| Revision as of 16:37, 15 October 2012 view source212.233.147.48 (talk) revert removals of sourced material and additions of unsourced material. WP:IDon'tLikeIt went on here.← Previous edit | Revision as of 04:13, 22 October 2012 view source Melmerme (talk | contribs)25 edits Taraborrelli as a source is speculative and not always reliable. Stick to known facts please. Thank you.Next edit → | ||
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| ] in the ]'s ] in May 1984.]] | ] in the ]'s ] in May 1984.]] | ||
| ''']''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American musician and entertainer who spent over forty years in the public eye, first as a child star with ], and later as a solo artist. Starting in the mid-1980s it became clear that Jackson's appearance was changing dramatically. His skin tone became lighter, his nose and facial shape changed, and he lost weight. The lighter skin tone was initially caused by ] and ] — with which Jackson was diagnosed in 1986—and his use of make-up to cover the blotched skin.<ref name="tara 434–436">Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436</ref> Surgeons |
''']''' (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American musician and entertainer who spent over forty years in the public eye, first as a child star with ], and later as a solo artist. Starting in the mid-1980s it became clear that Jackson's appearance was changing dramatically. His skin tone became lighter, his nose and facial shape changed, and he lost weight. The lighter skin tone was initially caused by ] and ] — with which Jackson was diagnosed in 1986—and his use of make-up to cover the blotched skin.<ref name="tara 434–436">Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436</ref> Surgeons noticed he also had ], and a clef put in his chin. <ref>name="ABCNews"</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Jackson and some of his siblings said they had been physically and emotionally abused by their father, and in 2003, his father admitted whipping Jackson as a child.<ref>, ], June 27, 2009.</ref> Jackson rarely spoke about it, but when he did, he became very emotional and said he would ] before meeting his father. In 1993 Jackson became dependent on prescription drugs, mainly painkillers and strong sedatives. With the help of ] and ],<ref name = "campbell (1995) 89-93"/> he went into ]. ] of acute propofol intoxication after suffering a respiratory arrest at his home on North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills neighborhood in Los Angeles on June 25, 2009. His personal physician Conrad Murray was convicted in November 2011 of involuntary manslaughter. | ||
| ⚫ | Jackson and some of his siblings said they had been physically and emotionally abused by their father, and in 2003, his father admitted whipping Jackson as a child.<ref>, ], June 27, 2009.</ref> Jackson rarely spoke about it, but when he did, he became very emotional and said he would ] before meeting his father. |
||
| ==Vitiligo and lupus, treatments and effects== | ==Vitiligo and lupus, treatments and effects== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Jackson's skin was a medium-brown color throughout his youth, but |
Jackson's skin was a medium-brown color throughout his youth, but starting in the mid-1980s, his skin gradually grew more pale through what was widely considered to be ]. He was chastised in the media for turning his back on his African ancestry. He was accused of bleaching his skin and changing facial features in an attempt to look white. When the slanderous attacks became intolerable, Michael Jackson revealed during a 1993 Oprah Winfrey televised interview, that he had a skin disease that turned his skin white.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 14-16"/> According to ]'s biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with ] and ]; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in ]; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight, which could have caused his lupus condition to recur.<ref name="tara 434–436"/> | ||
| To treat these conditions, Jackson used Solaquin, ] and Benoquin. He also had ] injected directly into his scalp regularly.<ref name = "tara 434–436"/> The treatments he used for his condition |
To treat these conditions, Jackson used Solaquin, ] and Benoquin. He also had ] injected directly into his scalp regularly.<ref name = "tara 434–436"/> The treatments he used for his condition helped lighten his skin tone, and with the application of ] his skin tone became more even. He could appear very pale due to vitiligo.<ref name = "tara 434–436"/> For example, ] recalled, in a '']'' interview: "I remember before ]], Michael sent somebody to find out if I had any foundation make-up he could borrow. I was using some light Chanel foundation at that time, and Michael sent back a note to say, thanks, but the foundation wasn't quite light enough for him."<ref>{{cite news|journal='']''|accessdate=13 September 2012|title=Michael Jackson Remembered: Stevie Nicks on the Ultimate Showman|date=9 July 2009|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-remembered-stevie-nicks-on-the-ultimate-showman-20090709}}</ref> | ||
| In February 1993, Jackson gave an unusually candid ninety-minute interview with ], his first televised interview since 1979. During this interview, he dismissed suggestions that he bleached his skin, declaring publicly for the first time that he suffered from vitiligo and that he used heavy makeup to even out his complexion. The interview was watched by 62 million Americans.<ref>{{cite news | title=Thriller for Diane Sawyer: Interview with Jackson Two |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1995/05/18/1995-05-18_thriller_for_diane_sawyer__i.html |date=May 18, 1995|work=Daily News |location=New York |accessdate=Jul. 3, 2009}}</ref> It also started a public discourse on the topic of vitiligo, a relatively unknown condition before then.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 14-16">Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16</ref><ref name = "lewis 165-168">Lewis pp. 165–168</ref><ref name="george pp. 45-46">George, pp. 45–46</ref><ref name = "brisbane on vitiligo">, ''BrisbaneTimes'', December 18, 2007</ref> Jackson's autopsy confirmed that he had vitiligo. |
In February 1993, Jackson gave an unusually candid ninety-minute interview with ], his first live televised interview since 1979. During this interview, he dismissed suggestions that he bleached his skin, declaring publicly for the first time that he suffered from vitiligo and that he used heavy makeup to even out his complexion. The interview was watched by 62 million Americans.<ref>{{cite news | title=Thriller for Diane Sawyer: Interview with Jackson Two |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1995/05/18/1995-05-18_thriller_for_diane_sawyer__i.html |date=May 18, 1995|work=Daily News |location=New York |accessdate=Jul. 3, 2009}}</ref> It also started a public discourse on the topic of vitiligo, a relatively unknown condition before then.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 14-16">Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16</ref><ref name = "lewis 165-168">Lewis pp. 165–168</ref><ref name="george pp. 45-46">George, pp. 45–46</ref><ref name = "brisbane on vitiligo">, ''BrisbaneTimes'', December 18, 2007</ref> Jackson's autopsy confirmed that he had vitiligo. | ||
| During the Australian leg of the ], Jackson married his ]'s nurse, ].<ref name="taraborrelli pp. 580-581">Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581</ref><ref name="taraborrelli p. 597">Taraborrelli, p. 597</ref> The pair first met in the mid-1980s, when Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo. She spent many years treating his illness as well as providing emotional support, and they built a strong friendship before becoming romantically involved.<ref name="taraborreli p. 570">Taraborrelli, p. 570</ref> The couple divorced in 1999 and remained friends thereafter.<ref name="taraborrelli pp. 599-600">Taraborrelli, pp. 599–600</ref> | During the Australian leg of the ], Jackson married his ]'s nurse, ].<ref name="taraborrelli pp. 580-581">Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581</ref><ref name="taraborrelli p. 597">Taraborrelli, p. 597</ref> The pair first met in the mid-1980s, when Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo. She spent many years treating his illness as well as providing emotional support, and they built a strong friendship before becoming romantically involved.<ref name="taraborreli p. 570">Taraborrelli, p. 570</ref> The couple divorced in 1999 and remained friends thereafter.<ref name="taraborrelli pp. 599-600">Taraborrelli, pp. 599–600</ref> | ||
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| ==Cosmetic procedures and diet== | ==Cosmetic procedures and diet== | ||
| ].]] | ].]] | ||
| According to biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli, Jackson had his first ] after breaking his nose during a complex dance routine in 1979. However, the surgery was not a complete success, and he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to ], who performed his second rhinoplasty in 1981.<ref name = "tara 205–210">Taraborrelli, pp. 205–210</ref> ], though, has said in a recent interview that Michael intentionally got his first nose job. Taraborrelli stated Jackson had a third rhinoplasty three years later and a fourth in 1986.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1196633/How-Jacksons-surgery-desperate-bid-look-like-father-hated.html | work=Mail Online | title=How Jackson's surgery was a desperate bid not to look like the father he hated | date=2009-07-01 | accessdate=2012-04-08 | first1=Randy | last1=Taraborelli}}</ref> Jackson wrote in his 1988 autobiography '']'' that, in addition to the two rhinoplasties, he also had a dimple created in his chin.<ref name = "jackson 229-230">Jackson, pp. 229–230</ref> From 1986 onward he was a regular client of ], a dermatologist who specializes in dermal filler injection, a non-surgical cosmetic procedure.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0907/08/lkl.01.html | work=CNN | title=CNN.com}}</ref> | |||
| In his book, Jackson attributed the changes in the structure of his face to ], a strict vegetarian diet, weight loss, a change in hair style and stage lighting.<ref name = "jackson 229-230"/> Jackson denied allegations that he had altered his eyes.<ref name="jackson p. 256">Jackson, p. 256</ref> By 1990, the full extent of Jackson's surgery was widely debated; |
In his book, Jackson attributed the changes in the structure of his face to ], a strict vegetarian diet, weight loss, a change in hair style and stage lighting.<ref name = "jackson 229-230"/> Jackson denied allegations that he had altered his eyes.<ref name="jackson p. 256">Jackson, p. 256</ref> By 1990, the full extent of Jackson's surgery was widely debated and a constant source of cruel media speculation; some supposedly close to the singer thought he had undergone multiple operations on his face up to this point.<ref name = "tara 434–436"/> In June 1992, the '']'', a tabloid publication, ran a full front-page picture, allegedly of Jackson's face, which they described as "hideously disfigured" by plastic surgery. Jackson sued the tabloid and in 1998 they agreed to an out-of-court settlement with Jackson. At the High Court, the paper's former editor acknowledged that after meeting the singer in person, he believed that Jackson was neither hideously disfigured nor scarred at all.<ref name="BBCNews">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/210759.stm|title=Mirror says sorry for Jackson libel |publisher=BBC |date=November 9, 1998 |accessdate=Jul. 29, 2008 }}</ref> | ||
| ==Health concerns== | ==Health concerns== | ||
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| Although it had been reported for a number of years that Jackson had an abusive childhood, he first spoke openly about it in his 1993 interview with Oprah Winfrey. He grimaced when speaking of the childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness.<ref name="campbell (1995) 14-16"/><ref name = "lewis 165-168">Lewis pp. 165–168</ref><ref name="george pp. 45-46">George, pp. 45–46</ref> In the same interview, speaking of his father, Jackson said, "There were times when he'd come to see me, I'd get sick... I'd start to ]. I'm sorry... Please don't be mad at me... But I do love him."<ref name="taraborrelli p. 620">Taraborrelli, p. 620</ref> In Jackson's other high profile interview '']'' (2003), the singer covered his face with his hand and began crying when talking about his childhood abuse.<ref name = "tara 20-22"/> | Although it had been reported for a number of years that Jackson had an abusive childhood, he first spoke openly about it in his 1993 interview with Oprah Winfrey. He grimaced when speaking of the childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness.<ref name="campbell (1995) 14-16"/><ref name = "lewis 165-168">Lewis pp. 165–168</ref><ref name="george pp. 45-46">George, pp. 45–46</ref> In the same interview, speaking of his father, Jackson said, "There were times when he'd come to see me, I'd get sick... I'd start to ]. I'm sorry... Please don't be mad at me... But I do love him."<ref name="taraborrelli p. 620">Taraborrelli, p. 620</ref> In Jackson's other high profile interview '']'' (2003), the singer covered his face with his hand and began crying when talking about his childhood abuse.<ref name = "tara 20-22"/> | ||
| Jackson recalled that Joseph sat in a chair as the group rehearsed, saying, "He had this belt in his hand. If you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you. It was bad. Real bad."<ref name="taraborreli p. 602">Taraborrelli, p. 602</ref> In 2003, the singer was accused of ] and was ]. During the investigation, Jackson's profile was examined by Stan Katz, a ] professional, who spent several hours with the accuser as well. According to ], the assessment made by Katz was that Jackson had become a regressed ten-year-old.<ref name="taraborreli p. 648">Taraborrelli, p. 648</ref> Some medical professionals have publicly stated their belief that the singer also had ] |
Jackson recalled that Joseph sat in a chair as the group rehearsed, saying, "He had this belt in his hand. If you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you. It was bad. Real bad."<ref name="taraborreli p. 602">Taraborrelli, p. 602</ref> In 2003, the singer was accused of ] and was ]. During the investigation, Jackson's profile was examined by Stan Katz, a ] professional, who spent several hours with the accuser as well. According to ], the assessment made by Katz was that Jackson had become a regressed ten-year-old.<ref name="taraborreli p. 648">Taraborrelli, p. 648</ref> Some medical professionals have publicly stated their belief that the singer also had ]. | ||
| ===Weight and drug addiction=== | ===Weight and drug addiction=== | ||
| The changes to his face were, in part, due to periods of significant weight loss.<ref name="taraborreli pp.138-144">Taraborrelli, pp. 138–144</ref> Jackson became slimmer in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".<ref name = "tara 205–210"/> By 1984, Jackson had lost {{Convert|20|lb|kg}}, bringing his weight to {{Convert|105|lb|kg}} on a 5 foot 9 (1.75 m) frame, the slimmest he had ever been as an adult.<ref name = "tara 312–313">Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313</ref> Witnesses reported that Jackson was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from ].<ref name = "tara 312–313"/> Following ], Jackson stopped eating, losing even more weight.<ref name = "tara 514-516">Taraborrelli, pp. 514–516</ref> | The structural changes to his face were, in part, due to periods of significant weight loss.<ref name="taraborreli pp.138-144">Taraborrelli, pp. 138–144</ref> Jackson became slimmer in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".<ref name = "tara 205–210"/> By 1984, Jackson had lost {{Convert|20|lb|kg}}, bringing his weight to {{Convert|105|lb|kg}} on a 5 foot 9 (1.75 m) frame, the slimmest he had ever been as an adult. This was right before the Victory Tour. <ref name = "tara 312–313">Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313</ref> Witnesses at the time reported that Jackson was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from ].<ref name = "tara 312–313"/> Following ], Jackson stopped eating, losing even more weight.<ref name = "tara 514-516">Taraborrelli, pp. 514–516</ref> | ||
| In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for |
In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for an HBO televised performance (which was subsequently cancelled); a non-related writer claims that the incident was caused by a stress-related ],<ref name="taraborreli pp. 576-577">Taraborrelli, pp. 576–577</ref> while medics cited irregular beats, gastro-intestinal inflammation, dehydration, and kidney and liver irregularities.<ref name="Irregular heartbeat may have caused Jackson's collapse">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/US/9512/michael_jackson/12-08/index.html |title=v |publisher=CNN |date=Dec. 8, 1995|accessdate=Feb. 23, 2010}}</ref> In none of these hospitalizations, including this one, did medics find drugs in Jackson's system.<ref name="Rock Hill doctor helped saved Michael Jackson's life after 1995 rehearsal collapse ">{{cite news |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/heraldonline/access/1779090271.html?dids=1779090271:1779090271&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+8%2C+2009&author=Anonymous&pub=Herald&edition=&startpage=n%2Fa&desc=Rock+Hill+doctor+helped+saved+Michael+Jackson%27s+life+after+1995+rehearsal+collapse |title=v |publisher=HeraldOnline |date=July 8, 2009|accessdate=Feb. 23, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Rock Hill doctor helped saved Michael Jackson's life after 1995 rehearsal collapse (free version)">{{cite web |url=http://prince.org/msg/8/313283?&pg=19 |title=v |publisher=HeraldOnline |date=July 8, 2009|accessdate=Feb. 23, 2010}}</ref> The ] reported that during his 2005 trial, the singer again suffered from stress-related illnesses and severe weight loss.<ref name="Michael Jackson health concerns">{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Davis |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4612897.stm |title=Michael Jackson health concerns |publisher=BBC |date=June 6, 2005|accessdate=Apr. 14, 2008}}</ref> | ||
| A biographer states that in 1993, the entertainer admitted taking ], ] and ] to deal with the stress of the child sexual abuse allegations made against him,<ref name = "tara 518–520">Taraborrelli, pp. 518–520</ref> while Jackson himself does not mention sedatives, he stated that painkillers actually were prescribed to soothe excruciating pain that he was suffering after recent reconstructive surgery on his scalp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mjliveson.org/michael-jackson-statement-neverland-ranch?page=2 |title=Michael Jackson's statement from 22nd December, 1993|publisher=MJLiveson |date=Dec. 22, 1993|accessdate=Feb. 23, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> A few months after the allegations became news, Jackson had lost approximately {{convert|10|lb|kg}} in weight and had stopped eating.<ref name="tara 514-516"/> In a court deposition unrelated to alleged child abuse, Jackson was visibly drowsy, lacked concentration and repeatedly slurred while speaking. He could not remember the dates of his prior album releases or names of people he had worked with. It took him several minutes to name some of his recent albums.<ref name = "campbell 96-97">Campbell (1995), pp. 96–97</ref> | A biographer states that in 1993, the entertainer admitted taking ], ] and ] to deal with the stress of the child sexual abuse allegations made against him,<ref name = "tara 518–520">Taraborrelli, pp. 518–520</ref> while Jackson himself does not mention sedatives, he stated that painkillers actually were prescribed to soothe excruciating pain that he was suffering after recent reconstructive surgery on his scalp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mjliveson.org/michael-jackson-statement-neverland-ranch?page=2 |title=Michael Jackson's statement from 22nd December, 1993|publisher=MJLiveson |date=Dec. 22, 1993|accessdate=Feb. 23, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> A few months after the allegations became news, Jackson had lost approximately {{convert|10|lb|kg}} in weight and had stopped eating.<ref name="tara 514-516"/> In a court deposition unrelated to alleged child abuse, Jackson was visibly drowsy, lacked concentration and repeatedly slurred while speaking. He could not remember the dates of his prior album releases or names of people he had worked with. It took him several minutes to name some of his recent albums.<ref name = "campbell 96-97">Campbell (1995), pp. 96–97</ref> | ||
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| Jackson also stated during the 1993 interview that he first began taking painkiller medications regularly in 1984. In January 24 of that year, Jackson was filming a Pepsi commercial when his hair caught on fire from faulty pyrotechnics on stage that were intended to be part of one of many being filmed. He sustained second-degree burns to his scalp and never fully recovered from the injury or from the lingering pain. He reportedly began taking the painkillers after refusing at first in order to deal with the intense pain. | Jackson also stated during the 1993 interview that he first began taking painkiller medications regularly in 1984. In January 24 of that year, Jackson was filming a Pepsi commercial when his hair caught on fire from faulty pyrotechnics on stage that were intended to be part of one of many being filmed. He sustained second-degree burns to his scalp and never fully recovered from the injury or from the lingering pain. He reportedly began taking the painkillers after refusing at first in order to deal with the intense pain. | ||
| Jackson's health had deteriorated to the extent that he cancelled the remainder of his tour and flew with friends ] and her husband to London. When the singer arrived at the airport, he had to be held up by his two friends; he was then rushed to the home of ]'s manager and then to a clinic.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 89-93">Campbell (1995), pp. 89–93</ref><ref name = "tara 524-528"/> He was searched for drugs on entry; vials of medicine were found in a suitcase. He took over the fourth floor of the hospital and was put on Valium ] to wean him from painkillers.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 89-93"/><ref name = "tara 524-528"/> The singer's spokesperson then told reporters that Jackson was "barely able to function adequately on an intellectual level".<ref name = "campbell (1995) 89-93"/><ref name = "tara 524-528"/> While in the clinic, Jackson took part in group and one-on-one therapy sessions.<ref name = "tara 524-528">Taraborrelli, pp. 524–528</ref> According to Taraborrelli, in |
Jackson's health had deteriorated to the extent that he cancelled the remainder of his Dangerous tour and flew with friends ] and her husband to London. When the singer arrived at the airport, he had to be held up by his two friends; he was then rushed to the home of ]'s manager and then to a clinic.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 89-93">Campbell (1995), pp. 89–93</ref><ref name = "tara 524-528"/> He was searched for drugs on entry; vials of medicine were found in a suitcase. He took over the fourth floor of the hospital and was put on Valium ] to wean him from painkillers.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 89-93"/><ref name = "tara 524-528"/> The singer's spokesperson then told reporters that Jackson was "barely able to function adequately on an intellectual level".<ref name = "campbell (1995) 89-93"/><ref name = "tara 524-528"/> While in the clinic, Jackson took part in group and one-on-one therapy sessions.<ref name = "tara 524-528">Taraborrelli, pp. 524–528</ref> According to Taraborrelli, in February 2004, as his trial approached, Jackson became dependent on ] and ] and was being treated for this dependency by herbalist Alfredo Bowman in Colorado.<ref name="taraborrelli p. 661">Taraborrelli, p. 661</ref> | ||
| Following Jackson's death, a police warrant issued against his attending physician, Conrad Murray, stated that Jackson's many doctors had used nineteen distinct aliases, such as "Omar Arnold," "Josephine Baker," "Fernand Diaz," "Paul Farance," "Peter Madonie," "Faheem Muhammad," "Roselyn Muhammad," "Blanca Nicholas," "Jimmy Nicholas," "Bryan Singleton," "Frank Tyson," and "Rob Kaufman" while prescribing medications for Jackson. He also took prescriptions as "Prince," "Michael Amir," and "Kai Chase," the names of one of his sons, his spokesperson, and his former personal chef, respectively.<ref>Michaels, Sean. "." '']''. Thursday July 30, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.</ref> Police found a CD mentioning the "Omar Arnold" alias when they raided the ] home and office of Conrad Murray, Jackson's personal physician.<ref>Ryan, Harriet. "." '']''. July 29, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.</ref> Use of pseudonyms by celebrities' doctors is common practice for maintaining the confidentiality of patients' medical history,<ref>Harriet Ryan and Kimi Yoshino. "." '']''. July 17, 2009. Retrieved on February 23, 2010.</ref> and does not necessarily indicate addiction.<ref>Hip Hop News staff. "." ''Hip Hop News''. July 6, 2009. Retrieved on February 23, 2010.</ref> | Following Jackson's death, a police warrant issued against his attending physician, Conrad Murray, stated that Jackson's many doctors had used nineteen distinct aliases, such as "Omar Arnold," "Josephine Baker," "Fernand Diaz," "Paul Farance," "Peter Madonie," "Faheem Muhammad," "Roselyn Muhammad," "Blanca Nicholas," "Jimmy Nicholas," "Bryan Singleton," "Frank Tyson," and "Rob Kaufman" while prescribing medications for Jackson. He also took prescriptions as "Prince," "Michael Amir," and "Kai Chase," the names of one of his sons, his spokesperson, and his former personal chef, respectively.<ref>Michaels, Sean. "." '']''. Thursday July 30, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.</ref> Police found a CD mentioning the "Omar Arnold" alias when they raided the ] home and office of Conrad Murray, Jackson's personal physician.<ref>Ryan, Harriet. "." '']''. July 29, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.</ref> Use of pseudonyms by celebrities' doctors is common practice for maintaining the confidentiality of patients' medical history,<ref>Harriet Ryan and Kimi Yoshino. "." '']''. July 17, 2009. Retrieved on February 23, 2010.</ref> and does not necessarily indicate addiction.<ref>Hip Hop News staff. "." ''Hip Hop News''. July 6, 2009. Retrieved on February 23, 2010.</ref> | ||
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| ==Death== | ==Death== | ||
| {{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} | {{Main|Death of Michael Jackson}} | ||
| Cherilyn Lee, a nurse who provided nutritional counseling to Jackson, said that he asked her in May 2009 to supply him with propofol for his chronic insomnia.<ref name="rs">{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/06/30/michael-jackson-desperately-sought-sedative-nutritionist-says/|title=Michael Jackson "Desperately" Sought Sedative, Nutritionist Says|date=June 30, 2009|work=Associated Press|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=Jul. 1, 2009}} | |||
| </ref> Lee refused, telling him, "Michael, the only problem with you taking this medication ... is you're going to take it and you're not going to wake up." Jackson dismissed the warning, telling her he had been given the drug before, by IV injection, and that his doctor told him it was safe.<ref name="metromix"/> He did not name the doctor. An overdose of propofol can cause the patient to ], leading to a shortage of oxygen and a buildup of ] in the body which can lead to ] and cardiac arrest.<ref name="metromix">{{cite news|last=Elber | first=Lynn| url=http://losangeles.metromix.com/home/article/ap-exclusive-michael-jackson/1294208/content|title=AP Exclusive: Michael Jackson, bedeviled by insomnia, begged for drug, says nurse-nutritionist|date=June 30, 2009|work=Associated Press|publisher=Metromix Los Angeles|accessdate=Jul. 1, 2009}}</ref> | </ref> Lee refused, telling him, "Michael, the only problem with you taking this medication ... is you're going to take it and you're not going to wake up." Jackson dismissed the warning, telling her he had been given the drug before, by IV injection, and that his doctor told him it was safe.<ref name="metromix"/> He did not name the doctor. An overdose of propofol can cause the patient to ], leading to a shortage of oxygen and a buildup of ] in the body which can lead to ] and cardiac arrest.<ref name="metromix">{{cite news|last=Elber | first=Lynn| url=http://losangeles.metromix.com/home/article/ap-exclusive-michael-jackson/1294208/content|title=AP Exclusive: Michael Jackson, bedeviled by insomnia, begged for drug, says nurse-nutritionist|date=June 30, 2009|work=Associated Press|publisher=Metromix Los Angeles|accessdate=Jul. 1, 2009}}</ref> | ||
| According to Lee, she received a frantic call on June 21, 2009 from an aide on Jackson's staff. The aide reported that Jackson was feeling ill. Lee reported overhearing Jackson complain that one side of his body was hot, the other side cold. She believed that somebody had given him something that affected his central nervous system. She advised the aide to take him to the hospital.<ref name = "rs"/><ref name = "metromix"/> | According to Lee, she received a frantic call on June 21, 2009 from an aide on Jackson's staff. The aide reported that Jackson was feeling ill. Lee reported overhearing Jackson complain that one side of his body was hot, the other side cold. She believed that somebody had given him something that affected his central nervous system. She advised the aide to take him to the hospital.<ref name = "rs"/><ref name = "metromix"/> | ||
| After his death, the autopsy report revealed that Michael Jackson had a strong heart and was a "fairly healthy" 50-year-old. According to ], his weight was in the acceptable range for a man of his height, but he |
After his death, the autopsy report revealed that Michael Jackson had a strong heart and was a "fairly healthy" 50-year-old. According to ], his weight was in the acceptable range for a man of his height, but he suffered from lung damage and some arthritis.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8285841.stm|title=Jackson autopsy details revealed|last=Staff Writer|date=October 1, 2009|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 20, 2009}}</ref> The document shows that Jackson's most serious health problem was his chronically inflamed lungs, but this was not serious enough to be a contributing factor to his death. The post mortem did not uncover any physical problems that may have limited Jackson's ability to perform.<ref name = "bbc"/> "His overall health was fine," said Dr Zeev Kain of the ], who reviewed the report for AP but was not involved in the post-mortem examination, "The results are in normal limits". <ref name = "bbc"/> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 04:13, 22 October 2012
Michael Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American musician and entertainer who spent over forty years in the public eye, first as a child star with The Jackson 5, and later as a solo artist. Starting in the mid-1980s it became clear that Jackson's appearance was changing dramatically. His skin tone became lighter, his nose and facial shape changed, and he lost weight. The lighter skin tone was initially caused by vitiligo and lupus — with which Jackson was diagnosed in 1986—and his use of make-up to cover the blotched skin. Surgeons noticed he also had rhinoplasty, and a clef put in his chin. Jackson and some of his siblings said they had been physically and emotionally abused by their father, and in 2003, his father admitted whipping Jackson as a child. Jackson rarely spoke about it, but when he did, he became very emotional and said he would vomit before meeting his father. In 1993 Jackson became dependent on prescription drugs, mainly painkillers and strong sedatives. With the help of Elizabeth Taylor and Elton John, he went into rehabilitation. He died of acute propofol intoxication after suffering a respiratory arrest at his home on North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills neighborhood in Los Angeles on June 25, 2009. His personal physician Conrad Murray was convicted in November 2011 of involuntary manslaughter.
Vitiligo and lupus, treatments and effects
Jackson's skin was a medium-brown color throughout his youth, but starting in the mid-1980s, his skin gradually grew more pale through what was widely considered to be skin bleaching. He was chastised in the media for turning his back on his African ancestry. He was accused of bleaching his skin and changing facial features in an attempt to look white. When the slanderous attacks became intolerable, Michael Jackson revealed during a 1993 Oprah Winfrey televised interview, that he had a skin disease that turned his skin white. According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight, which could have caused his lupus condition to recur.
To treat these conditions, Jackson used Solaquin, Tretinoin and Benoquin. He also had hydroxychloroquine injected directly into his scalp regularly. The treatments he used for his condition helped lighten his skin tone, and with the application of pancake makeup his skin tone became more even. He could appear very pale due to vitiligo. For example, Stevie Nicks recalled, in a Rolling Stone interview: "I remember before , Michael sent somebody to find out if I had any foundation make-up he could borrow. I was using some light Chanel foundation at that time, and Michael sent back a note to say, thanks, but the foundation wasn't quite light enough for him."
In February 1993, Jackson gave an unusually candid ninety-minute interview with Oprah Winfrey, his first live televised interview since 1979. During this interview, he dismissed suggestions that he bleached his skin, declaring publicly for the first time that he suffered from vitiligo and that he used heavy makeup to even out his complexion. The interview was watched by 62 million Americans. It also started a public discourse on the topic of vitiligo, a relatively unknown condition before then. Jackson's autopsy confirmed that he had vitiligo.
During the Australian leg of the HIStory World Tour, Jackson married his dermatologist's nurse, Debbie Rowe. The pair first met in the mid-1980s, when Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo. She spent many years treating his illness as well as providing emotional support, and they built a strong friendship before becoming romantically involved. The couple divorced in 1999 and remained friends thereafter.
Cosmetic procedures and diet
According to biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli, Jackson had his first rhinoplasty after breaking his nose during a complex dance routine in 1979. However, the surgery was not a complete success, and he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Steven Hoefflin, who performed his second rhinoplasty in 1981. Katherine Jackson, though, has said in a recent interview that Michael intentionally got his first nose job. Taraborrelli stated Jackson had a third rhinoplasty three years later and a fourth in 1986. Jackson wrote in his 1988 autobiography Moonwalk that, in addition to the two rhinoplasties, he also had a dimple created in his chin. From 1986 onward he was a regular client of Arnold Klein, a dermatologist who specializes in dermal filler injection, a non-surgical cosmetic procedure.
In his book, Jackson attributed the changes in the structure of his face to puberty, a strict vegetarian diet, weight loss, a change in hair style and stage lighting. Jackson denied allegations that he had altered his eyes. By 1990, the full extent of Jackson's surgery was widely debated and a constant source of cruel media speculation; some supposedly close to the singer thought he had undergone multiple operations on his face up to this point. In June 1992, the Daily Mirror, a tabloid publication, ran a full front-page picture, allegedly of Jackson's face, which they described as "hideously disfigured" by plastic surgery. Jackson sued the tabloid and in 1998 they agreed to an out-of-court settlement with Jackson. At the High Court, the paper's former editor acknowledged that after meeting the singer in person, he believed that Jackson was neither hideously disfigured nor scarred at all.
Health concerns
Childhood and mental health
Jackson and some of his siblings stated that they were physically and mentally abused by their father Joseph from a young age, through incessant rehearsals, whippings and the use of derogatory names such as "big nose" for Jackson; this abuse had affected Jackson through all his life. In one altercation—later recalled by Marlon Jackson—Joseph held Michael upside down by one leg and "pummelled him over and over again with his hand, hitting him on his back and buttocks". Joseph would often trip the boys or push them into walls.
One night while Jackson was asleep, Joseph climbed into his room through the bedroom window. Wearing a fright mask, he entered the room screaming and shouting. Joseph said he wanted to teach his children not to leave the window open when they went to sleep. For a number of years afterward, Jackson suffered nightmares about being kidnapped from his bedroom. By the early 1980s, he was deeply unhappy; Jackson explained, "Even at home, I'm lonely. I sit in my room sometimes and cry. It's so hard to make friends... I sometimes walk around the neighborhood at night, just hoping to find someone to talk to. But I just end up coming home."
Although it had been reported for a number of years that Jackson had an abusive childhood, he first spoke openly about it in his 1993 interview with Oprah Winfrey. He grimaced when speaking of the childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. In the same interview, speaking of his father, Jackson said, "There were times when he'd come to see me, I'd get sick... I'd start to regurgitate. I'm sorry... Please don't be mad at me... But I do love him." In Jackson's other high profile interview Living with Michael Jackson (2003), the singer covered his face with his hand and began crying when talking about his childhood abuse.
Jackson recalled that Joseph sat in a chair as the group rehearsed, saying, "He had this belt in his hand. If you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you. It was bad. Real bad." In 2003, the singer was accused of child sexual abuse and was acquitted two years later. During the investigation, Jackson's profile was examined by Stan Katz, a mental health professional, who spent several hours with the accuser as well. According to J. Randy Taraborrelli, the assessment made by Katz was that Jackson had become a regressed ten-year-old. Some medical professionals have publicly stated their belief that the singer also had body dysmorphic disorder.
Weight and drug addiction
The structural changes to his face were, in part, due to periods of significant weight loss. Jackson became slimmer in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body". By 1984, Jackson had lost 20 pounds (9.1 kg), bringing his weight to 105 pounds (48 kg) on a 5 foot 9 (1.75 m) frame, the slimmest he had ever been as an adult. This was right before the Victory Tour. Witnesses at the time reported that Jackson was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa. Following accusations of child molestation in 1993, Jackson stopped eating, losing even more weight.
In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for an HBO televised performance (which was subsequently cancelled); a non-related writer claims that the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack, while medics cited irregular beats, gastro-intestinal inflammation, dehydration, and kidney and liver irregularities. In none of these hospitalizations, including this one, did medics find drugs in Jackson's system. The BBC reported that during his 2005 trial, the singer again suffered from stress-related illnesses and severe weight loss.
A biographer states that in 1993, the entertainer admitted taking Valium, Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the child sexual abuse allegations made against him, while Jackson himself does not mention sedatives, he stated that painkillers actually were prescribed to soothe excruciating pain that he was suffering after recent reconstructive surgery on his scalp. A few months after the allegations became news, Jackson had lost approximately 10 pounds (4.5 kg) in weight and had stopped eating. In a court deposition unrelated to alleged child abuse, Jackson was visibly drowsy, lacked concentration and repeatedly slurred while speaking. He could not remember the dates of his prior album releases or names of people he had worked with. It took him several minutes to name some of his recent albums.
Jackson also stated during the 1993 interview that he first began taking painkiller medications regularly in 1984. In January 24 of that year, Jackson was filming a Pepsi commercial when his hair caught on fire from faulty pyrotechnics on stage that were intended to be part of one of many being filmed. He sustained second-degree burns to his scalp and never fully recovered from the injury or from the lingering pain. He reportedly began taking the painkillers after refusing at first in order to deal with the intense pain.
Jackson's health had deteriorated to the extent that he cancelled the remainder of his Dangerous tour and flew with friends Elizabeth Taylor and her husband to London. When the singer arrived at the airport, he had to be held up by his two friends; he was then rushed to the home of Elton John's manager and then to a clinic. He was searched for drugs on entry; vials of medicine were found in a suitcase. He took over the fourth floor of the hospital and was put on Valium IV to wean him from painkillers. The singer's spokesperson then told reporters that Jackson was "barely able to function adequately on an intellectual level". While in the clinic, Jackson took part in group and one-on-one therapy sessions. According to Taraborrelli, in February 2004, as his trial approached, Jackson became dependent on morphine and Demerol and was being treated for this dependency by herbalist Alfredo Bowman in Colorado.
Following Jackson's death, a police warrant issued against his attending physician, Conrad Murray, stated that Jackson's many doctors had used nineteen distinct aliases, such as "Omar Arnold," "Josephine Baker," "Fernand Diaz," "Paul Farance," "Peter Madonie," "Faheem Muhammad," "Roselyn Muhammad," "Blanca Nicholas," "Jimmy Nicholas," "Bryan Singleton," "Frank Tyson," and "Rob Kaufman" while prescribing medications for Jackson. He also took prescriptions as "Prince," "Michael Amir," and "Kai Chase," the names of one of his sons, his spokesperson, and his former personal chef, respectively. Police found a CD mentioning the "Omar Arnold" alias when they raided the Las Vegas, Nevada home and office of Conrad Murray, Jackson's personal physician. Use of pseudonyms by celebrities' doctors is common practice for maintaining the confidentiality of patients' medical history, and does not necessarily indicate addiction.
Death
Main article: Death of Michael JacksonCherilyn Lee, a nurse who provided nutritional counseling to Jackson, said that he asked her in May 2009 to supply him with propofol for his chronic insomnia. Lee refused, telling him, "Michael, the only problem with you taking this medication ... is you're going to take it and you're not going to wake up." Jackson dismissed the warning, telling her he had been given the drug before, by IV injection, and that his doctor told him it was safe. He did not name the doctor. An overdose of propofol can cause the patient to stop breathing, leading to a shortage of oxygen and a buildup of carbon dioxide in the body which can lead to arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
According to Lee, she received a frantic call on June 21, 2009 from an aide on Jackson's staff. The aide reported that Jackson was feeling ill. Lee reported overhearing Jackson complain that one side of his body was hot, the other side cold. She believed that somebody had given him something that affected his central nervous system. She advised the aide to take him to the hospital.
After his death, the autopsy report revealed that Michael Jackson had a strong heart and was a "fairly healthy" 50-year-old. According to BBC, his weight was in the acceptable range for a man of his height, but he suffered from lung damage and some arthritis. The document shows that Jackson's most serious health problem was his chronically inflamed lungs, but this was not serious enough to be a contributing factor to his death. The post mortem did not uncover any physical problems that may have limited Jackson's ability to perform. "His overall health was fine," said Dr Zeev Kain of the University of California, who reviewed the report for AP but was not involved in the post-mortem examination, "The results are in normal limits".
See also
References
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436
- name="ABCNews"
- Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?, BBC News, June 27, 2009.
- ^ Campbell (1995), pp. 89–93
- ^ Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16
- "Michael Jackson Remembered: Stevie Nicks on the Ultimate Showman". Rolling Stone. July 9, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|journal=(help) - "Thriller for Diane Sawyer: Interview with Jackson Two". Daily News. New York. May 18, 1995. Retrieved Jul. 3, 2009.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Lewis pp. 165–168
- ^ George, pp. 45–46
- 'I'm a black man turning white on television'", BrisbaneTimes, December 18, 2007
- Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581
- Taraborrelli, p. 597
- Taraborrelli, p. 570
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- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 205–210
- Taraborelli, Randy (July 1, 2009). "How Jackson's surgery was a desperate bid not to look like the father he hated". Mail Online. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
- ^ Jackson, pp. 229–230
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{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - "Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood". VH1. Retrieved Jun. 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 20–22
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- Taraborrelli, p. 620
- Taraborrelli, p. 602
- Taraborrelli, p. 648
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- "v". CNN. Dec. 8, 1995. Retrieved Feb. 23, 2010.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - "v". HeraldOnline. July 8, 2009. Retrieved Feb. 23, 2010.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - "v". HeraldOnline. July 8, 2009. Retrieved Feb. 23, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - Davis, Matthew (June 6, 2005). "Michael Jackson health concerns". BBC. Retrieved Apr. 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - Taraborrelli, pp. 518–520
- "Michael Jackson's statement from 22nd December, 1993". MJLiveson. Dec. 22, 1993. Retrieved Feb. 23, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - Campbell (1995), pp. 96–97
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 524–528
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- Michaels, Sean. "Michael Jackson aliases revealed." The Guardian. Thursday July 30, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.
- Ryan, Harriet. "Police seize medical CD labeled with Jackson pseudonym." Los Angeles Times. July 29, 2009. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.
- Harriet Ryan and Kimi Yoshino. "Investigators target Michael Jackson's pseudonyms." Los Angeles Times. July 17, 2009. Retrieved on February 23, 2010.
- Hip Hop News staff. "Dr. Allen Metzger Prescribed Medications for Both Michael and Janet Jackson!." Hip Hop News. July 6, 2009. Retrieved on February 23, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson "Desperately" Sought Sedative, Nutritionist Says". Rolling Stone. June 30, 2009. Retrieved Jul. 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Elber, Lynn (June 30, 2009). "AP Exclusive: Michael Jackson, bedeviled by insomnia, begged for drug, says nurse-nutritionist". Associated Press. Metromix Los Angeles. Retrieved Jul. 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Staff Writer (October 1, 2009). "Jackson autopsy details revealed". BBC. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
Further reading
- Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-2003-9.
- George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
- Jackson, Michael (1988). Moon Walk. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-24712-5.
- Lewis, Jel (2005). Michael Jackson, the King of Pop;: The Big Picture: the Music! the Man! the Legend! the Interviews!. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 0-9749779-0-X.
- Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
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