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'''Daniel Jonah Goldhagen''' (born June 30, 1959)<ref>''U.S. Public Records Index'' Vol 1 & 2 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010.</ref> is an American author and former ] of ] and social studies at ]. Goldhagen reached international attention and broad criticism as the author of two controversial books about ]: '']'' (1996) and '']'' (2002). He is also the author of '']'' (2009), which examines the phenomenon of ]. '''Daniel Jonah Goldhagen''' (born June 30, 1959)<ref>''U.S. Public Records Index'' Vol 1 & 2 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010.</ref> is an American author and former ] of ] and social studies at ]. Goldhagen reached a global audience as the author of two books about ]: '']'' (1996) and '']'' (2002). He is also the author of '']'' (2009), which examines the phenomenon of ], and ''The Devil That Never Dies,'' in which he traces a worldwide rise in virulent ]. (2013).<ref></ref>


==Early life== ==Biography==
Goldhagen was born June 30, 1959 in ] to Erich and Norma Goldhagen. He grew up in nearby ].<ref name="NYT960401">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Dinita|date=April 1, 1996|title=Challenging a View of the Holocaust|journal=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/01/books/challenging-a-view-of-the-holocaust.html|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref> His wife Sarah (née Williams) is an ] historian, and critic for '']'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnr.com/masthead|title=The New Republic Masthead|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> Daniel Goldhagen was born in ] to Erich and Norma Goldhagen. He grew up in nearby ].<ref name="NYT960401">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Dinita|date=April 1, 1996|title=Challenging a View of the Holocaust|journal=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/01/books/challenging-a-view-of-the-holocaust.html|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref> His wife Sarah (née Williams) is an ] historian, and critic for '']'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnr.com/masthead|title=The New Republic Masthead|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref>


Goldhagen's father, retired Harvard professor ], is a Holocaust survivor who lived in a ]–]ish ghetto in ] (present-day ]).<ref name="NYT960401" /> He credits his father as a "model of intellectual sobriety and probity".<ref name="b616">{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1997}}</ref> Goldhagen has written that his "understanding of Nazism and of the Holocaust is firmly indebted" to his father's influence.<ref name=b616 /> In 1977, Goldhagen entered ] and remained there for some twenty years, first as an undergraduate and graduate student, then as an assistant professor in the Government and Social Studies Department.<ref name="HUG970109">{{cite journal|last=Ruber|first=Deborah Bradley|date=January 9, 1997|title=Goldhagen Wins German Prize For Holocaust Book|journal=The Harvard University Gazette|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/01.09/GoldhagenWinsGe.html|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref><ref name="DJG_web_bio">{{cite web|url=http://goldhagen.com/bio|title=Daniel Jonah Goldhagen's Website|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> Goldhagen's father, retired Harvard professor ], is a Holocaust survivor who lived in a ]–]ish ghetto in ] (present-day ]).<ref name="NYT960401" /> He credits his father as a "model of intellectual sobriety and probity".<ref name="b616">{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1997}}</ref> Goldhagen has written that his "understanding of Nazism and of the Holocaust is firmly indebted" to his father's influence.<ref name=b616 /> In 1977, Goldhagen entered ] and remained there for some twenty years, first as an undergraduate and graduate student, then as an assistant professor in the Government and Social Studies Department.<ref name="HUG970109">{{cite journal|last=Ruber|first=Deborah Bradley|date=January 9, 1997|title=Goldhagen Wins German Prize For Holocaust Book|journal=The Harvard University Gazette|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/01.09/GoldhagenWinsGe.html|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref><ref name="DJG_web_bio">{{cite web|url=http://goldhagen.com/bio|title=Daniel Jonah Goldhagen's Website|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref>
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During early graduate studies, he attended a lecture by ], in which he had what he describes as a "lightbulb moment": the ] debate did not address the question, “When Hitler ordered the annihilation of the Jews, why did people execute the order?” Goldhagen wanted to investigate ''who'' the German men and women who killed the Jews were and their reasons for killing.<ref name="NYT960401" /> During early graduate studies, he attended a lecture by ], in which he had what he describes as a "lightbulb moment": the ] debate did not address the question, “When Hitler ordered the annihilation of the Jews, why did people execute the order?” Goldhagen wanted to investigate ''who'' the German men and women who killed the Jews were and their reasons for killing.<ref name="NYT960401" />


==Academic and literary career==
==Career==
As a graduate student, Goldhagen undertook research in the German archives.<ref name="NYT960401" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Breakdown, Breakup, Breakthrough: Germany's Difficult Passage To Modernity|editor=Carl F. Lankowski|publisher=Berghahn Books, Incorporated|date=August 1999|isbn=978-1-57181-211-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hb1KXgxs03UC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=goldhagen+Ludwigsburg,+Germany&q=goldhagen%20Ludwigsburg%2C%20Germany}}</ref> The thesis of ''Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust'' proposes that, during the ], many killers were ordinary Germans, who killed for having been raised in a profoundly ] culture, and thus were acculturated — "ready and willing" — to execute the Nazi government's genocidal plans. As a graduate student, Goldhagen undertook research in the German archives.<ref name="NYT960401" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Breakdown, Breakup, Breakthrough: Germany's Difficult Passage To Modernity|editor=Carl F. Lankowski|publisher=Berghahn Books, Incorporated|date=August 1999|isbn=978-1-57181-211-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hb1KXgxs03UC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=goldhagen+Ludwigsburg,+Germany&q=goldhagen%20Ludwigsburg%2C%20Germany}}</ref> The thesis of ''Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust'' proposes that, during the ], many killers were ordinary Germans, who killed for having been raised in a profoundly ] culture, and thus were acculturated — "ready and willing" — to execute the Nazi government's genocidal plans.


Goldhagen's first notable publication was ''The New Republic'' magazine book review "False Witness" (1989) of ''Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? '' (1988), by ] professor ].<ref>Guttenplan, D. D. ''The Holocaust on Trial'', New York: Norton, 2001 p. 74.</ref> Goldhagen said that “Mayer’s enormous intellectual error” is in ascribing the cause of the Holocaust to ], rather than to ],<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 p. 40.</ref> and criticized Prof. Mayer's saying that most massacres of Jews in the USSR, during the first weeks of '']'' (1941) in the summer of 1941, were committed by local peoples, with little ] participation,<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 pp. 40–41.</ref> and accused him of traducing the facts about the ] (1942), which was meant for plotting the ] of European Jews, not (as Mayer said) merely the resettlement of the Jews.<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 p. 43.</ref> Goldhagen further accused Mayer of ], of suppressing historical fact, and of being an apologist for ], like ], for attempting to “de-demonize” ].<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 p. 44.</ref> In 1989, ] reviewed ''Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? '' (1988) in ''Commentary'' magazine, and praised Goldhagen's "False Witness" review, identifying him as a rising Holocaust historian who formally rebutted “Mayer's falsification” of history.<ref>Guttenplan, D. D. ''The Holocaust on Trial'', New York: Norton, 2001 p. 73.</ref><ref>Dawidowicz, Lucy "Perversions of the Holocaust" pages 56–60 from ''Commentary'', vol. 88, no. 4, October 1989 p. 58.</ref> Goldhagen's first notable publication was ''The New Republic'' magazine book review "False Witness" (1989) of ''Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? '' (1988), by ] professor ].<ref>Guttenplan, D. D. ''The Holocaust on Trial'', New York: Norton, 2001 p. 74.</ref> Goldhagen said that “Mayer’s enormous intellectual error” is in ascribing the cause of the Holocaust to ], rather than to ],<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 p. 40.</ref> and criticized Prof. Mayer's saying that most massacres of Jews in the USSR, during the first weeks of '']'' (1941) in the summer of 1941, were committed by local peoples, with little ] participation,<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 pp. 40–41.</ref> and accused him of traducing the facts about the ] (1942), which was meant for plotting the ] of European Jews, not (as Mayer said) merely the resettlement of the Jews.<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 p. 43.</ref> Goldhagen further accused Mayer of ], of suppressing historical fact, and of being an apologist for ], like ], for attempting to “de-demonize” ].<ref>Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989 p. 44.</ref> In 1989, ] reviewed ''Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? '' (1988) in ''Commentary'' magazine, and praised Goldhagen's "False Witness" review, identifying him as a rising Holocaust historian who formally rebutted “Mayer's falsification” of history.<ref>Guttenplan, D. D. ''The Holocaust on Trial'', New York: Norton, 2001 p. 73.</ref><ref>Dawidowicz, Lucy "Perversions of the Holocaust" pages 56–60 from ''Commentary'', vol. 88, no. 4, October 1989 p. 58.</ref>


In 2003, Goldhagen resigned from Harvard to focus on writing, after being denied tenure. His work synthesizes four historical elements, kept distinct for analysis; as presented in the books '']'' (2002) and ''Worse Than War'' (2009): (i) description (what happens), (ii) explanation (why it happens), (iii) moral evaluation (judgment), and (iv) prescription (what is to be done?).<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=pp5-6,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p32,Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|date=October 2009|isbn=978-1-58648-769-0}}</ref> According to Goldhagen, his Holocaust studies address questions about the political, social, and cultural particulars behind other genocides: “Who did the killing?” “What, despite temporal and cultural differences, do mass killings have in common?”, which yielded ''Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity'', about the global nature of ], and averting such ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|date=October 2009|page=631|isbn=978-1-58648-769-0}}</ref> In 2003, Goldhagen resigned from Harvard to focus on writing after being denied tenure. His work synthesizes four historical elements, kept distinct for analysis; as presented in the books '']'' (2002) and ''Worse Than War'' (2009): (i) description (what happens), (ii) explanation (why it happens), (iii) moral evaluation (judgment), and (iv) prescription (what is to be done?).<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=pp5-6,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p32,Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|date=October 2009|isbn=978-1-58648-769-0}}</ref> According to Goldhagen, his Holocaust studies address questions about the political, social, and cultural particulars behind other genocides: “Who did the killing?” “What, despite temporal and cultural differences, do mass killings have in common?”, which yielded ''Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity'', about the global nature of ], and averting such ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|date=October 2009|page=631|isbn=978-1-58648-769-0}}</ref>


==Works== ==Published works==
===''Hitler's Willing Executioners''=== ===''Hitler's Willing Executioners''===
] (1996) posits that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the ] because of a unique and virulent "] ]" in German identity which developed in the preceding centuries. Goldhagen argued that this "eliminationist antisemitism" was the cornerstone of German national identity, that this type of antisemitism was unique to Germany and because of it, ordinary Germans willingly killed Jews. Goldhagen asserted that this mentality grew out of ] attitudes with a religious basis, but was eventually secularized.<ref>Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, ''Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust.'' Alfred A Knopf. p.53 </ref> Goldhagen's book was meant to be a ] in the manner of ].<ref>Clendinnean, Inga ''Reading the Holocaust'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 page 117.</ref> As such, to prove his thesis Goldhagen focused on the behavior of ordinary Germans who killed Jews, especially the behavior of the men of Order Police Reserve Battalion 101 in Poland in 1942 to argue ordinary Germans possessed by "eliminationist antisemitism" chose to willingly murder Jews in the most cruel and sadistic ways possible.<ref>Clendinnean, Inga ''Reading the Holocaust'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 pages 115–117.</ref> Unfortunately, Goldhagen was essentially rehashing much of what had been published before, adding his touch of intentionalist prose to already covered ground. Scholars such as Yehuda Bauer, Otto Kulka, Israel Gutman, among others, asserted long before Goldhagen, the primacy of ideology, radical anti-Semitism, and the corollary of an inimitability exclusive to Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bauer|first=Yehuda|title=On Perpetrators of the Holocaust and Public Discourse|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|year=1997|month=Jan–April|volume=87|series=New Series|issue=3/4|pages=345}}</ref>
{{Main|Hitler's Willing Executioners}}
''Hitler's Willing Executioners'' (1996) posits that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were as the title indicates "willing executioners" in the ] because of a unique and virulent "] ]" in the German identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries. Goldhagen argued that this "eliminationist antisemitism" was the cornerstone of German national identity, that this type of antisemitism was unique to Germany and because of it, ordinary Germans killed Jews willingly and happily. Goldhagen asserted that this special mentality grew out of ] attitudes from a religious basis, but was eventually secularized.<ref>Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, ''Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust.'' Alfred A Knopf. p.53 </ref> Goldhagen's book was meant to be a ] in the manner of ].<ref>Clendinnean, Inga ''Reading the Holocaust'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 page 117.</ref> As such, to prove his thesis Goldhagen focused on the behavior of ordinary Germans who killed Jews, especially the behavior of the men of Order Police Reserve Battalion 101 in Poland in 1942 to argue ordinary Germans possessed by "eliminationist antisemitism" chose to willingly murder Jews in the most cruel and sadistic ways possible.<ref>Clendinnean, Inga ''Reading the Holocaust'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 pages 115–117.</ref> Unfortunately, Goldhagen was essentially rehashing much of what had been published before, adding his touch of intentionalist prose to already covered ground. Scholars such as Yehuda Bauer, Otto Kulka, Israel Gutman, among others, asserted long before Goldhagen, the primacy of ideology, radical anti-Semitism, and the corollary of an inimitability exclusive to Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bauer|first=Yehuda|title=On Perpetrators of the Holocaust and Public Discourse|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|year=1997|month=Jan–April|volume=87|series=New Series|issue=3/4|pages=345}}</ref>


The book, which began as a doctoral dissertation, was written largely as an answer to ]'s 1992 publication on the Holocaust, ''Ordinary Men''. Much of Goldhagen's book was concerned with the same Order Police Battalion 101 that Browning had studied, though with very different conclusions.<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 107.</ref> Browning’s book recognizes the impact of the unending campaign of anti-Semitic propaganda, but takes other contributing factors into account as well such as: the fear of breaking ranks, career advancement, the concern of not being seen as weak, and the issue of the bureaucracy of a state apparatus.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stern|first=Fritz|title=The Goldhagen Controversy: One Nation, One People, One Theory?|journal=Foreign Affairs|year=1996|month=Nov/Dec|volume=75|issue= 6|pages=134–135}}</ref> Likewise, Browning asserts that battlefield conditions and peer-bonding imparted their coercion on the behavior of the Germans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher|title=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland.|year=1992|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=9780060995065|pages=195–201}}</ref> Unsurprisingly, Goldhagen does not acknowledge these other variables for their overall influence on the volunteer police battalions and maintains that they acted exclusively of their own volition, motivated intrinsically by putative anti-Semitic eliminationism. In lieu of these shortfalls, Goldhagen's book went on to win the ] 1994 Gabriel A. Almond Award in comparative politics and the Democracy Prize of the ''Journal for German and International Politics'', for helping to sharpen public understanding about the past during a period of radical change in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/01.09/GoldhagenWinsGe.html |title=Harvard Gazette |publisher=News.harvard.edu |date=January 9, 1997 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> ''Time'' magazine reported that it was one of the two most important books of 1996,<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 23, 1996|title=Books: The Best Books of 1996|journal=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985753,00.html}}</ref> and ''The New York Times'' called it "one of those rare, new works that merit the appellation 'landmark{{' "}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|date=March 9, 1997|title=Was Slaughter of Jews Embraced by Germans?|journal=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/09/bsp/hitler.html|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref> The book, which began as a doctoral dissertation, was written largely as an answer to ]'s 1992 publication on the Holocaust, ''Ordinary Men''. Much of Goldhagen's book was concerned with the same Order Police Battalion 101 that Browning had studied, though with very different conclusions.<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 107.</ref> Browning’s book recognizes the impact of the unending campaign of anti-Semitic propaganda, but takes other contributing factors into account as well such as: the fear of breaking ranks, career advancement, the concern of not being seen as weak, and the issue of the bureaucracy of a state apparatus.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stern|first=Fritz|title=The Goldhagen Controversy: One Nation, One People, One Theory?|journal=Foreign Affairs|year=1996|month=Nov/Dec|volume=75|issue= 6|pages=134–135}}</ref> Likewise, Browning asserts that battlefield conditions and peer-bonding imparted their coercion on the behavior of the Germans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher|title=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland.|year=1992|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=9780060995065|pages=195–201}}</ref> Unsurprisingly, Goldhagen does not acknowledge these other variables for their overall influence on the volunteer police battalions and maintains that they acted exclusively of their own volition, motivated intrinsically by putative anti-Semitic eliminationism. In lieu of these shortfalls, Goldhagen's book went on to win the ] 1994 Gabriel A. Almond Award in comparative politics and the Democracy Prize of the ''Journal for German and International Politics'', for helping to sharpen public understanding about the past during a period of radical change in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/01.09/GoldhagenWinsGe.html |title=Harvard Gazette |publisher=News.harvard.edu |date=January 9, 1997 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> ''Time'' magazine reported that it was one of the two most important books of 1996,<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 23, 1996|title=Books: The Best Books of 1996|journal=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985753,00.html}}</ref> and ''The New York Times'' called it "one of those rare, new works that merit the appellation 'landmark{{' "}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|date=March 9, 1997|title=Was Slaughter of Jews Embraced by Germans?|journal=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/09/bsp/hitler.html|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref>
====Criticism====

The book sparked controversy and debate both inside and outside Germany, in the popular press and in academic circles. Some historians have characterized its reception as an extension of the '']'', the German historiographical debate of the 1980s that sought to explain ] history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Donat|first=Helmut|title="Auschwitz erst möglich gemacht?": Überlegungen zur jüngsten konservativen Geschichtsbewältigung|year=1991|publisher=Umbruch Verlag & Versandantiquariat|location=Bremen|isbn=9783924444396}}</ref> The book was a "publishing phenomenon",<ref name="e">{{cite book|last=Crawshaw|first=Steve|title=Easier fatherland|pages=136–7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=W9TODKJGzjwC|isbn=978-0-8264-6320-3|year=2004|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group}}</ref> achieving fame in both the United States and Germany, despite its "mostly scathing" reception among historians,<ref name="attack">Shatz, Adam. (April 8, 1998) '']''. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>Kershaw, Ian ''The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London : Arnold 2000, pp. 254–256.</ref><ref>"The Past Distorted: The Goldhagen Controversy" in ''Einstein’s German World'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp. 272–88.</ref><ref>Kershaw, Ian ''The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold 2000, p. 255.</ref><ref>"The Goldhagen Controversy: Agonising Problems, Scholarly Failure, and the Political Dimension", in ''German History'', vol. 15, 1997, pp. 80–91.</ref> who were unusually vocal in condemning it as ahistorical and,<ref>"Ordinary People?" '']'', vol. 48 no. # 12, July 1, 1996, pp. 54–56.</ref> in the words of Holocaust historian ], "totally wrong about everything" and "worthless".<ref name="logosjournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_6.1-2/hilberg.htm|title=RAUL HILBERG – IS THERE A NEW ANTI-SEMITISM? A CONVERSATION WITH RAUL HILBERG – LOGOS 6.1–2 WINTER-SPRING 2007|publisher=Logosjournal.com|accessdate=2011-01-06}}</ref><ref name="web.ceu.hu">http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_kwiet.pdf</ref> The text, for its alleged "generalizing hypothesis" about Germans, has sometimes been characterized as ].<ref>Bill Niven, William John Niven. ''Facing the Nazi Past: United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich''. 2004, page 116</ref><ref>Robert R. Shandley. ''Unwilling Germans?: the Goldhagen debate''. 1998, page 17</ref><ref>Paul Gottfried. ''Multiculturalism and the politics of guilt''. 2004, page 94</ref> The Israeli historian ] wrote about Goldhagen:<blockquote>"Here Goldhagen stumbles badly. He does not seem to be acquainted with some basic developments in German society in the nineteenth century. Certainly, there was what he calls eliminationist antisemitism and its impact increased as the century matured...But antisemitism came in different forms, and Goldhagen puts all antisemitism in the same basket, including the liberal type that wanted to see the Jews disappear by assimilation and conversion...The vast majority of German antisemitics did not wish to abolish formal Jewish emancipation. Goldhagen makes much of the radical antisemitism of the Conservative Party in Germany; but in 1893 it obtained less than 10 percent of the votes, whereas the National Liberals, among whom there were a number of former Jews, were much more numerous. Goldhagen ignores this and makes the counterfactual statement that "conservatives and ''völkish'' nationalists in Germany...formed the vast majority of the population". By 1912, the Social Democrats, with an explicitly anti-antisemitic program, were the largest party in the German ''Reichstag'', and the Progressives ran very strongly as well...Formally, at least, the Jews had been fully emancipated with the establishment of the German Empire, although they were kept out of certain influential occupations, enjoyed extraordinary prosperity...Germans intermarried with Jews: in the 1930s some 50, 000 Jews were living in mixed German-Jewish marriages, so at least 50, 000 Germans, and presumably parts of their families, had familial contact with the Jews. Goldhagen himself mentions that a large proportion of the Jewish upper classes in Germany converted to Christianity in the nineteenth century. In a society where eliminationist norms were universal and in which Jews were rejected even after they had converted, or so he argues, the rise of this extreme form of assimilation of Jews would hardly have been possible."<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 pages 98–99.</ref></blockquote> Bauer argued that: <blockquote>"There simply was no general murderous, racist antisemitic norm in Germany in the nineteenth century. There was a strong and growing antisemitic influence among the elites, but even here it is difficult to speak of unanimity...But to speak of an eliminitionist norm is wrong. Goldhagen's thesis does not work."<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 100.</ref></blockquote> Finally Bauer charged "...that the anti-German bias of his book, almost a racist bias (however much he may deny it) leads nowhere".<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 108.</ref> The American historian ] denounced the book as unscholarly and full of racist ].<ref>Stern, Fritz. "The Goldhagen Controversy: The Past Distorted", in: ''Einstein's German World'', pp. 272–88, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999; ISBN 0-691-05939-X</ref> Hilberg summarised the debates, "by the end of 1996, it was clear that in sharp distinction from lay readers, much of the academic world had wiped Goldhagen off the map."<ref>Hilberg, Raul. The Goldhagen Phenomenon. ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 23, No. 4 (Summer, 1997), pp. 721–28</ref> The book sparked controversy in the press and academic circles. Some historians have characterized its reception as an extension of the '']'', the German historiographical debate of the 1980s that sought to explain ] history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Donat|first=Helmut|title="Auschwitz erst möglich gemacht?": Überlegungen zur jüngsten konservativen Geschichtsbewältigung|year=1991|publisher=Umbruch Verlag & Versandantiquariat|location=Bremen|isbn=9783924444396}}</ref> The book was a "publishing phenomenon",<ref name="e">{{cite book|last=Crawshaw|first=Steve|title=Easier fatherland|pages=136–7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=W9TODKJGzjwC|isbn=978-0-8264-6320-3|year=2004|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group}}</ref> achieving fame in both the United States and Germany despite being criticized by some historians,<ref name="attack">Shatz, Adam. (April 8, 1998) '']''. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref><ref>Kershaw, Ian ''The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London : Arnold 2000, pp. 254–256.</ref><ref>"The Past Distorted: The Goldhagen Controversy" in ''Einstein’s German World'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp. 272–88.</ref><ref>Kershaw, Ian ''The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold 2000, p. 255.</ref><ref>"The Goldhagen Controversy: Agonising Problems, Scholarly Failure, and the Political Dimension", in ''German History'', vol. 15, 1997, pp. 80–91.</ref> who called it s ahistorical and,<ref>"Ordinary People?" '']'', vol. 48 no. # 12, July 1, 1996, pp. 54–56.</ref> according to Holocaust historian ], "totally wrong about everything" and "worthless."<ref name="logosjournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_6.1-2/hilberg.htm|title=RAUL HILBERG – IS THERE A NEW ANTI-SEMITISM? A CONVERSATION WITH RAUL HILBERG – LOGOS 6.1–2 WINTER-SPRING 2007|publisher=Logosjournal.com|accessdate=2011-01-06}}</ref><ref name="web.ceu.hu">http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_kwiet.pdf</ref>Due to its alleged "generalizing hypothesis" about Germans, it has been characterized as ].<ref>Bill Niven, William John Niven. ''Facing the Nazi Past: United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich''. 2004, page 116</ref><ref>Robert R. Shandley. ''Unwilling Germans?: the Goldhagen debate''. 1998, page 17</ref><ref>Paul Gottfried. ''Multiculturalism and the politics of guilt''. 2004, page 94</ref> The Israeli historian ] claims that "Goldhagen stumbles badly," and "does not seem to be acquainted with some basic developments in German society in the nineteenth century. Certainly, there was what he calls eliminationist antisemitism and its impact increased as the century matured...But antisemitism came in different forms, and Goldhagen puts all antisemitism in the same basket, including the liberal type that wanted to see the Jews disappear by assimilation and conversion...The vast majority of German antisemitics did not wish to abolish formal Jewish emancipation. Goldhagen makes much of the radical antisemitism of the Conservative Party in Germany; but in 1893 it obtained less than 10 percent of the votes, whereas the National Liberals, among whom there were a number of former Jews, were much more numerous. Goldhagen ignores this and makes the counterfactual statement that "conservatives and ''völkish'' nationalists in Germany...formed the vast majority of the population". By 1912, the Social Democrats, with an explicitly anti-antisemitic program, were the largest party in the German ''Reichstag'', and the Progressives ran very strongly as well...Formally, at least, the Jews had been fully emancipated with the establishment of the German Empire, although they were kept out of certain influential occupations, enjoyed extraordinary prosperity...Germans intermarried with Jews: in the 1930s some 50, 000 Jews were living in mixed German-Jewish marriages, so at least 50, 000 Germans, and presumably parts of their families, had familial contact with the Jews. Goldhagen himself mentions that a large proportion of the Jewish upper classes in Germany converted to Christianity in the nineteenth century. In a society where eliminationist norms were universal and in which Jews were rejected even after they had converted, or so he argues, the rise of this extreme form of assimilation of Jews would hardly have been possible."<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 pages 98–99.</ref> Bauer argues that "Goldhagen's thesis does not work."<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 100.</ref> and charges "...that the anti-German bias of his book, almost a racist bias (however much he may deny it) leads nowhere."<ref>Bauer, Yehuda ''Rethinking the Holocaust'', Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 108.</ref> The American historian ] denounced the book as unscholarly and full of racist ].<ref>Stern, Fritz. "The Goldhagen Controversy: The Past Distorted", in: ''Einstein's German World'', pp. 272–88, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999; ISBN 0-691-05939-X</ref> Hilberg summarised the debates, "by the end of 1996, it was clear that in sharp distinction from lay readers, much of the academic world had wiped Goldhagen off the map."<ref>Hilberg, Raul. The Goldhagen Phenomenon. ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 23, No. 4 (Summer, 1997), pp. 721–28</ref>


===''A Moral Reckoning''=== ===''A Moral Reckoning''===
In 2002, Goldhagen published ], an account of the role of the Catholic Church before, during and after ]. In the book, Goldhagen acknowledges that individual bishops and priests hid and saved a large number of Jews,<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=pp50-51,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref> but also asserts that others promoted or accepted anti-Semitism before<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p226,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref> and during the war,<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p227,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref> and some played a direct role in the persecution of Jews in Europe during the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p60,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref>
{{Main|A Moral Reckoning}}
In 2002, Goldhagen published ''A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair'', his account of the role of the Catholic Church before, during and after ]. ''A Moral Reckoning'' was the subject of considerable controversy involving allegations of ] bias.<ref name="Shoah">{{Cite journal|last=Riebling|first=Mark|title=Jesus, Jews, and the Shoah|journal=]|date=January 27, 2003|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_1_55/ai_96403717}} {{Dead link|date=May 2010}} Accessed January 5, 2008.</ref> In the book, Goldhagen acknowledges that individual bishops and priests hid and saved a large number of Jews,<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=pp50-51,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref> but also asserts that others promoted or accepted anti-Semitism before<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p226,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref> and during the war,<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p227,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref> and some played a direct role in the persecution of Jews in Europe during the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel|title=p60,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-375-41434-3}}</ref>


====Criticism====
The book was criticized as being a "misuse of the Holocaust to advance anti-Catholic agenda", and of poor scholarship, by ]<ref>{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref> and Joseph Bottum,<ref> ''The Weekly Standard'', October 23, 2002</ref> both of '']''.<ref>Fisher, Eugene J. Ethical Perspectives, Journal of the European Ethics Network</ref>
David Dalin and Joseph Bottum of ] criticized the book, calling it a "misuse of the Holocaust to advance anti-Catholic agenda", and of poor scholarship.<ref> ''The Weekly Standard'', October 23, 2002</ref>


Goldhagen noted in an interview with '']'', as well as in the book's introduction, that the title and the first page of the book reveal its purpose as a moral, rather than historical analysis, asserting that he has invited European Church representatives to present their own historical account in discussing morality and reparation.<ref name="guilt">Gritz, Jennie Rothenberg. (January 31, 2003) . '']''. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref> Goldhagen noted in an interview with '']'', as well as in the book's introduction, that the title and the first page of the book reveal its purpose as a moral, rather than historical analysis, asserting that he has invited European Church representatives to present their own historical account in discussing morality and reparation.<ref name="guilt">Gritz, Jennie Rothenberg. (January 31, 2003) . '']''. Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref>

Due to his anti-Catholic writings, he is a ] in Poland.


===''Worse Than War''=== ===''Worse Than War''===
Goldhagen's analyses of ] and the ] progressed to analysis of what he characterizes as "eliminationist assaults", and in 2009 he published ''Worse Than War, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity'' (2009). He reports having considered writing it for some twenty-six years, intermittently working on it for perhaps a decade, by interviewing genocide perpetrators and victims in Rwanda, Guatemala, Cambodia, Kenya, and the USSR, and politicians, government officers, and private humanitarian organization officers. Goldhagen states that his aim is to help "craft institutions and politics that will save countless lives and also lift the lethal threat under which so many people live”. He concludes that "eliminationist assaults" are preventable, because "the world's non-mass-murdering countries are wealthy and powerful, having prodigious military capabilities (and they can band together)", whereas the perpetrator countries "are overwhelmingly poor and weak."<ref>''Worse than War'', p. 658</ref><ref name="rieff">{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/the-willing-misinterpreter-3290?page=4|title=Review: The Willing Misinterpreter|publisher=The National Interest|date=October 28, 2009|accessdate=2011-01-06}}</ref> In ''Worse than War Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity''(2009), Goldhagen described ] and the ] as "eliminationist assaults." He worked on the book intermittently for a decade, interviewing genocide perpetrators and victims in Rwanda, Guatemala, Cambodia, Kenya, and the USSR, and politicians, government officers, and private humanitarian organization officers. Goldhagen states that his aim is to help "craft institutions and politics that will save countless lives and also lift the lethal threat under which so many people live”. He concludes that eliminationist assaults are preventable because "the world's non-mass-murdering countries are wealthy and powerful, having prodigious military capabilities (and they can band together)", whereas the perpetrator countries "are overwhelmingly poor and weak."<ref>''Worse than War'', p. 658</ref><ref name="rieff">{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/the-willing-misinterpreter-3290?page=4|title=Review: The Willing Misinterpreter|publisher=The National Interest|date=October 28, 2009|accessdate=2011-01-06}}</ref>


The book was cinematically adapted, and the documentary film of ''Worse Than War'' was first presented in the U.S. in ] on August 6, 2009 – the sixty-fourth anniversary of the atomic bombing of ] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clal.org/sp183.html|title=Worse Than War Screening|accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref> In Germany, the documentary was first broadcast by the ] television network October 18, 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://programm.daserste.de/pages/programm/liste.aspx?datum=zUl3TVc2V8vXkRD8dRUdNQ%3d%3d|title=ARD Program Guide for October 18, 2009|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> and was to be nationally broadcast by the ] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wgbhinternational.org/index.php?sid=056qh7hz0p1hzjf9k87n51djmeozma8l&lang=english&page=programs&dle_pp=0&dle_od=asc&pr_act=details&pid=762|title=PBS International: Worse Than War Documentary|accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref> The book was cinematically adapted, and the documentary film of ''Worse Than War'' was first presented in the U.S. in ] on August 6, 2009 – the sixty-fourth anniversary of the atomic bombing of ] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clal.org/sp183.html|title=Worse Than War Screening|accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref> In Germany, the documentary was first broadcast by the ] television network October 18, 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://programm.daserste.de/pages/programm/liste.aspx?datum=zUl3TVc2V8vXkRD8dRUdNQ%3d%3d|title=ARD Program Guide for October 18, 2009|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> and was to be nationally broadcast by the ] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wgbhinternational.org/index.php?sid=056qh7hz0p1hzjf9k87n51djmeozma8l&lang=english&page=programs&dle_pp=0&dle_od=asc&pr_act=details&pid=762|title=PBS International: Worse Than War Documentary|accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref>
====Criticism====

The text has drawn criticism for some of its conclusions. ], characterizing Goldhagen as a "pro-Israel polemicist and amateur historian", writes that the subtext of what Goldhagen deems "eliminationism" may be his own view of contemporary Islam. Rieff writes that Goldhagen's website states that the author "speaks nationally ... about Political Islam's Offensive, the threat to ], ''Hitler's Willing Executioners'', the ''Globalization of Antisemitism'', and more."<ref name=rieff /> Rieff questions Goldhagen's equating the "culture of death" of Nazism with that of "political Islam", as well as Goldhagen's conclusion that, in order to prevent "eliminationism", the United Nations should be remade into an interventionist entity focusing on ''"a devoted international push for democratizing more countries"''.<ref name=rieff /> ], who praised this book for its fluid style and commendable passion, concludes however, that the book is undermined by a casual approach to basic research, and by the author's tendency to overreach and overstate his case.<ref>Adam Jones' book reviews, ''Journal of Genocide Research'' (2010), 12:3–4, pp. 271–78</ref> The British historian ] accused Goldhagen of manipulating his sources to make a false accusation of genocide against the British during the ] of the 1950s in ].<ref name="opendemocracy2010">{{cite web ], characterizing Goldhagen as a "pro-Israel polemicist and amateur historian", writes that the subtext of what Goldhagen deems "eliminationism" may be his own view of contemporary Islam. Rieff writes that Goldhagen's website states that the author "speaks nationally ... about Political Islam's Offensive, the threat to ], ''Hitler's Willing Executioners'', the ''Globalization of Antisemitism'', and more."<ref name=rieff /> Rieff questions Goldhagen's equating the "culture of death" of Nazism with that of "political Islam", as well as Goldhagen's conclusion that, in order to prevent "eliminationism", the United Nations should be remade into an interventionist entity focusing on ''"a devoted international push for democratizing more countries"''.<ref name=rieff /> ], who praised this book for its fluid style and commendable passion, concludes however, that the book is undermined by a casual approach to basic research, and by the author's tendency to overreach and overstate his case.<ref>Adam Jones' book reviews, ''Journal of Genocide Research'' (2010), 12:3–4, pp. 271–78</ref> The British historian ] accused Goldhagen of manipulating his sources to make a false accusation of genocide against the British during the ] of the 1950s in ].<ref name="opendemocracy2010">{{cite web
| last = Elstein | last = Elstein
| first = David | first = David
Line 64: Line 61:
| accessdate = 2012-08-10}}</ref> Elstein wrote in his view that the chapter on Kenya left Goldhagen open "...to the charge that he is the kind of scholar who is either unaware of the facts or prefers to exclude those which do not fit his thesis."<ref name="opendemocracy2010"/> | accessdate = 2012-08-10}}</ref> Elstein wrote in his view that the chapter on Kenya left Goldhagen open "...to the charge that he is the kind of scholar who is either unaware of the facts or prefers to exclude those which do not fit his thesis."<ref name="opendemocracy2010"/>


==Awards== ==Awards and recognition==
* '']'', named to ], 2002 and 1996 * '']'', named to ], 2002 and 1996
* ''Journal for German and International Politics'' Triennial Democracy Prize, 1997, with ''laudatio'' given by Jürgen Habermas. * ''Journal for German and International Politics'' Triennial Democracy Prize, 1997, with ''laudatio'' given by Jürgen Habermas.
Line 79: Line 76:
* ] (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD) Fellowship, 1979–1980 * ] (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD) Fellowship, 1979–1980


==Selected works== ==Published works==
* 1989: "False Witness", ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989, Volume 200, No. 16, Issue # 3, pp39–44 * 1989: "False Witness", ''The New Republic'', April 17, 1989, Volume 200, No. 16, Issue # 3, pp39–44
* 1996: '']: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 * 1996: '']: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8
Line 85: Line 82:
* 2009: ''Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault On Humanity'', PublicAffairs, New York, ISBN 978-1-58648-769-0 * 2009: ''Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault On Humanity'', PublicAffairs, New York, ISBN 978-1-58648-769-0
* 2013: ''The Devil That Never Dies: The Rise and Threat of Global Antisemitism'' * 2013: ''The Devil That Never Dies: The Rise and Threat of Global Antisemitism''
==Notes== ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* ]. ''Rethinking the Holocaust''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2
* Browning, Christopher. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: Harper Collins, 1992. ISBN 978-0060995065
* ] (ed.) ''The Goldhagen Effect: History, Memory, Nazism—Facing the German Past''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-472-06752-7. * ] (ed.) ''The Goldhagen Effect: History, Memory, Nazism—Facing the German Past''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-472-06752-7.
* ] ''Goldhagens unwillige Kirche. Alte und neue Fälschungen über Kirche und Papst während der NS-Herrschaft''. München: Olzog-Verlag, 2003. ISBN 978-3-7892-8127-3 * ] ''Goldhagens unwillige Kirche. Alte und neue Fälschungen über Kirche und Papst während der NS-Herrschaft''. München: Olzog-Verlag, 2003. ISBN 978-3-7892-8127-3
* ], Norman & Birn, Ruth Bettina. ''A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth''. New York: Henry Holt, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8050-5871-0 * ], Norman & Birn, Ruth Bettina. ''A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth''. New York: Henry Holt, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8050-5871-0
* Guttenplan, D. D. ''The Holocaust on Trial''. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 978-0-393-02044-1
* Hillgruber, Andreas. “Die 'Endlösung' und das deutsche Ostimperium als Kernstück des rassenideologischen Programms des Nationalsozialismus,” in ''Hitler, Deutschland und die Mächte: : Materialien zur Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches'', ed., Manfred Funke (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1976), 94–114. ISBN 9783761072134
* Kershaw, Ian. ''Hitler, The Germans, and the Final Solution''. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-15127-5
* Koonz, Claudia. ''The Nazi Conscience''. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780674018426
* Kwiet, Konrad: “”. ''Jewish Studies Yearbook'' 1 (2000). * Kwiet, Konrad: “”. ''Jewish Studies Yearbook'' 1 (2000).
* LaCapra, Dominick. “Perpetrators and Victims: The Goldhagen Debate and Beyond,” in LaCapra, D. ''Writing History, Writing Trauma'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 114–140. * LaCapra, Dominick. “Perpetrators and Victims: The Goldhagen Debate and Beyond,” in LaCapra, D. ''Writing History, Writing Trauma'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 114–140.

Revision as of 08:06, 4 November 2013

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen
Born (1959-06-30) June 30, 1959 (age 65)
Boston, Massachusetts
OccupationPolitical scientist, author
Notable worksHitler's Willing Executioners, A Moral Reckoning, Worse Than War
SpouseSarah Williams Goldhagen
Website
http://www.goldhagen.com

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born June 30, 1959) is an American author and former associate professor of political science and social studies at Harvard University. Goldhagen reached a global audience as the author of two books about the Holocaust: Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996) and A Moral Reckoning (2002). He is also the author of Worse Than War (2009), which examines the phenomenon of genocide, and The Devil That Never Dies, in which he traces a worldwide rise in virulent anti-Semitism. (2013).

Biography

Daniel Goldhagen was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Erich and Norma Goldhagen. He grew up in nearby Newton. His wife Sarah (née Williams) is an architectural historian, and critic for The New Republic magazine.

Goldhagen's father, retired Harvard professor Erich Goldhagen, is a Holocaust survivor who lived in a RomanianJewish ghetto in Czernowitz (present-day Ukraine). He credits his father as a "model of intellectual sobriety and probity". Goldhagen has written that his "understanding of Nazism and of the Holocaust is firmly indebted" to his father's influence. In 1977, Goldhagen entered Harvard and remained there for some twenty years, first as an undergraduate and graduate student, then as an assistant professor in the Government and Social Studies Department.

During early graduate studies, he attended a lecture by Saul Friedländer, in which he had what he describes as a "lightbulb moment": the functionalism versus intentionalism debate did not address the question, “When Hitler ordered the annihilation of the Jews, why did people execute the order?” Goldhagen wanted to investigate who the German men and women who killed the Jews were and their reasons for killing.

Academic and literary career

As a graduate student, Goldhagen undertook research in the German archives. The thesis of Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust proposes that, during the Holocaust, many killers were ordinary Germans, who killed for having been raised in a profoundly antisemitic culture, and thus were acculturated — "ready and willing" — to execute the Nazi government's genocidal plans.

Goldhagen's first notable publication was The New Republic magazine book review "False Witness" (1989) of Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? (1988), by Princeton University professor Arno J. Mayer. Goldhagen said that “Mayer’s enormous intellectual error” is in ascribing the cause of the Holocaust to anti-Communism, rather than to anti-Semitism, and criticized Prof. Mayer's saying that most massacres of Jews in the USSR, during the first weeks of Operation Barbarossa (1941) in the summer of 1941, were committed by local peoples, with little Wehrmacht participation, and accused him of traducing the facts about the Wannsee Conference (1942), which was meant for plotting the genocide of European Jews, not (as Mayer said) merely the resettlement of the Jews. Goldhagen further accused Mayer of obscurantism, of suppressing historical fact, and of being an apologist for Nazi Germany, like Ernst Nolte, for attempting to “de-demonize” National Socialism. In 1989, Lucy Dawidowicz reviewed Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? (1988) in Commentary magazine, and praised Goldhagen's "False Witness" review, identifying him as a rising Holocaust historian who formally rebutted “Mayer's falsification” of history.

In 2003, Goldhagen resigned from Harvard to focus on writing after being denied tenure. His work synthesizes four historical elements, kept distinct for analysis; as presented in the books A Moral Reckoning: the Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair (2002) and Worse Than War (2009): (i) description (what happens), (ii) explanation (why it happens), (iii) moral evaluation (judgment), and (iv) prescription (what is to be done?). According to Goldhagen, his Holocaust studies address questions about the political, social, and cultural particulars behind other genocides: “Who did the killing?” “What, despite temporal and cultural differences, do mass killings have in common?”, which yielded Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity, about the global nature of genocide, and averting such crimes against humanity.

Published works

Hitler's Willing Executioners

Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996) posits that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" in German identity which developed in the preceding centuries. Goldhagen argued that this "eliminationist antisemitism" was the cornerstone of German national identity, that this type of antisemitism was unique to Germany and because of it, ordinary Germans willingly killed Jews. Goldhagen asserted that this mentality grew out of medieval attitudes with a religious basis, but was eventually secularized. Goldhagen's book was meant to be a "thick description" in the manner of Clifford Geertz. As such, to prove his thesis Goldhagen focused on the behavior of ordinary Germans who killed Jews, especially the behavior of the men of Order Police Reserve Battalion 101 in Poland in 1942 to argue ordinary Germans possessed by "eliminationist antisemitism" chose to willingly murder Jews in the most cruel and sadistic ways possible. Unfortunately, Goldhagen was essentially rehashing much of what had been published before, adding his touch of intentionalist prose to already covered ground. Scholars such as Yehuda Bauer, Otto Kulka, Israel Gutman, among others, asserted long before Goldhagen, the primacy of ideology, radical anti-Semitism, and the corollary of an inimitability exclusive to Germany.

The book, which began as a doctoral dissertation, was written largely as an answer to Christopher Browning's 1992 publication on the Holocaust, Ordinary Men. Much of Goldhagen's book was concerned with the same Order Police Battalion 101 that Browning had studied, though with very different conclusions. Browning’s book recognizes the impact of the unending campaign of anti-Semitic propaganda, but takes other contributing factors into account as well such as: the fear of breaking ranks, career advancement, the concern of not being seen as weak, and the issue of the bureaucracy of a state apparatus. Likewise, Browning asserts that battlefield conditions and peer-bonding imparted their coercion on the behavior of the Germans. Unsurprisingly, Goldhagen does not acknowledge these other variables for their overall influence on the volunteer police battalions and maintains that they acted exclusively of their own volition, motivated intrinsically by putative anti-Semitic eliminationism. In lieu of these shortfalls, Goldhagen's book went on to win the American Political Science Association's 1994 Gabriel A. Almond Award in comparative politics and the Democracy Prize of the Journal for German and International Politics, for helping to sharpen public understanding about the past during a period of radical change in Germany. Time magazine reported that it was one of the two most important books of 1996, and The New York Times called it "one of those rare, new works that merit the appellation 'landmark'".

Criticism

The book sparked controversy in the press and academic circles. Some historians have characterized its reception as an extension of the Historikerstreit, the German historiographical debate of the 1980s that sought to explain Nazi history. The book was a "publishing phenomenon", achieving fame in both the United States and Germany despite being criticized by some historians, who called it s ahistorical and, according to Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg, "totally wrong about everything" and "worthless."Due to its alleged "generalizing hypothesis" about Germans, it has been characterized as anti-German. The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer claims that "Goldhagen stumbles badly," and "does not seem to be acquainted with some basic developments in German society in the nineteenth century. Certainly, there was what he calls eliminationist antisemitism and its impact increased as the century matured...But antisemitism came in different forms, and Goldhagen puts all antisemitism in the same basket, including the liberal type that wanted to see the Jews disappear by assimilation and conversion...The vast majority of German antisemitics did not wish to abolish formal Jewish emancipation. Goldhagen makes much of the radical antisemitism of the Conservative Party in Germany; but in 1893 it obtained less than 10 percent of the votes, whereas the National Liberals, among whom there were a number of former Jews, were much more numerous. Goldhagen ignores this and makes the counterfactual statement that "conservatives and völkish nationalists in Germany...formed the vast majority of the population". By 1912, the Social Democrats, with an explicitly anti-antisemitic program, were the largest party in the German Reichstag, and the Progressives ran very strongly as well...Formally, at least, the Jews had been fully emancipated with the establishment of the German Empire, although they were kept out of certain influential occupations, enjoyed extraordinary prosperity...Germans intermarried with Jews: in the 1930s some 50, 000 Jews were living in mixed German-Jewish marriages, so at least 50, 000 Germans, and presumably parts of their families, had familial contact with the Jews. Goldhagen himself mentions that a large proportion of the Jewish upper classes in Germany converted to Christianity in the nineteenth century. In a society where eliminationist norms were universal and in which Jews were rejected even after they had converted, or so he argues, the rise of this extreme form of assimilation of Jews would hardly have been possible." Bauer argues that "Goldhagen's thesis does not work." and charges "...that the anti-German bias of his book, almost a racist bias (however much he may deny it) leads nowhere." The American historian Fritz Stern denounced the book as unscholarly and full of racist Germanophobia. Hilberg summarised the debates, "by the end of 1996, it was clear that in sharp distinction from lay readers, much of the academic world had wiped Goldhagen off the map."

A Moral Reckoning

In 2002, Goldhagen published ''A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair'', an account of the role of the Catholic Church before, during and after World War II. In the book, Goldhagen acknowledges that individual bishops and priests hid and saved a large number of Jews, but also asserts that others promoted or accepted anti-Semitism before and during the war, and some played a direct role in the persecution of Jews in Europe during the Holocaust.

Criticism

David Dalin and Joseph Bottum of The Weekly Standard criticized the book, calling it a "misuse of the Holocaust to advance anti-Catholic agenda", and of poor scholarship.

Goldhagen noted in an interview with The Atlantic, as well as in the book's introduction, that the title and the first page of the book reveal its purpose as a moral, rather than historical analysis, asserting that he has invited European Church representatives to present their own historical account in discussing morality and reparation.

Worse Than War

In Worse than War Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity(2009), Goldhagen described Nazism and the Holocaust as "eliminationist assaults." He worked on the book intermittently for a decade, interviewing genocide perpetrators and victims in Rwanda, Guatemala, Cambodia, Kenya, and the USSR, and politicians, government officers, and private humanitarian organization officers. Goldhagen states that his aim is to help "craft institutions and politics that will save countless lives and also lift the lethal threat under which so many people live”. He concludes that eliminationist assaults are preventable because "the world's non-mass-murdering countries are wealthy and powerful, having prodigious military capabilities (and they can band together)", whereas the perpetrator countries "are overwhelmingly poor and weak."

The book was cinematically adapted, and the documentary film of Worse Than War was first presented in the U.S. in Aspen, Colorado on August 6, 2009 – the sixty-fourth anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945. In Germany, the documentary was first broadcast by the ARD television network October 18, 2009, and was to be nationally broadcast by the PBS in 2010.

Criticism

David Rieff, characterizing Goldhagen as a "pro-Israel polemicist and amateur historian", writes that the subtext of what Goldhagen deems "eliminationism" may be his own view of contemporary Islam. Rieff writes that Goldhagen's website states that the author "speaks nationally ... about Political Islam's Offensive, the threat to Israel, Hitler's Willing Executioners, the Globalization of Antisemitism, and more." Rieff questions Goldhagen's equating the "culture of death" of Nazism with that of "political Islam", as well as Goldhagen's conclusion that, in order to prevent "eliminationism", the United Nations should be remade into an interventionist entity focusing on "a devoted international push for democratizing more countries". Adam Jones, who praised this book for its fluid style and commendable passion, concludes however, that the book is undermined by a casual approach to basic research, and by the author's tendency to overreach and overstate his case. The British historian David Elstein accused Goldhagen of manipulating his sources to make a false accusation of genocide against the British during the Mau Mau Uprising of the 1950s in Kenya. Elstein wrote in his view that the chapter on Kenya left Goldhagen open "...to the charge that he is the kind of scholar who is either unaware of the facts or prefers to exclude those which do not fit his thesis."

Awards and recognition

  • The Forward, named to Forward 50, 2002 and 1996
  • Journal for German and International Politics Triennial Democracy Prize, 1997, with laudatio given by Jürgen Habermas.
  • National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist for Hitler's Willing Executioners, 1996
  • Time, named Hitler's Willing Executioners one of two best non-fiction books of the year, 1996
  • American Political Science Association, Gabriel A. Almond Award for the best dissertation in the field of comparative politics, 1994
  • Harvard University, Sumner Dissertation Prize, 1993
  • Whiting Fellowship, 1990–1991
  • Fulbright IIE Grant for Dissertation Research, 1988–1989
  • Krupp Foundation Fellowship for Dissertation Research, 1988–1989
  • Center for European Studies Summer Research Grant, 1987
  • Jacob Javits Fellowship 1996-1988, 1989–1990
  • Harvard College, Philo Sherman Bennett Thesis Prize, 1982
  • German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD) Fellowship, 1979–1980

Published works

  • 1989: "False Witness", The New Republic, April 17, 1989, Volume 200, No. 16, Issue # 3, pp39–44
  • 1996: Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8
  • 2002: A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 978-0-375-41434-3
  • 2009: Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault On Humanity, PublicAffairs, New York, ISBN 978-1-58648-769-0
  • 2013: The Devil That Never Dies: The Rise and Threat of Global Antisemitism

References

  1. U.S. Public Records Index Vol 1 & 2 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010.
  2. Jonah Goldhagen's Devil That Never Dies
  3. ^ Smith, Dinita (April 1, 1996). "Challenging a View of the Holocaust". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  4. "The New Republic Masthead". Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  5. ^ Goldhagen, Daniel (1997). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust. Alfred A. Knopf.
  6. Ruber, Deborah Bradley (January 9, 1997). "Goldhagen Wins German Prize For Holocaust Book". The Harvard University Gazette. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  7. "Daniel Jonah Goldhagen's Website". Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  8. Carl F. Lankowski, ed. (August 1999). Breakdown, Breakup, Breakthrough: Germany's Difficult Passage To Modernity. Berghahn Books, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-57181-211-7.
  9. Guttenplan, D. D. The Holocaust on Trial, New York: Norton, 2001 p. 74.
  10. Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," The New Republic, April 17, 1989 p. 40.
  11. Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," The New Republic, April 17, 1989 pp. 40–41.
  12. Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," The New Republic, April 17, 1989 p. 43.
  13. Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," The New Republic, April 17, 1989 p. 44.
  14. Guttenplan, D. D. The Holocaust on Trial, New York: Norton, 2001 p. 73.
  15. Dawidowicz, Lucy "Perversions of the Holocaust" pages 56–60 from Commentary, vol. 88, no. 4, October 1989 p. 58.
  16. Goldhagen, Daniel (2002). pp5-6,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41434-3.
  17. Goldhagen, Daniel (October 2009). p32,Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-769-0.
  18. Goldhagen, Daniel (October 2009). Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity. New York: Public Affairs. p. 631. ISBN 978-1-58648-769-0.
  19. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust. Alfred A Knopf. p.53
  20. Clendinnean, Inga Reading the Holocaust, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 page 117.
  21. Clendinnean, Inga Reading the Holocaust, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 pages 115–117.
  22. Bauer, Yehuda (1997). "On Perpetrators of the Holocaust and Public Discourse". The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. 87 (3/4): 345. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust, Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 107.
  24. Stern, Fritz (1996). "The Goldhagen Controversy: One Nation, One People, One Theory?". Foreign Affairs. 75 (6): 134–135. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. Browning, Christopher (1992). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 195–201. ISBN 9780060995065.
  26. Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs (January 9, 1997). "Harvard Gazette". News.harvard.edu. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  27. "Books: The Best Books of 1996". Time. December 23, 1996.
  28. Bernstein, Richard (March 9, 1997). "Was Slaughter of Jews Embraced by Germans?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  29. Donat, Helmut (1991). "Auschwitz erst möglich gemacht?": Überlegungen zur jüngsten konservativen Geschichtsbewältigung. Bremen: Umbruch Verlag & Versandantiquariat. ISBN 9783924444396.
  30. Crawshaw, Steve (2004). Easier fatherland. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 136–7. ISBN 978-0-8264-6320-3.
  31. Shatz, Adam. (April 8, 1998) Goldhagen's willing executioners: the attack on a scholarly superstar, and how he fights back Slate. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  32. Kershaw, Ian The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation London : Arnold 2000, pp. 254–256.
  33. "The Past Distorted: The Goldhagen Controversy" in Einstein’s German World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp. 272–88.
  34. Kershaw, Ian The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation London: Arnold 2000, p. 255.
  35. "The Goldhagen Controversy: Agonising Problems, Scholarly Failure, and the Political Dimension", in German History, vol. 15, 1997, pp. 80–91.
  36. "Ordinary People?" National Review, vol. 48 no. # 12, July 1, 1996, pp. 54–56.
  37. "RAUL HILBERG – IS THERE A NEW ANTI-SEMITISM? A CONVERSATION WITH RAUL HILBERG – LOGOS 6.1–2 WINTER-SPRING 2007". Logosjournal.com. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  38. http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_kwiet.pdf
  39. Bill Niven, William John Niven. Facing the Nazi Past: United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich. 2004, page 116
  40. Robert R. Shandley. Unwilling Germans?: the Goldhagen debate. 1998, page 17
  41. Paul Gottfried. Multiculturalism and the politics of guilt. 2004, page 94
  42. Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust, Yale: New Haven, 2000 pages 98–99.
  43. Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust, Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 100.
  44. Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust, Yale: New Haven, 2000 page 108.
  45. Stern, Fritz. "The Goldhagen Controversy: The Past Distorted", in: Einstein's German World, pp. 272–88, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999; ISBN 0-691-05939-X
  46. Hilberg, Raul. The Goldhagen Phenomenon. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Summer, 1997), pp. 721–28
  47. Goldhagen, Daniel (2002). pp50-51,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41434-3.
  48. Goldhagen, Daniel (2002). p226,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41434-3.
  49. Goldhagen, Daniel (2002). p227,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41434-3.
  50. Goldhagen, Daniel (2002). p60,A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfufilled Duty of Repair. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41434-3.
  51. "The Usefulness of Daniel Goldhagen" The Weekly Standard, October 23, 2002
  52. Gritz, Jennie Rothenberg. (January 31, 2003) The Guilt of the Church. The Atlantic. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  53. Worse than War, p. 658
  54. ^ "Review: The Willing Misinterpreter". The National Interest. October 28, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  55. "Worse Than War Screening". Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  56. "ARD Program Guide for October 18, 2009". Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  57. "PBS International: Worse Than War Documentary". Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  58. Adam Jones' book reviews, Journal of Genocide Research (2010), 12:3–4, pp. 271–78
  59. ^ Elstein, David (2010). "Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya: recycling fantasy". Open Democracy. Retrieved August 10, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Further reading

  • Eley, Geoff (ed.) The Goldhagen Effect: History, Memory, Nazism—Facing the German Past. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-472-06752-7.
  • Feldkamp, Michael F. Goldhagens unwillige Kirche. Alte und neue Fälschungen über Kirche und Papst während der NS-Herrschaft. München: Olzog-Verlag, 2003. ISBN 978-3-7892-8127-3
  • Finkelstein, Norman & Birn, Ruth Bettina. A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth. New York: Henry Holt, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8050-5871-0
  • Kwiet, Konrad: “‘Hitler’s Willing Executioners’ and ‘Ordinary Germans’: Some Comments on Goldhagen’s Ideas”. Jewish Studies Yearbook 1 (2000).
  • LaCapra, Dominick. “Perpetrators and Victims: The Goldhagen Debate and Beyond,” in LaCapra, D. Writing History, Writing Trauma Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 114–140.
  • Mommsen, Hans, Podium discussion, Die Deutschen – Ein Volk von Tätern?: Zur historisch-politischen Debatte um das Buch von Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, ‘Hitlers willige Vollstrecker,’ ed. Dieter Dowe (Bonn, 1996), 73. In “Structure and Agency in the Holocaust: Daniel J. Goldhagen and His Critics” by A.D. Moses, History and Theory 37, no. 2 (May 1998): 197.
  • Pohl, Dieter. "Die Holocaust-Forschung und Goldhagens Thesen," Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 45 (1997).
  • Rychlak, Ronald. "Goldhagen vs. Pius XII" First Things (June/July 2002)
  • Shandley, Robert & Riemer, Jeremiah (eds.) Unwilling Germans? The Goldhagen Debate. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8166-3101-8
  • Stern, Fritz. "The Goldhagen Controversy: The Past Distorted" in Einstein's German World, 272–288. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-691-05939-6
  • Wesley, Frank. The Holocaust and Anti-semitism: the Goldhagen Argument and Its Effects. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57309-235-7
  • The “Willing Executioners/Ordinary Men” Debate: Selections from the Symposium, April 8, 1996, introduced by Michael Berenbaum (Washington, D.C.: USHMM, 2001).

External links

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