aspirin are produced each year and 10 to 20 billion tablets are taken in the U.S. alone each year for prevention of cardiovascular events.

• Veronal (Barbital) and Phenobarbital As described above Bayer licensed the first barbituate in 1903 from Emil Fischer and marketed it under the name Veronal. Further research led to the discovery of phenobarbital in 1911, which remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications.

• Prontosil was the first widely used antibiotic. Discovered by Bayer chemists Josef Klarer and Fritz Mietzsch and physician Gerhard Domagk, its discovery was the subject of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

• Baycol (Cerivastatin)- After 52 deaths were blamed on an alleged side effect of Bayer's anticholesterol drug Baycol, its manufacture and sale were discontinued in 2001. The side effect was rhabdomyolysis, causing renal failure, which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class.

• Cipro (ciprofloxacin) Ciprofloxacin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987. Ciprofloxacin is the most widely used of the second-generation quinolone antibiotics that came into clinical use in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 2010, over 20 million outpatient prescriptions were written for ciprofloxacin, making it the 35th-most commonly prescribed drug, and the 5th-most commonly prescribed antibacterial, in the US.

Bayer 04 Leverkusen

In 1904, the company founded the sports club TuS 04 ("Turn- und Spielverein der Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co."), later SV Bayer 04 ("Sportvereinigung Bayer 04 Leverkusen"), finally becoming TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen ("Turn- und Sportverein") in 1984, generally, however, known simply as Bayer 04 Leverkusen. The club is best known for its football team, but has been involved in many other sports, including athletics, fencing, team handball, volleyball, boxing, and basketball. TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany. The company also supports similar clubs at other company sites, including Dormagen (particularly handball), Wuppertal (particularly volleyball), and Krefeld-Uerdingen (featuring another former Bundesliga football club, SC Bayer 05 Uerdingen, now KFC Uerdingen 05).

Controversies

Aspirin discoverer

Arthur Eichengrün, a Bayer chemist, claimed to be the first to discover an aspirin formulation which did not have the unpleasant side effects of nausea and gastric pain. Eichengrün also claimed he invented the name aspirin and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy. Bayer contends aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffman to alleviate the sufferings of his father, who had arthritis. Various sources support the conflicting claims. Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Felix Hoffman and/or Arthur Eichengrün.

HIV infected blood products

A cite from Archived 2007-01-29 at the Wayback Machine:

"After 1978, there were four major companies in the United States engaged in the manufacture, production and sale of Factor VIII and IX: Armour Pharmaceutical Company, Bayer Corporation and its Cutter Biological division, Baxter Healthcare and its Hyland Pharmaceutical division and Alpha Therapeutic Corporation, which have been or are defendants in certain lawsuits.

"The plaintiffs allege that the companies manufactured and sold blood factor products as beneficial "medicines" that were, in fact, contaminated with HIV and/or HCV and resulted in the mass infection and/or deaths of thousands of haemophiliacs worldwide."

Chemical accidents

On 28 August 2008, an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at Institute, West Virginia, United States. A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees. The ruptured tank was close to a methyl isocyanate tank which was undamaged by the explosion.

Awards and recognition

In October 2008, Bayer's Canadian division was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. The Canadian division was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by the Toronto Star newspaper. Bayer USA was given a score of 85 (out of 100) in the Human Rights Campaign's 2011 Corporate Equality Index, a measure of gay and lesbian workplace equality.

See also

• List of German companies
• List of pharmaceutical companies

Notes and references

1. ^ Bayer: 150 years - The early years (1863–1881)
2. ^ "Annual Report 2012". Bayer. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
3. ^ Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD (December 2012). "How phenobarbital revolutionized epilepsy therapy: the story of phenobarbital therapy in epilepsy in the last 100 years". Epilepsia. 53 Suppl 8: 26–39. doi:10.1111/epi.12026. PMID 23205960.
4. ^ López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C (December 2005). "The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 1 (4): 329–43. PMC 2424120. PMID 18568113.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Hager, Thomas: The Demon Under the Microscope: From Battlefield Hospitals to Nazi Labs, One Doctor's Heroic Search for the World's First Miracle Drug. Harmony Books 2006. ISBN 1-4000-8214-5
6. "Gerhard Domagk - Biographical".
7. "Wollheim Memorial". Frankfurt am Main: Fritz Bauer Institute.
8. Various (2005). "Historia de los campos de concentración: El sistema de campos de concentración nacionalsocialista, 1933–1945: un modelo europeo". Memoriales históricos, 1933–1945 (in Spanish).
9. Rees, Laurence (2005). Aushchwitz. London: BBC Books. p. 232. ISBN 0 563 52296 8.
10. "Auschwitz:60 Year Anniversary- the Role of IG Farben-Bayer". Ahrp.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
11. "Bayer Acquires Animal Health Co Bomac In New Zealand". Nasdaq. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
12. "Algeta Board OKs $2.9B Acquisition by Bayer". Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News (paper). Vol. 34, no. 2. 15 January 2014. p. 10.
13. http://spiderbook.com/company/117638/details?rel=304110&show_current=True&show_others=True&people_page=0&document_page=0&current_tab=supporting_documents
14. Bayer HealthCare to acquire OTC Business of Sagmel, Inc, official press release
15. "Bayer Buys Over-the-Counter Health Unit From Sagmel". Bloomberg. 11 March 2008.
16. ^ "Annual Report 2010". Bayer. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
17. Fruitnet. April 4, 2014 Bayer Cropscience rebrands Nunhems
18. Ram HH and Yadava, R. Genetic Resources and Seed Enterprises: Management and Policies. New India Publishing, 2007 ISBN 9788189422653
19. "Bayer Settles With Farmers Over Modified Rice Seeds". The New York Times. 1 July 2011. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
20. Bayer CropScience to invest $1 billion in U.S. by 2016. Reuters, 4 September 2014
21. http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/pesticides-agro-chemicals/bayercropscience/BC12
22. Bayer
23. Bayer launches multi-crop breeding station in Hyderabad | Business Line
24. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-06/bayer-to-buy-merck-consumer-health-unit-for-14-2-billion.html
25. http://www.bayergroupindia.com/bbs.html
26. Bayer 2014 Annual report, available at http://www.investor.bayer.com/en/overview/
27. "labeling.bayerhealthcare.com" (PDF).
28. Mannucci PM, Mancuso ME, Santagostino E (2012). "How we choose factor VIII to treat hemophilia". Blood. 119 (18): 4108–14. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-01-394411. PMID 22411872.
29. "www.accessdata.fda.gov" (PDF).
30. Sardar P, Chatterjee S, Wu WC, Lichstein E, Ghosh J, Aikat S, Mukherjee D (2013). "New oral anticoagulants are not superior to warfarin in secondary prevention of stroke or transient ischemic attacks, but lower the risk of intracranial bleeding: insights from a meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparisons". PLoS ONE. 8 (10): e77694. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077694. PMC 3808395. PMID 24204920.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
31. "labeling.bayerhealthcare.com" (PDF).
32. "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Updated information about the risk of blood clots in women taking birth control pills containing drospirenone".
33. Stegeman BH, de Bastos M, Rosendaal FR; et al. (2013). "Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis". BMJ. 347: f5298. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5298. PMC 3771677. PMID 24030561. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
34. Hasskarl J (2014). "Sorafenib: targeting multiple tyrosine kinases in cancer". Recent Results Cancer Res. 201: 145–64. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54490-3_8. PMID 24756790.
35. "FDA Statement Regarding New Trasylol Data".
36. David Gardiner Harris for the New York Times. September 30, 2006 F.D.A. Says Bayer Failed to Reveal Drug Risk Study
37. "FDA Revises Labeling for Trasylol (Aprotinin Injection) to Strengthen Safety Warnings and Limit Usage of Drug to Specific Situations".
38. "FDA Requests Marketing Suspension of Trasylol".
39. Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, O'Connell D, Stokes BJ, Fergusson DA, Ker K (2011). "Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD001886. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001886.pub3. PMID 21249650.
40. "MedEffect - Health Canada's Response to the Final Report of the Expert Advisory Panel on Trasylol (aprotinin)".
41. Wood, Shelly (29 September 2014). "Aprotinin Reintroduction Puts Lives at Risk in Canada, EU". Medscape. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
42. McMullan V, Alston RP (2013). "III. Aprotinin and cardiac surgery: a sorry tale of evidence misused". Br J Anaesth. 110 (5): 675–8. doi:10.1093/bja/aet008. PMID 23599511.
43. "www.ema.europa.eu" (PDF).
44. "Bayer's Agricultural Products". Retrieved 15 April 2015.
45. "Fungicide list". Retrieved 15 April 2015.
46. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-129112_20-Sep-99.pdf "Nativo label" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
47. "Xpro label" (PDF).
48. "Luna label" (PDF).
49. "Herbicide list".
50. "Liberty label" (PDF).
51. "Capreno label" (PDF).
52. "Insecticide list".
53. "Belt label" (PDF).
54. "Movento label" (PDF).
55. "Poncho label" (PDF).
56. "Goucho label" (PDF).
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    "Nature Studies by Michael McCarthy: Have we learned nothing since 'Silent Spring'?" The Independent 7 January 2011
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Further reading

• Blaschke, Stefan (1999). Unternehmen und Gemeinde: Das Bayerwerk im Raum Leverkusen 1891–1914. Cologne: SH-Verlag, ISBN 3-89498-068-0
• Tenfelde, Klaus (2007). Stimmt die Chemie? : Mitbestimmung und Sozialpolitik in der Geschichte des Bayer-Konzerns. Essen: Klartext, ISBN 978-3-89861-888-5

External links

• Official website
• http://www.wonderdrug.com/ The original Bayer Aspirin

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