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| {{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| | name = Nagisa |
| name = Nagisa Oshima<br>大島 渚 | ||
| | image = Ki ez.jpg | | image = Ki ez.jpg | ||
| | imagesize = | | imagesize = | ||
| | caption = Nagisa |
| caption = Nagisa Oshima (right) with ] (left), in Cannes 2000. | ||
| | birth_name = | | birth_name = | ||
| | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1932|3|31}} | | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1932|3|31}} | ||
| | birth_place = |
| birth_place = Kyoto, Japan | ||
| | occupation = |
| occupation = Film director<br>Screenwriter | ||
| | years_active = 1953–1999 | | years_active = 1953–1999 | ||
| | spouse = Akiko Koyama (?-present) | | spouse = Akiko Koyama (?-present) | ||
| | website = | | website = | ||
| | awards = | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{nihongo|'''Nagisa Oshima'''|大島 渚|Ōshima Nagisa |born March 31, 1932}} is a |
{{nihongo|'''Nagisa Oshima'''|大島 渚|Ōshima Nagisa |born March 31, 1932}} is a Japanese film director and screenwriter. His films include '']'' and '']''. | ||
| ⚫ | After graduating from ] Oshima was hired by film production company ] and quickly progressed to directing his own movies, making his debut feature ''A Town of Love and Hope'' |
||
| ==Early life== | |||
| ⚫ | After graduating from ] Oshima was hired by film production company ] and quickly progressed to directing his own movies, making his debut feature ''A Town of Love and Hope'' in ]. | ||
| ==1960s== | ==1960s== | ||
| Oshima's cinematic career and influence developed very swiftly,<ref>{{harvnb|Bock|1978|p=311}}</ref> and early watershed films '']'', '']'' and '']'' all followed in 1960. The last of these 1960 films explored Oshima's disillusionment with the traditional political left, and his frustrations with the right, and Shochiku withdrew the film from circulation after less than a week, claiming that, following the recent assassination of the Socialist Party leader by a right-wing extremist, there was a risk of "unrest". Oshima left the studio in response, and launched his own independent production company. Despite the controversy, ''Night And Fog In Japan'' was placed tenth in that year's ''Kinema Jumpo'''s best-films poll of Japanese critics, and it has subsequently amassed considerable acclaim abroad.<ref name="Bock, Audie pp 333">{{harvnb|Bock|1978|p=333}}</ref> | |||
| In 1961 Oshima directed '']'', based on a ] by ] about the relationship between a wartime Japanese village and a captured ] serviceman. ''The Catch'' has not traditionally been viewed as one of Ōshima's major works, though it did notably introduce a thematic exploration of bigotry and xenophobia, themes which would be explored in greater depth in the later documentary ''Diary Of Yunbogi'', and feature films '']'' and ''Three Resurrected Drunkards''.<ref>{{harvnb|Turim|1998|p=168}}</ref> | |||
| Oshima then embarked upon a period of work in television, producing a series of documentaries; notably among them 1965's ''Diary Of Yunbogi''. Based upon an examination of the lives of street children in Seoul, it was made by Oshima after a trip to South Korea.<ref name="Bock, Audie pp 333"/><ref>{{harvnb|Oshima|1992|p=101}}</ref> | |||
| One of |
One of Oshima's more formally unusual films was '']'' (1967), an adaptation of the popular '']'' by ], '']'', a 16th-century saga of oppressed peasants and deadly ]. It is not a live-action film, or even an animated one; Oshima simply photographed close-ups of Shirato's drawings and added voices. Oshima had used the technique previously in some documentaries, and a willingness to make use of unorthodox techniques was an indication of the mature period of experimentalism which would soon surface in Oshima's work. The film managed to become a modest critical and commercial success in Japan. | ||
| Oshima directed three features in 1968. The first of these - '']'' (1968) presented the story of the failed execution of a young Korean for rape and murder, and was loosely based upon an actual crime and execution which had taken place in 1958.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Donald Richie|last=Richie|first=Donald|title=A Hundred Years Of Japanese Film|page=198|publisher=Kodansha International|date=2001|location=Tokyo}}</ref> The film utilizes non-realistic "distancing" techniques after the fashion of ] or ] to examine Japan's record of ] against its Korean minority, incorporating elements of farce and political satire, and a number of visual techniques associated with the cinematic new wave in a densely layered narrative. It was placed third in ''Kinema Jumpo'''s 1968 poll, and has also garnered significant attention globally.<ref>{{harvnb|Bock|1978|p=335}}</ref> ''Death By Hanging'' inaugurated a string of films (continuing through 1976's '']'') that clarified a number of Oshima's key themes, most notably a need to question social constraints, and to similarly deconstruct received political doctrines.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Tadao Sato|last=Sato|first=Tadao|title=Currents In Japanese Cinema|page=177 |publisher=Kodansha International|date=1982|location=Tokyo}}</ref> | |||
| Months later, '']'' - unites a number of |
Months later, '']'' - unites a number of Oshima's thematic concerns, within a dense, collage-style presentation. Featuring a title which alludes to ]'s '']'', the film explores the links between sexual and political radicalism,<ref>{{harvnb|Turim|1998|p=88}}</ref> specifically examining the day-to-day life of a would-be radical whose sexual desires take the form of ]. The fragmented narrative is interrupted by commentators, including an underground ] performance troupe, a psychoanalyst, and an impromptu symposium featuring actors from previous Oshima films (along with Oshima himself), all dissecting varied aspects of shifting sexual politics, as embodied by various characters within the film. | ||
| ''Boy'' (1969), based on another real-life case, was the story of a family who use their child to make money by deliberately getting involved in road accidents and making the drivers pay compensation. | ''Boy'' (1969), based on another real-life case, was the story of a family who use their child to make money by deliberately getting involved in road accidents and making the drivers pay compensation. | ||
| ==1970s== | ==1970s== | ||
| '']'' (1971) was a |
'']'' (1971) was a satirical look at Japanese attitudes, famously expressed in a scene where a marriage ceremony has to go ahead even though the bride is not present. | ||
| In 1976, Oshima made '']'', a film based on a true story of fatal sexual obsession in 1930s Japan. Oshima, a critic of censorship and his contemporary ]'s humanism, was determined that the film should feature unsimulated sex and thus the undeveloped film had to be transported to France to be processed. An uncensored version of the movie is still unavailable in Japan. | |||
| In his 1978 companion film to ''In the Realm of the Senses'', '']'' |
In his 1978 companion film to ''In the Realm of the Senses'', '']'', Oshima took a more restrained approach to depicting the sexual passions of the two lovers driven to murder, and the film won the 1978 ] award for best director. | ||
| ==1980s and 1990s== | ==1980s and 1990s== | ||
| In 1983 |
In 1983 Oshima had a critical success with a film made partly in English, '']'', set in a wartime prison camp, and featuring rock star ] and electronic musician ], alongside future director ]. The movie has become a cult classic.{{cn|date=December 2012}} '']'' (1986), written with ]'s frequent collaborator ], was a comedy about a diplomat's wife (]) whose love affair with a ] is quietly incorporated into an eminently civilised '']. | ||
| '']'' (1986), written with ]'s frequent collaborator ], was a comedy about a diplomat's wife (]) whose love affair with a ] is quietly incorporated into an eminently civilised '']. | |||
| For much of the 1980s and 1990s, he served as president of the ].<ref name="Nenpyo">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgj.or.jp/about_g/chronology.html|title=Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai nenpyō|publisher=Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai|language=Japanese|accessdate=17 August 2010}}</ref> (He actually won the inaugural ] in 1960.<ref name="DGJ1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgj.or.jp/award_g/|title=Nihon Eiga Kantoku Kyōkai Shinjinshō|publisher=Directors Guild of Japan|language=Japan|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>) | For much of the 1980s and 1990s, he served as president of the ].<ref name="Nenpyo">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgj.or.jp/about_g/chronology.html|title=Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai nenpyō|publisher=Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai|language=Japanese|accessdate=17 August 2010}}</ref> (He actually won the inaugural ] in 1960.<ref name="DGJ1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgj.or.jp/award_g/|title=Nihon Eiga Kantoku Kyōkai Shinjinshō|publisher=Directors Guild of Japan|language=Japan|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>) | ||
| In 1996 |
In 1996 Oshima suffered a stroke, but he returned to directing in 1999 with the period piece '']'' (''Gohatto''), featuring ''Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence'' actor ] and music by co-star and composer ]. Oshima has since suffered two more strokes, so future films are unlikely. | ||
| A collection of |
A collection of Oshima's essays and articles was published in English in 1993 as ''Cinema, Censorship and the State''.<ref>{{harvnb|Oshima|1992}}</ref> A critical study by Maureen Turim appeared in 1998.<ref>{{harvnb|Turim|1998}}</ref> | ||
| ==2000s== | ==2000s== | ||
| ⚫ | Oshima currently lives in ] in ]. | ||
| In 2008, curator ] of Cinematheque Ontario in Toronto put together a retrospective of Oshima's work that toured North America in 2008-2009.<ref>.</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==Filmography== | ==Filmography== | ||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
| |-style=background:#efefef; | |-style=background:#efefef; | ||
| | 1959 | | 1959 | ||
| | ''A |
| ''A Town of Love and Hope'' | ||
| | 愛と希望の街 | | 愛と希望の街 | ||
| | ''Ai to kibō no machi'' | | ''Ai to kibō no machi'' | ||
| Line 254: | Line 254: | ||
| * ''Kyōto, My Mother's Place'' (1991) | * ''Kyōto, My Mother's Place'' (1991) | ||
| * ''100 Years of Japanese Cinema'' (1994) (TV) | * ''100 Years of Japanese Cinema'' (1994) (TV) | ||
| ==Awards== | |||
| ⚫ | {{Awd|] for Best New Director|1961|]<br>]}}<br>{{Awd|] for Best Screenplay|1969|]}}<br>{{Awd|] for Best Director|1972|]}}{{Awd|] for Best Film|1972|]}}{{Awd|] for Best Screenplay|1972|]}}<br>{{Awd|]<br>]|1978|]}}<br>{{Awd|]<br>Readers' Choice Award for Best Film|1984|]}}<br>{{Awd|] for Best Director|2000|]}}{{Awd|] for Best Film|2000|]}} | ||
| == Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
| ===References=== | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Turim|first=Maureen|title=The Films Of Nagisa Oshima|page=168 | |||
| |publisher=University of California|date=1998|location=Berkeley|ref=harv|isbn=978-0520206663}} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Bock|first=Audie|title=Japanese Film Directors|publisher=Kodansha International|date=1978|location=Tokyo|ref=harv|isbn=978-0870117145}} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Oshima|first=Nagisa|title=Cinema, Censorship And The State|publisher=MIT Press|date=1992|location=Cambridge|ref=harv|isbn=0-262-65039-8}} | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 06:12, 30 December 2012
| Nagisa Oshima 大島 渚 | |
|---|---|
 Nagisa Oshima (right) with Ryuhei Matsuda (left), in Cannes 2000. | |
| Born | (1932-03-31) March 31, 1932 (age 92) Kyoto, Japan |
| Occupation(s) | Film director Screenwriter |
| Years active | 1953–1999 |
| Spouse | Akiko Koyama (?-present) |
Nagisa Oshima (大島 渚, Ōshima Nagisa, born March 31, 1932) is a Japanese film director and screenwriter. His films include In the Realm of the Senses and Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence.
Early life
After graduating from Kyoto University Oshima was hired by film production company Shochiku Ltd. and quickly progressed to directing his own movies, making his debut feature A Town of Love and Hope in 1959.
1960s
Oshima's cinematic career and influence developed very swiftly, and early watershed films Cruel Story of Youth, The Sun's Burial and Night and Fog in Japan all followed in 1960. The last of these 1960 films explored Oshima's disillusionment with the traditional political left, and his frustrations with the right, and Shochiku withdrew the film from circulation after less than a week, claiming that, following the recent assassination of the Socialist Party leader by a right-wing extremist, there was a risk of "unrest". Oshima left the studio in response, and launched his own independent production company. Despite the controversy, Night And Fog In Japan was placed tenth in that year's Kinema Jumpo's best-films poll of Japanese critics, and it has subsequently amassed considerable acclaim abroad.
In 1961 Oshima directed The Catch, based on a novella by Kenzaburō Ōe about the relationship between a wartime Japanese village and a captured African American serviceman. The Catch has not traditionally been viewed as one of Ōshima's major works, though it did notably introduce a thematic exploration of bigotry and xenophobia, themes which would be explored in greater depth in the later documentary Diary Of Yunbogi, and feature films Death By Hanging and Three Resurrected Drunkards.
Oshima then embarked upon a period of work in television, producing a series of documentaries; notably among them 1965's Diary Of Yunbogi. Based upon an examination of the lives of street children in Seoul, it was made by Oshima after a trip to South Korea.
One of Oshima's more formally unusual films was Band of Ninja (1967), an adaptation of the popular manga by Sampei Shirato, Ninja Bugei-chō, a 16th-century saga of oppressed peasants and deadly ninja. It is not a live-action film, or even an animated one; Oshima simply photographed close-ups of Shirato's drawings and added voices. Oshima had used the technique previously in some documentaries, and a willingness to make use of unorthodox techniques was an indication of the mature period of experimentalism which would soon surface in Oshima's work. The film managed to become a modest critical and commercial success in Japan.
Oshima directed three features in 1968. The first of these - Death By Hanging (1968) presented the story of the failed execution of a young Korean for rape and murder, and was loosely based upon an actual crime and execution which had taken place in 1958. The film utilizes non-realistic "distancing" techniques after the fashion of Brecht or Godard to examine Japan's record of racial discrimination against its Korean minority, incorporating elements of farce and political satire, and a number of visual techniques associated with the cinematic new wave in a densely layered narrative. It was placed third in Kinema Jumpo's 1968 poll, and has also garnered significant attention globally. Death By Hanging inaugurated a string of films (continuing through 1976's In the Realm of the Senses) that clarified a number of Oshima's key themes, most notably a need to question social constraints, and to similarly deconstruct received political doctrines.
Months later, Diary Of A Shinjuku Thief - unites a number of Oshima's thematic concerns, within a dense, collage-style presentation. Featuring a title which alludes to Jean Genet's The Thief's Journal, the film explores the links between sexual and political radicalism, specifically examining the day-to-day life of a would-be radical whose sexual desires take the form of kleptomania. The fragmented narrative is interrupted by commentators, including an underground noh performance troupe, a psychoanalyst, and an impromptu symposium featuring actors from previous Oshima films (along with Oshima himself), all dissecting varied aspects of shifting sexual politics, as embodied by various characters within the film.
Boy (1969), based on another real-life case, was the story of a family who use their child to make money by deliberately getting involved in road accidents and making the drivers pay compensation.
1970s
The Ceremony (1971) was a satirical look at Japanese attitudes, famously expressed in a scene where a marriage ceremony has to go ahead even though the bride is not present.
In 1976, Oshima made In the Realm of the Senses, a film based on a true story of fatal sexual obsession in 1930s Japan. Oshima, a critic of censorship and his contemporary Akira Kurosawa's humanism, was determined that the film should feature unsimulated sex and thus the undeveloped film had to be transported to France to be processed. An uncensored version of the movie is still unavailable in Japan.
In his 1978 companion film to In the Realm of the Senses, Empire of Passion, Oshima took a more restrained approach to depicting the sexual passions of the two lovers driven to murder, and the film won the 1978 Cannes Film Festival award for best director.
1980s and 1990s
In 1983 Oshima had a critical success with a film made partly in English, Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence, set in a wartime prison camp, and featuring rock star David Bowie and electronic musician Ryūichi Sakamoto, alongside future director Takeshi Kitano. The movie has become a cult classic. Max, Mon Amour (1986), written with Luis Buñuel's frequent collaborator Jean-Claude Carrière, was a comedy about a diplomat's wife (Charlotte Rampling) whose love affair with a chimpanzee is quietly incorporated into an eminently civilised ménage à trois.
For much of the 1980s and 1990s, he served as president of the Directors Guild of Japan. (He actually won the inaugural Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award in 1960.)
In 1996 Oshima suffered a stroke, but he returned to directing in 1999 with the period piece Taboo (Gohatto), featuring Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence actor Takeshi Kitano and music by co-star and composer Ryūichi Sakamoto. Oshima has since suffered two more strokes, so future films are unlikely.
A collection of Oshima's essays and articles was published in English in 1993 as Cinema, Censorship and the State. A critical study by Maureen Turim appeared in 1998.
2000s
Oshima currently lives in Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture.
Filmography
| Year | English title | Japanese title | Romaji | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | Tomorrow's Sun | 明日の太陽 | Ashita no taiyō | Short (7 min), color. |
| 1959 | A Town of Love and Hope | 愛と希望の街 | Ai to kibō no machi | 62 min, B&W. |
| 1960 | Cruel Story of Youth | 青春残酷物語 | Sēshun zankoku monogatari | 96 min, color. |
| 1960 | The Sun's Burial | 太陽の墓場 | Taiyō no hakaba | 87 min, color. |
| 1960 | Night and Fog in Japan | 日本の夜と霧 | Nihon no yoru to kiri | 107 min, color. |
| 1961 | The Catch | 飼育 | Shiiku | 105 min, B&W. |
| 1962 | The Rebel | 天草四郎時貞 | Amakusa Shirō Tokisada | 101 min, B&W. |
| 1963 | A Small Child's First Adventure | 小さな冒険旅行 | Chiisana bōken ryokō | 60 min, color. |
| 1964 | It's Me Here, Bellett | 私はベレット | Watashi wa beretto | 60 min, color. |
| 1965 | The Pleasures of the Flesh | 悦楽 | Etsuraku | 90 min, color. |
| 1965 | Yunbogi's Diary | ユンボギの日記 | Yunbogi no nikki | 24 min, B&W. |
| 1966 | Violence at High Noon | 白昼の通り魔 | Hakuchū no tōrima | 99 min, B&W. |
| 1967 | Tales of the Ninja/Band of Ninja | 忍者武芸帳 | Ninja bugei-chō | 131 min, B&W. |
| 1967 | Sing a Song of Sex (A Treatise on Japanese Bawdy Songs) | 日本春歌考 | Nihon shunka-kō | 103 min, color. |
| 1967 | Double Suicide: Japanese Summer | 無理心中日本の夏 | Muri shinjū: Nihon no natsu | 98 min, B&W. |
| 1968 | Death by Hanging | 絞死刑 | Kōshikē | 117 min, B&W. |
| 1968 | Three Resurrected Drunkards | 帰って来たヨッパライ | Kaette kita yopparai | 80 min, color. |
| 1969 | Diary of a Shinjuku Thief | 新宿泥棒日記 | Shinjuku dorobō nikki | 94 min, B&W/color. |
| 1969 | Boy | 少年 | Shōnen | 97 min, color. |
| 1970 | Man Who Left His Will On Film | 東京戰争戦後秘話 | Tōkyō sensō sengo hiwa | 94 min, B&W. |
| 1971 | The Ceremony | 儀式 | Gishiki | 123 min, color. |
| 1972 | Dear Summer Sister | 夏の妹 | Natsu no Imōto | 96 min, color. |
| 1976 | In the Realm of the Senses | 愛のコリーダ | Ai no corrida | 104 min, color. |
| 1978 | Empire of Passion | 愛の亡霊 | Ai no bōrē | 108 min, color. |
| 1983 | Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence | 戦場のメリークリスマス | Senjō no merī Kurisumasu | 123 min, color, UK/Japan. |
| 1986 | Max, Mon Amour | マックス、モン・アムール | Makkusu, Mon Amūru | 97 min, color. France/USA/Japan. |
| 1999 | Taboo | 御法度 | Gohatto | 100 min, color. |
TV documentaries
- Kōri no naka no sēshun (Youth on Ice, 1962, documentary, 25 min) (TV)
- Wasurerareta kōgun (The Forgotten Army, 1963, documentary, 25 min) (TV)
- Sēshun no ishibumi (The Tomb of Youth, 1964, documentary, 40 min) (TV)
- Hankotsu no toride (A Rebel's Fortress, 1964, documentary, 25 min) (TV)
- Gimē shōjo (1964) (TV)
- Chita Niseigo taihēyō ōdan (Crossing the Pacific on the Chita Niseigo, 1964) (TV)
- Aru kokutetsu-jōmuin (A National Railway Worker, 1964) (TV)
- Aogeba tōtoshi (Ode to an Old Teacher, 1964) (TV)
- Aisurebakoso (Why I Love You, 1964) (TV)
- Ajia no akebono (1964) (TV)
- Gyosen sonansu (The Trawler Incident, 1965) (TV)
- Daitōa sensō (The Pacific War, 1968) (TV)
- Mō-takutō to bunka daikakumē (Mao Tse-Tung and the Cultural Revolution, 1969) (TV)
- Kyojin-gun (The Giants, 1972) (TV)
- Joi! Bangla (1972) (TV)
- Goze: Mōmoku no onna-tabigēnin (The Journey of the Blind Musicians, 1972) (TV)
- Bengal no chichi laman (1973) (TV)
- Ikiteiru nihonkai-kaisen (1975) (TV)
- The Battle of Tsushima (1975, documentary, 50 min)
- Ōgon no daichi Bengal (The Golden Land of Bengal, 1976) (TV)
- Ikiteiru umi no bohyō (The Sunken Tomb, 1976) (TV)
- Ikiteiru gyokusai no shima (The Isle of the Final Battle, 1976, documentary, 25 min) (TV)
- Denki mō-takutō (The Life of Mao, 1976) (TV)
- Yokoi shōichi: guamu-to 28 nen no nazo o ou (Yokoi and His Twenty-Eight Years of Secret Life on Guam, 1977) (TV)
- Shisha wa itsumademo wakai (1977) (TV)
- Kyōto, My Mother's Place (1991)
- 100 Years of Japanese Cinema (1994) (TV)
Awards
Blue Ribbon Awards for Best New Director
1961 Night and Fog in Japan
Cruel Story of Youth
Kinema Junpo Awards for Best Screenplay
1969 Death by Hanging
Kinema Junpo Awards for Best Director
1972 The Ceremony
Kinema Junpo Awards for Best Film
1972 The Ceremony
Kinema Junpo Awards for Best Screenplay
1972 The Ceremony
Cannes Film Festival
Prix de la mise en scène
1978 Empire of Passion
Kinema Junpo Awards
Readers' Choice Award for Best Film
1984 Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence
Blue Ribbon Awards for Best Director
2000 Taboo
Blue Ribbon Awards for Best Film
2000 Taboo
Notes
- Bock 1978, p. 311
- ^ Bock 1978, p. 333
- Turim 1998, p. 168
- Oshima 1992, p. 101
- Richie, Donald (2001). A Hundred Years Of Japanese Film. Tokyo: Kodansha International. p. 198.
- Bock 1978, p. 335
- Sato, Tadao (1982). Currents In Japanese Cinema. Tokyo: Kodansha International. p. 177.
- Turim 1998, p. 88
- "Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai nenpyō" (in Japanese). Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
- "Nihon Eiga Kantoku Kyōkai Shinjinshō" (in Japan). Directors Guild of Japan. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Oshima 1992
- Turim 1998
References
- Turim, Maureen (1998). The Films Of Nagisa Oshima. Berkeley: University of California. p. 168. ISBN 978-0520206663.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bock, Audie (1978). Japanese Film Directors. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 978-0870117145.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Oshima, Nagisa (1992). Cinema, Censorship And The State. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-65039-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)