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A new religious movement (NRM) is a comprehensive term used to identify religious, ethical, and spiritual groups, communities and practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Scholars studying the sociology of religion have almost unanimously adopted this term as a neutral alternative to the word cult, which is often considered derogatory. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their novel ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self and having a peripheral, tensioned relationship with established societal conventions.

A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied. Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands world-wide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.

List

See also

• List of religions and spiritual traditions
• Governmental lists of cults and sects
• Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
• List of Neopagan movements
• List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement

Notes

1. Brink 2008, p. 320.
2. See:
   • Beckford and Levasseur 1986, p. 29;
   • Nelson 1987, p. 107;
   • Swenson 2009, p. 206.
3. Coney 1998.
4. Barker 1999.
5. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 131.
6. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 162.
7. Lewis 1998, p. 25-28.
8. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 146.
9. Lewis 1998, p. 28.
10. ^ Melton 2003, p. 707.
11. ^ Hakl 2010.
12. Lewis 1998, pp. 28–29.
13. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 3.
14. Chryssides 2001, pp. 25-26.
15. Lewis 1998, pp. 29–31.
16. Chryssides 2001, p. 26.
17. ^ Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
18. Chryssides 2001, pp. 26–27.
19. Lewis 1998, p. 31.
20. ^ Melton 2003, p. 934.
21. ^ Lewis 1998, p. 32.
22. ^ Melton 2003, p. 764.
23. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 6.
24. ^ Melton 2003, p. 876.
25. Chryssides 2001, pp. 27–28.
26. Lewis 1998, pp. 32–33.
27. ^ Melton 2003, p. 985.
28. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 7.
29. Chryssides 2001, pp. 28–29.
30. ^ Melton 2003, p. 517.
31. Chryssides 2001, p. 29.
32. Lewis 1998, pp. 33–34.
33. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 13.
34. Lewis 1998, pp. 34–35.
35. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 9.
36. Lewis 1998, p. 35.
37. Lewis 1998, pp. 35–36.
38. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1116.
39. Lewis 1998, p. 36.
40. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1102.
41. Lewis 1998, p. 37-38.
42. ^ Melton 2003, p. 309.
43. Lewis 1998, p. 38.
44. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 11.
45. Chryssides 1999, p. 370
46. Chryssides 2001, pp. 30–31.
47. Lewis 1998, p. 41.
48. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1001.
49. ^ Lewis 1998, p. 43.
50. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1142.
51. Chryssides 2001, p. 31.
52. Lewis 1998, pp. 42–43.
53. ^ Melton 2003, p. 841.
54. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1054.
55. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 13.
56. Lewis 1998, p. 43-44.
57. ^ Melton 2003, p. 651.
58. Lewis 1998, p. 44.
59. ^ Melton 2003, pp. 986–987.
60. Chryssides 2001, pp. 33–34.
61. Lewis 1998, pp. 44–47.
62. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 20.
63. Lewis 1998, p. 47.
64. ^ Melton 2003, p. 241.
65. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993.
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68. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 15.
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70. Lewis 1998, p. 48.
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76. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 17.
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81. Chryssides 2001, pp. 40–41.
82. Chryssides 2001, p. 91.
83. ^ Melton 2003, p. 654.
84. ^ Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
85. Chryssides 2001, pp. 41–42.
86. ^ Clark 1949, p. 106.
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90. ^ Melton 2003, p. 462.
91. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 21.
92. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1131.
93. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 30.
94. Chryssides 2001, pp. 42–43.
95. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 31.
96. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 316.
97. ^ Melton 2003, p. 446.
98. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 22–23.
99. Chryssides 2001, pp. 43–44.
100. ^ Melton 2003, p. 846.
101. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 23.
102. Chryssides 2001, pp. 44–45.
103. Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
104. Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
105. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1073.
106. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 24.
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109. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 25–26.
110. ^ Chryssides 2001, pp. 48–49.
111. ^ Melton 2003, p. 992.
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113. ^ Melton 2003, p. 972.
114. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 32.
115. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 33.
116. ^ Melton 2003, p. 370.
117. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 34.
118. Lewis 1998, p. 77.
119. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 37.
120. ^ Bhugra 1997, p. 126.
121. Chryssides 2001, pp. 56–57.
122. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1006.
123. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 38.
124. Chryssides 2001, p. 59.
125. ^ Melton 2003, p. 617.
126. ^ Nichols 2006, pp. 37–40.
127. Chryssides 2001, pp. 60–61.
128. ^ Bergman (2006), p. 30.
129. ^ Melton 2003, pp. 1131–1132.
130. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 39–40.
131. Chryssides 2001, pp. 61–62.
132. Chryssides 2001, pp. 63–64.
133. ^ Melton 2003, p. 709.
134. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 269–270.
135. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 41–42.
136. Chryssides 2001, pp. 67–68.
137. ^ Melton 2003, p. 891.
138. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 43–44.
139. Chryssides 2001, pp. 68–69.
140. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 61.
141. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 44.
142. Chryssides 2001, pp. 69–70.
143. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 45.
144. ^ Chryssides 2001, p. 70.
145. Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 62.
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147. ^ Melton 2003, pp. 837–838.
148. Chryssides 2001, p. 73.
149. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 64.
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151. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 206, 368.
152. Chryssides 2001, p. 78.
153. Nichols 2006, p. 70.
154. Chryssides 2001, pp. 78–79.
155. Chryssides 2001, pp. 80–81.
156. Chryssides 2001, p. 79.
157. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 65.
158. Chryssides 2001, pp. 82–83.
159. ^ Melton 2003, p. 479.
160. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 50.
161. Chryssides 2001, pp. 81–82.
162. Nichols 2006, p. 48.
163. ^ Melton 2003, p. 107.
164. Chryssides 2001, p. 83.
165. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 70.
166. Chryssides 2001, p. 84.
167. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 138.
168. ^ Melton 2003, p. 652.
169. Chryssides 2001, p. 86.
170. ^ Melton 2003, p. 365.
171. Beit- Hallahmi 1993, p. 54.
172. Chryssides 2001, pp. 86–87.
173. ^ Melton 2003, p. 741.
174. See:
     • Saliba, John A. Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira, 2003, p. 26: "The Christian Science-Metaphysical Family. This family, known also as "New Thought" in academic literature, stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments."
     • Lewis, James R. Legitimating New Religions. Rutgers University Press, 2003, p. 94: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals, much as technology has transformed society."
175. Chryssides 2001, pp. 87–88.
176. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 76.
177. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 58.
178. Chryssides 2001, pp. 88–89.
179. ^ Melton 2003, p. 909.
180. ^ Melton 2003, p. 911.
181. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 59.
182. Chryssides 2001, pp. 89–90.
183. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 79.
184. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 61.
185. ^ Melton 2003, p. 395.
186. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 62.
187. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 85.
188. ^ Melton 2003, p. 530.
189. ^ Melton 2003, p. 437.
190. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 63, 65.
191. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 62–63.
192. ^ Melton 2003, p. 438.
193. Chryssides 2006, pp. 300–301.
194. ^ Melton 2003, p. 489.
195. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 65.
196. ^ Melton 2003, p. 653.
197. Lewis 2002, p. 210-211.
198. Greer 2003, p. 105-106.
199. Lewis 2002, p. 210-211.
200. Greer 2003, p. 105-106.
201. Lewis 2002, p. 210-211.
202. Greer 2003, p. 105-106.
203. Lewis 2002, p. 210-211.
204. Greer 2003, p. 105-106.
205. Chryssides 2001, pp. 91–92.
206. ^ Clarke 2008, pp. 508–509.
207. Chryssides 2001, pp. 92–93.
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209. Chryssides 2001, p. 93.
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215. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 97.
216. Chryssides 2001, p. 71.
217. ^ "In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." Cite error: The named reference "Storey" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
218. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 74.
219. Lewis 1998, p. 180.
220. ^ Melton 2003, p. 951.
221. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 75.
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223. Chryssides 2001, p. 96.
224. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 76.
225. Chryssides 2001, p. 97.
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227. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 1.
228. Chryssides 2001, p. 98.
229. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 104.
230. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 98.
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232. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 99.
233. Chryssides 2001, p. 99.
234. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 78.
235. Chryssides 2001, pp. 99–100.
236. ^ Robinson 2005.
237. Chryssides 2001, p. 100.
238. Chryssides 2006, p. 100.
239. Chryssides 2001, p. 103.
240. ^ Ambedkar and the Hindu Culture
241. Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
242. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 84.
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244. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 91.
245. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1056.
246. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 85–86.
247. ^ Beckford 2003, p. 156.
248. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1055.
249. Goodrick-Clarke, p. 17.
250. See:
     • Barker 1996, pp. 126-127. "To illustrate rather than to define: among the better-known NRMs are the Brahma Kumaris, the Church of Scientology, the Divine Light Mission (now known as Elan Vital), est (erhard Seminar Training, now known as the Landmark Forum), the Family (originally known as the Children of God), ISKCON (the Hare Krishna), Rajneeshism (now know as Osho International), Sahaja Yoga, the Soka Gakkai, Trandscendental Mediations, the Unification Church (known as the Moonies) and the Way International."
     • Beckford 1987, p. 44. "TM, Erhard Seminars Training (est), and the Rajneesh Foundation are currently the most visible NRMs offering a release service to clients in Western Europe, but a large number of smaller groups are also in operation."
     • Campbell 1999, p. 35. "...the human potential and psychotherapy movements, as well as the more 'life-affirming' New Religious Movements and religions of the self. This was the complex world of the Californian 'psychobabble', of Scientology and est (Erhard Seminars Training, later called Forums Network), of Encounter Groups, meditation techniques and self-help manuals designed to assist individuals 'realise their potential'."
     • Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic - a term I take from the business world Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
     • Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training ), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."
251. Aupers 2005, p. 193. "The founder of EST, a former member of the Scientology church called Werner Erhard, based the program on a combination of Zen meditation, gestalt therapy, psychosynthesis and management, but the main goal was self-spirituality."
252. Heelas 1991, p. 167. "And the founder of est (the highly influential seminar training established by Erhard in 1971)..."
253. Nichols 2006, p. 108.
254. See"
     • Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
     • Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM)..."
     • Nichols 2006, pp. 107–108. "The Forum is an organization characterized as New Age and specifically as human potential."
255. See:
     • Wallis 1991, p. 171–172. "Although the self-religions, especially those of an est-like variety, are expanding, they are not expanding as fast as they are in the United States."
     • Cresswell 1999, p. 35. "...the human potential and psychotherapy movements, as well as the more 'life-affirming' New Religious Movements and religions of the self. This was the complex world of the Californian 'psychobabble', of Scientology and est (Erhard Seminars Training, later called Forums Network), of Encounter Groups, meditation techniques and self-help manuals designed to assist individuals 'realise their potential'."
     • Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
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437. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 266–267.
438. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1081.
439. ^ Mayer 1993, p. 213.
440. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 268–269.
441. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1035.
442. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 271.
443. Wilson 1999, p. 10.
444. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1082.
445. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 279.
446. ^ Melton 2003, p. 981.
447. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 342.
448. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 344.
449. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1141.
450. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 287–288.
451. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1124.
452. ^ Barzun 2000, p. 672.
453. Lyon 2000, p. 106.
454. ^ Chryssides (1999), pp. 122–123.
455. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 292–293, 295–296.
456. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1045.
457. ^ Montreal Religious Sites Project
458. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 212, 334–335.
459. ^ Melton 2003, p. 737.
460. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 298.
461. Chryssides 2001, p. 330.
462. Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
463. Melton 2003, p. 611.
464. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 299.
465. ^ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279-280.
466. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 300, 302–303.
467. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 365.
468. Chryssides 2006, p. 335.
469. ^ Nichols 2006, pp.308–310.
470. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 304.
471. ^ Melton 2003, p. 487.
472. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 304–305.
473. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 371.
474. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 305.
475. ^ Melton 2003, p. 959.
476. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 305.
477. ^ Melton 2003, p. 855.
478. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 287–306.
479. ^ Melton 2003, p. 476.
480. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, pp. 306–307.
481. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 373.
482. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 310.
483. ^ Melton 2003, p. 883.
484. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 311.
485. ^ Melton 2003, p. 680.
486. (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
487. ^ Melton 2003, p. 880.
488. ^ Nichols 2006, pp. 319–322.
489. Melton 2003, p. 839.
490. Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 380.
491. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 313.
492. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1115.
493. ^ Dawson 2007, pp. 48-49.
494. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 314.
495. ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 382.
496. ^ Melton 2003, p. 420.
497. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 318.
498. ^ Melton 2003, p. 608.
499. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 319.
500. ^ Melton 2003, p. 884.
501. Hanegraaff 1998, p. 87.
502. ^ Nichols 2006, p. 338.
503. ^ Bainbridge 1997, pp. 203–205.
504. Beit-Hallahmi 1993, p. 320.
505. ^ Melton 2003, p. 856.

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External links

• AcademicInfo: Religious Movements Gateway – Directory of Online Resources
• Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
• Online texts about NRMs
• SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
• Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
• Law Encyclopedia
• Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia
• Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction

• New religious movements
• Cult-related lists