Spengler's civilization model: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively ← Previous edit Next edit →Content deleted Content addedVisual WikitextInline

Revision as of 03:37, 19 May 2014 view source89.110.7.169 (talk) Undid revision 609128016 by Bobrayner (talk)← Previous edit		Revision as of 03:47, 19 May 2014 view source TheRedPenOfDoom (talk \| contribs)Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers135,756 editsm Reverted edits by 89.110.7.169 (talk) to last version by BobraynerNext edit →
Line 1:		Line 1:
			#redirect]
	]'s civilization model appears as three tables on a three-page-long folded sheet, placed after the Introduction to his '']'': ''Gestalt und Wirklichkeit''. The English translation, published by ] in New York in 1926 as ''The Decline of the West: Form and Actuality'', carries these tables at the end of the volume. For their meaning and significance, see the ].

	== Spiritual epochs ==
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"
	\|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
	! style="width:20%" \| Phase
	! style="width:20%" \| Indian<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">from 1500 BC</span>
	! style="width:20%" \| Classical<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">from 1100 BC</span>
	! style="width:20%" \| Arabian<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">from 0</span>
	! style="width:20%" \| Western<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">from 900</span>
	\|-
	! rowspan="4" \| Spring<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Landscapely intuitive. Great creations of the newly awakened dream-heavy soul. Suprapersonal unity and fullness</span>
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Birth of a myth of the grand style expressing a new God-feeling. World-fear and world-longing
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 1500–1200 BC
	*]
	*] hero-tales
	\| valign="top" \| 1100–800 BC
	* ] "]" religion of the people
	* ]
	* ] and ] legends
	\| valign="top" \| 1–300
	* ] (], ], ])
	* ] (], ])

	* ]
	* ]s
	* Christian, ] and pagan legends
	\| valign="top" \| 900–1200
	* German ]
	* ] (])
	* ], ], ]
	* Popular epos (])
	* Chivalric epos (])
	* ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Earliest mystical-metaphysical shaping of the new world-outlook. Zenith of Scholasticism
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Preserved in the oldest parts of the ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	*Oldest (oral) ], ] discipline
	* After-effect: ], ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 254), ] († 269)
	* ] († 276), ] († 330)
	* ], ], ] literature
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 1274)
	* ] († 1308)
	* ] († 1321)
	* ] († 1329)
	* ]
	* ]
	\|-
	! rowspan="8" \| Summer<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Ripening consciousness. Earliest urban and critical stirrings</span>
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Reformation: internal popular opposition to the great springtime forms
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 10th–9th century BC
	* ]s, oldest elements of the ]
	\| valign="top" \| 7th century BC
	* ]
	* ] religion
	* Religion of ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 430)
	* ] (''ca.'' 430)
	* ] (''ca.'' 450)
	* ] (''ca.'' 500)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 1464)
	* ] († 1415), ], ], ], ] († 1564)
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Beginning of a purely philosophical form of the world-feeling. Opposition of idealistic and realistic systems
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Preserved in the Upanishads
	\| valign="top" \| 6th–5th century BC
	*The great ]
	\| valign="top" \| 6–7th century
	* Byzantine, Jewish, Syrian, Coptic and Persian literature
	\| valign="top" \| 16–17th century
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Formation of a new mathematic conception of number as copy and content of world-form
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Missing
	\| valign="top" \|
	Number as magnitude (measure)
	* ], ]
	* ] (from 540)
	\| valign="top" \|
	The indefinite number (])
	* Development not yet investigated
	\| valign="top" \|
	Number as ] (])
	* ], ], ] (''ca.'' 1630)
	* ], ] (''ca.'' 1670)
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Puritanism. Rationalistic-mystic impoverishment of religion
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Traces in the Upanishads
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] (from 540)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] (622)
	* ] and ] (from 650)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* English ] since 1620
	* French ] since 1640 (])
	\|-
	! rowspan="6" \| Autumn<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Intelligence of the city. Zenith of rigorous conceptualization</span>
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| "Enlightenment". Belief in the almightiness of reason. Cult of "Nature". "Rational" religion
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \|
	]s; ]; ]; later Upanishads
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] (5th century BC)
	* ] († 399 BC)
	* ] († ''ca.'' 360 BC)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Zenith of mathematical thought. Elucidation of the world of numerical concepts
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Zero as a number
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 365)
	* ] († 346)
	* ] († 355) (])
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 1783), ] († 1813)
	* ] († 1827) (])
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| The great conclusive systems
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \|
	''Idealism:'' ], ]
	''Epistemology:'' ]
	''Logic:'' ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 346 BC)
	* ] († 322 BC)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 950)
	* ] († ''ca.'' 1000)
	\| valign="top" \|
	], ]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	\|-
	! rowspan="10" \| Winter<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Onset of cosmopolitan civilization. End of crystallization of emotions into concepts. Life itself becomes problematical. Ethical-practical tendencies of a realized cosmopolitanism</span>
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Crystallized world-view. Cult of ] understanding and emotionlessness
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \|
	], ] (Lokoyata)
	\| valign="top" \|
	]s, ], last Sophists (]n)
	\| valign="top" \|
	*], ], ] sects of ] times
	*]
	\| valign="top" \|
	], ], ], ], ], ], ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Ethical-social ideals of life. Epoch of "nonmathematical philosophy". "Skepsis"
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Tendencies in ]'s time
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]
	* ] († 270 BC), ] († 265 BC)
	\| valign="top" \| Movements in ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ], ]
	* ], ]
	*], ], ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Inner completion of the world of mathematical concepts. The concluding thought
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| (lost)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ], ] (''ca.'' 300 BC)
	* ] (''ca.'' 250 BC)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] (800), ] (850)
	* ], ] (10th century)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] († 1855), ] († 1857)
	* ] († 1866)
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center"\|Degradation of abstract thinking into professional lecture-room philosophy. Compendium literature
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \|
	* The "]"
	\| valign="top" \|
	* The ], ]s, ], ]
	\| valign="top" \| Schools of ] and ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Spread of a final world-sentiment
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Indian ] since 500
	\| valign="top" \| Hellenistic-Roman ] since 200
	\| valign="top" \| The practical ] in Islam since 1000
	\| valign="top" \| The spread of ethical ] from 1900
	\|}

	== Artistic epochs ==

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"
	\|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
	! colspan="2" style="width:20%" \| Phase
	! style="width:20%" \| Egyptian
	! style="width:20%" \| Classical
	! style="width:20%" \| Arabian
	! style="width:20%" \| Western
	\|-
	! colspan="2" \| Precultural period <br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Chaos of primitive expression forms. Mystical symbolism and naive imitation</span>
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] (3400–3000 BC)
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] age (1600–1100 BC)
	* Late Egyptian (])
	* Late ]n (])
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]-] period (500 BC–0)
	* Late classical (])
	* Late Indian (])
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]-] era (500–900)
	\|-
	! rowspan="11" \| Culture<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Life history of a style formative of the entire outer being. Form-language of deepest symbolic necessity</span>
	! rowspan="5" \| Early period<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Ornamentation and architecture as elementary expression of the young world-feeling (the "primitives")</span>
	\| valign="top" \|
	] (2900–2400 BC)
	\| valign="top" \|
	] (1100–500 BC)
	\| valign="top" \|
	EARLY ARABIAN FORM-WORLD (], ], ], Syrian, ], "late classical" and "early Christian") (0–500)
	\| valign="top" \|
	] (900–1500)
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Birth and rise. Forms sprung from the land, unconsciously shaped
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \|
	Dynasties ]–] (2930–2625 BC)
	* Geometrical temple style
	* ]
	* Ranked plant-columns
	* Rows of flat relief
	* Tomb statues
	\| valign="top" \| 11th–9th centuries BC
	* Timber building
	* ]
	* ]
	* Geometric (]) style
	* Burial urns
	\| valign="top" \| 1st–3rd centuries
	* Ritual interiors
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 11–13th centuries
	* ]
	* ]
	* Dome
	* ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Completion of the early form-language. Exhaustion of possibilities. Contradiction
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 2320–2200 BC
	* ]
	* End of pyramid and epic relief styles
	* Bloom of archaic portraits.
	\| valign="top" \| 8th–7th centuries BC
	* End of Dorian and Etruscan styles
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 4th–5th centuries
	* End of Persian, Syrian, and Coptic arts
	*]
	*]
	\| valign="top" \| 14–15th centuries
	* Late Gothic and ]
	* Bloom and end of ] and ], from ] to ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* Panel painting from ] to ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\|-
	! rowspan="6" \| Late period<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Formation of a group of urbanely exquisite arts in the hands of individuals (the "great masters")</span>
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Formation of a mature artistry
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 2130–1990 BC
	* ]
	* No trace of lost art
	\| valign="top" \|
	* Completion of the temple (])
	*]
	*] (460)
	* ] of ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	*Completion of the mosque (])
	*Completion of the arabesque style (])
	\| valign="top" \|
	*Architectural painting from Michelangelo to ] († 1680)
	*Dominance of oil painting from ] to ] († 1669)
	* Rise of music from ] to ] († 1672)
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Perfection of an intellectualized form-language
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 1990–1790 BC
	* ]
	* Use of ]s in temple construction
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 480–350 BC
	* Bloom of ]
	* ]
	* Rule of classical forms from ] to ]
	* Decline of fresco and clay painting (])
	\| valign="top" \| 7–8th centuries
	* ] dynasty
	* Complete victory of featureless arabesque over architecture also
	\| valign="top" \|
	]
	* Musical architecture ("rococo")
	* Reign of classical music from ] to ]
	* End of classical oil painting from ] to ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Exhaustion of strict creativeness. Dissolution of grand form. End of style. "Classicism and romanticism"
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| Confusion after about 1750
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* ] (''ca.'' 800)
	* "Moorish art"
	\| valign="top" \|
	* Classicist taste in architecture
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\|-
	! colspan="2" rowspan="6" \| Civilization<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Existence without inner form. Cosmopolitan art as a habit, luxury, sport, thrill. Rapidly changing fashions in art (revivals, arbitrary inventions, borrowings)</span>
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Modern art. "Art problems". Attempts to portray or to excite the metropolitan consciousness. Transformation of music, architecture and painting into mere craft arts
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| ] period (1675–1550 BC). Preserved only in ] (])
	\| valign="top" \| ]
	* ] art (theatricality)
	* Hellenistic painting modes (], bizarre, subjective)
	* Archetictual display in the cities of the ]
	\| valign="top" \| ] dynasties of 9th–10th centuries
	* Prime of Spanish-Sicilian art
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 19th and 20th centuries
	* ], ], ]
	* ] from ] to ] and ]
	* ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| End of form development. Meaningless, empty, artificial, pretentious architecture and ornament. Imitation of archaic and exotic motives
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| ] (1550–1328 BC)
	* Rock temple of ]. ]. Art of ] and ]
	\| valign="top" \| Roman period (100 BC–100 AD)
	* Indiscriminate piling of all three orders. Fora, theaters (]). ]es
	\| valign="top" \| ] (since 1050)
	* "Oriental art" of the ] period
	\| valign="top" \| From 2000
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| Finale. Formation of a fixed stock of forms. Imperial display by means of material and mass. Provincial craft art
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| ] (1328–1195 BC)
	* Gigantic buildings of ], ], and ]
	* Small art (animal sculpture, textiles, arms)
	\| valign="top" \| ] to ]
	* Gigantic fora, ], colonnades, ]es
	* Roman provincial art (ceramics, statues, arms)
	\| valign="top" \| ] (from 1250)
	* Gigantic buildings (e.g. in India)
	* Oriental craft art (rugs, arms, implements)
	\| valign="top" \|
	\|}

	===Corrections===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"
	\|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
	! German original
	! Alfred A. Knopf's 1926 edition
	! Current version
	! Comment
	\|-
	\| Lebensgeschichte eines das gesamte äußere Sein formenden Stils.
	\| Life-history of a style formative of the entire inner-being.
	\| Life history of a style formative of the entire outer being.
	\| ''Äußer'' is "outer", not "inner"
	\|-
	\| Bildung einer Gruppe städtisch-bewußter, gewählter, von Einzelnen getragener Künste: "Die großen Meister"
	\| (Formation of a group of arts urban and conscious, in the hands of individuals) ("Great Masters")
	\| Formation of a group of urbanely exquisite arts in the hands of individuals (the "great masters")
	\| ''Städtisch-bewußt'' means "urbane", not "urban and conscious". ''Gewählt'' means "exquisite"
	\|-
	\| Weltstadtkunst als Gewohnheit, Luxus, Sport, Nervenreiz.
	\| Megalopolitan art as a common-place: luxury, sport, nerve excitement:
	\| Cosmopolitan art as a habit, luxury, sport, thrill.
	\| ''Weltstadt'' is "cosmopolis". Not every megalopolis is a cosmopolis
	\|-
	\| willkürliche Erfindungen
	\| arbitrary discoveries
	\| arbitrary inventions
	\|
	\|-
	\| Tierplastik
	\| beast plastic
	\| animal sculpture
	\| The Egyptian plastic art includes relief sculptures of birds and arthropods. Therefore, in this instance, ''Tier'' means "animal", not "beast": ''Der Vogel ist ein Tier''
	\|-
	\|}

	== Political epochs ==

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"
	\|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
	! colspan="2" style="width:20%" \| Phase
	! style="width:20%" \| Egyptian
	! style="width:20%" \| Classical
	! style="width:20%" \| Chinese
	! style="width:20%" \| Western
	\|-
	! colspan="2" \| Precultural period<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Primitive folk. Tribes and their chiefs. As yet no "politics" and no "state"</span>
	\| valign="top" \| ] (]) 3100–2600
	\| valign="top" \| ] age<br />("]") 1600–1100
	\| valign="top" \| ] period 1700–1300
	\| valign="top" \| Frankish period<br />] 500–900
	\|-
	! rowspan="13" \| Culture<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">National groups of definite style and particular world-feeling ("nations"). Working of an immanent state-idea</span>
	! rowspan="5" \| Early period<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Organic differentiation of political existence. The first two estates—nobility and priesthood.<br />Feudal ]</span>
	\| valign="top" \| OLD KINGDOM 2600–2200
	\| valign="top" \| DORIC PERIOD 1100–650
	\| valign="top" \| EARLY ] PERIOD 1300–800
	\| valign="top" \| GOTHIC PERIOD 900–1500
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 1. Feudalism. Spirit of countryside and countryman. The "city" only a market or stronghold. Chivalric-religious ideals. Struggles of vassals amongst themselves and against overlord
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \|
	* Feudal conditions of IV and V dynasties (2550–2320 BC)
	* Increasing power of feudatories and priesthoods. The pharaoh as incarnation of ]
	\| valign="top" \|
	* The Homeric kingship
	* Rise of the nobility (], ], ])
	\| valign="top" \| The central ruler (]) pressed hard by the feudal nobility
	\| valign="top" \|
	* Roman-German imperial period
	* Crusading nobility
	* Empire and ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 2. Crisis and dissolution of patriarchal forms. From feudalism to aristocratic state
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \|
	* VI dynasty (2320–2200 BC): Breakup of the kingdom into heritable principalities.
	* VII and VIII dynasties: Interregnum
	\| valign="top" \|
	* Aristocratic synoecism
	* Dissolution of kingship into annual offices
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 934–904: ] and the vassals
	* 842: Interregnum
	\| valign="top" \|
	* Territorial princes
	* Renaissance towns. ] and ]
	* 1254: Interregnum
	\|-
	! rowspan="8" \| Late period<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">Actualization of the matured state-idea. Town versus countryside: emergence of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie). Victory of money over ]</span>
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| MIDDLE KINGDOM 2150–1800
	\| valign="top" \| IONIC PERIOD 650–300
	\| valign="top" \| LATE CHOU PERIOD 800–500
	\| valign="top" \| BAROQUE PERIOD 1500–1800
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 3. Fashioning of a world of states of strict form. Frondes
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 11th dynasty
	*Overthrow of the baronage by the rulers of Thebes
	*Centralized bureaucracy-state
	\| valign="top" \| 6th century
	*The first tyrannis (Cleisthenes, Periander, Polycrates, the ])
	*The city-state
	\| valign="top" \| Period of the "Protectors" (Ming-Chu 685–591) and the congresses of princes (–460)
	\| valign="top" \| Dynastic family-power, and Fronde (], ], ])—''ca.'' 1630
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 4. Climax of the state-form ("absolutism"). Unity of town and country ("state" and "society", the "three estates")
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 1990–1790: 12th dynasty
	*Strictest centralization of power
	*Court and finance nobility
	*], ]
	\| valign="top" \| The pure polis (absolutism of the ])
	*Agora politics
	*Rise of the tribunate
	*], ]
	\| valign="top" \| 590–480: Chun-Chiu period (])
	*Seven powers
	*Perfection of social forms (Li)
	\| valign="top" \| ]. Rococo. Court nobility of Versailles. Cabinet politics. ] and ]. Louis XIV, ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 5. Break-up of the state-form (revolution and Napoleonism). Victory of the city over the countryside (of the "people" over the privileged, of the intelligentsia over tradition, of money over politics)
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 1788–1680: Revolution and military government. Decay of the realm. Small potentates, in some cases sprung from the people
	\| valign="top" \| 4th century: Social revolution and the second tyrannis (Dionysus I, Jason of Pherae, ])
	'']''
	\| valign="top" \| 480: Beginning of the ]
	441: Fall of the Chou dynasty. Revolutions and annihilation-wars
	\| valign="top" \| End of the 18th century: Revolution in America and France (], Fox, ], ])
	'']''
	\|-
	! colspan="2" rowspan="6" \| Civilization<br /><span style="font-size:smaller">The body of the people, now essentially urban in constitution, dissolves into a formless mass. Cosmopolis and provinces. The Fourth Estate (the "masses")—inorganic, cosmopolitan</span>
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 1. Domination of money ("democracy"). Economic powers permeating the political forms and authorities
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 1675–1550: ] period. Deepest decline. Dictatures of alien generals (Chian). After 1600, definitive victory of the rulers of ]
	\| valign="top" \| 300–100: Political ]. From Alexander to ] and ], royal all-power; from ] and ] (220) to ], radical demagogues
	\| valign="top" \| 480–230: Period of the "]"
	* 288: The imperial title. The imperialist statesmen of ]
	* From 289, incorporation of the last states into the empire
	\| valign="top" \| 1800–2000
	* 19th century: From Napoleon to ]. "System of great powers", standing armies, constitutions
	* 20th century: Transition from constitutional to informal sway of individuals. Annihilation wars. ]
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 2. Formation of Caesarism. Victory of force-politics over money. Increasing primitiveness of political forms. Inward decline of the nations into a formless population, and constitution thereof as an imperium of gradually increasing crudity of despotism
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 1580–1350: ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 100 BC–100 AD: ] to ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 250 BC–26 AD: House of Wang-Cheng and ]
	* 221 BC: Augustus title (Shi) of emperor (Hwang-ti)
	* 140–80 BC: ]
	\| valign="top" \| 2000–2200
	\|-
	\| colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;background: #f0f0ff;text-align:center" \| 3. Maturing of the final form. Private and family policies of individual leaders. The world as spoil. Egypticism, mandarinism, Byzantinism. Historyless stiffening and enfeeblement even of the imperial machinery, against young peoples eager for spoil, or alien conquerors. Primitive human conditions slowly thrust up into the highly civilized mode of living
	\|-
	\| valign="top" \| 1350–1205: ]
	* ]
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 100–300: ] to ]
	* Trajan
	* ]
	\| valign="top" \| 25–320: ]
	* 58–71: ]
	\| valign="top" \| after 2200
	\|}

	===Corrections===
	{\| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"
	\|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
	! German original
	! Alfred A. Knopf's 1926 edition
	! Current version
	! Comment
	\|-
	\| Organische Gliederung des politischen Daseins.
	\| Organic articulation of political existence.
	\| Organic differentiation of political existence.
	\| "Articulation" means "jointing together", whereas ''Gliederung'' means "separation into parts", "differentiation"
	\|-
	\| Die beiden frühen Stande: Adel und Priestertum.
	\| The two prime classes (noble and priest).
	\| The first two estates—nobility and priesthood.
	\|
	\|-
	\| Feudalwirtschaft der reinen Bodenwerte
	\| Feudal economics; purely agrarian values
	\| Feudal ]
	\| ''Wirtschaft'' is "economy", not "economics"
	\|-
	\| Auflösung des Königtums in Jahresämter
	\| Dissolution of kinship into annual offices
	\| Dissolution of kingship into annual offices
	\|
	\|-
	\| Die Stadt gegen das Land: Entstehung des Dritten Standes .
	\| Town versus countryside. Rise of Third Estate (Bourgeoisie).
	\| Town versus countryside: emergence of the Third Estate (bourgeoisie).
	\| "Rise" is unsuitable because it can mean just an improvement in status
	\|-
	\| Sieg des Geldes über die Güter
	\| Victory of money over landed property
	\| Victory of money over ]
	\| In literal translation, "Victory of money over goods"
	\|-
	\| Sieg ... des Geldes über die Politik
	\| Victory ... of money over policy
	\| Victory ... of money over politics
	\| A policy is a plan of action adopted by a government. The word "politics", in this context, denotes the policy-formulating aspects of government
	\|-
	\| Periode Tschun-tsiu 590–480.
	\| Chun-Chiu period (" Spring" and "Autumn"), 590–480
	\| 590–480: Chun-Chiu period (])
	\|-
	\| Weltstadt und Provinz:
	\| Megalopolis and provinces.
	\| Cosmopolis and provinces.
	\| ''Weltstadt'' is "cosmopolis". Not every megalopolis is a cosmopolis
	\|-
	\| Geschichtsloses Erstarren
	\| History less stiffening
	\| Historyless stiffening
	\|
	\|-
	\|}

	==References==
	{{reflist}}

	==External links==

	The following links to print versions of the tables are provided for verification purposes.<br />
	In German:
	*
	*
	*
	In English:
	* Spengler, Oswald ♦ v. 1 (©1926) and v. 2 (©1928), Alfred A. Knopf

	]

Revision as of 03:47, 19 May 2014

Redirect to:

The Decline of the West