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Yitzhak Shamir יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר
Shamir at Andrews Air Force Base in March 1988
7th Prime Minister of Israel
In office October 20, 1986 – July 13, 1992
Preceded by	Shimon Peres
Succeeded by	Yitzhak Rabin
In office October 10, 1983 – September 13, 1984
Preceded by	Menachem Begin
Succeeded by	Shimon Peres
Personal details
Born	Icchak Jeziernicky (1915-10-22)October 22, 1915 Ruzhinoy, Russian Empire
Died	June 30, 2012(2012-06-30) (aged 96) Tel Aviv, Israel
Nationality	Israeli
Political party	Likud
Spouse(s)	Shulamit Shamir (m. 1944–2011; her death)
Children	2
Signature

Yitzhak Shamir (Template:Lang-he, born Icchak Jeziernicky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms, 1983–84 and 1986–1992. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Shamir was a member of the Irgun, an organisation that was considered a terrorist group by Israel which broke away from the Haganah. He was the country’s second longest-serving prime minister after David Ben-Gurion. Shamir became the commander of the Lehi after the death of Avraham Stern and worked for the Mossad from 1955-65.

Early and personal life

Icchak Jeziernicky (later Yitzhak Shamir) was born in the predominantly Jewish village of Ruzhany (Template:Lang-yi), Russian Empire (now Belarus), the son of Perla and Shlomo, owner of a leather factory. Shamir became a Polish citizen by the Treaty of Riga. He studied at a Hebrew high school network in Białystok, Poland. As a youth he joined Betar, the Revisionist Zionist youth movement. He studied at the law faculty of Warsaw University, but cut his studies short to immigrate to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine.

In 1935, Shamir migrated to Palestine, where he worked in an accountant’s office. His parents and two sisters died during the Holocaust. His mother and a sister died in the Nazi death camps and another sister was shot dead. According to Shamir, his father was stoned to death just outside his birthplace in Ruzhany, by Poles who had been his childhood friends, after he had escaped from a German train transporting Jews to the death camps. However, Shamir was not in Ruzhany, Belarus at the time in question, and never produced documents or witnesses to support "his story". Shamir believed all Poles became anti-semites as infants, stating that "every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mother's milk." That comment inflamed Poles who fought against discrimination and consider Shamir's comments and unsupported allegations insulting, slanderous, and libelous. Shamir's stated anti-Polish hostility conflicts with the State of Israel's Righteous among the Nations awards to 6,339 Poles, which is the most among nationalities recognized. Poles saved Jews despite facing the death penalty for all members of their household if caught by the Nazis, the most severe penalty in Nazi occupied Europe.

He later adopted as his surname the name he used on a forged underground identity card, Shamir. He told his wife this was because Shamir means a thorn that stabs and a rock that can cut steel.. In 1944 he married Shlomit, whom he met in a detention camp, and she too migrated to Mandate Palestine from Bulgaria by boat in 1941 and was sent to prison because she entered the territory illegally. They had two children, Yair and Gilada. Shulamit died on July 29, 2011.

Zionist activism

Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, a Zionist paramilitary group that opposed British control of Palestine. When the Irgun split in 1940, Shamir joined the more militant faction Lehi, also known as the Stern Gang, headed by Avraham Stern. In 1941 Shamir was imprisoned by British authorities. A few months after Stern was killed by the British in 1942, Shamir and Eliahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of the detention camp at Mazra'a and at night they escaped through the barbed wire fences of the camp. Shamir, together with Giladi, Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen, reorganised the movement into cells and trained its members. In 1943, he became one of the three leaders of the group, serving with Nathan Yellin-Mor and Israel Eldad. Shamir sought to emulate the anti-British struggle of the Irish Republicans and took the nickname "Michael" for Irish Republican leader Michael Collins. In July 1946 he was caught, exiled and interned in Africa by British Mandatory authorities. In January 1947 he and four Irgun members escaped through a 200-foot tunnel they had dug. Shamir and some of the others hid in an oil truck for three days as it was driven over the border to French Somalia. They were arrested by the French but he was eventually allowed passage to France and granted political asylum. His underground sent him a forged passport, with which he returned to Israel after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948.

During the war, most of Lehi's members served in the army but the Lehi group in Jerusalem distanced itself from government control. Shamir, Eldad and Yellin-Mor authorised the assassination of the United Nations representative in the Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte during a truce. Lehi feared that Israel would agree to Bernadotte's peace proposals, which they considered dangerous, unaware that the provisional Israeli government had already rejected a proposal by Bernadotte the day before. The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the prevention of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi a terrorist organisation, consequently rounding up 200 of its members for administrative detention. They were amnestied some months later and given a state pardon. With the formation of the State of Israel, Lehi formally disbanded on May 29, 1948 and its forces joined the Israeli army.

Mossad

In the first years of Israel's independence, Shamir managed several commercial enterprises. In 1955, he joined the Mossad, serving until 1965. During his Mossad career, he directed the assassinations of German rocket scientists working on the Egyptian missile programme, known as Operation Damocles.

He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries, created the Mossad's division for planning and served on its General Staff.

Political career

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In 1969, Shamir joined the Herut party headed by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 as a member of the Likud. He became Speaker of the Knesset in 1977, and foreign minister in 1980, before succeeding Begin as prime minister in 1983 when the latter retired.

Prime Minister

Shamir had a reputation as a Likud hard-liner. In 1977 he presided at the Knesset visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. He abstained in the Knesset votes to approve the Camp David Accords and the Peace Treaty with Egypt. In 1981 and 1982, as Foreign Minister, he guided negotiations with Egypt to normalize relations after the treaty. Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed negotiations which led to the May 17, 1983 Agreement with Lebanon, which did not materialize.

His failure to stabilize Israel's inflationary economy and to suggest a solution to the quagmire of Lebanon led to an indecisive election in 1984, after which a national unity government was formed between his Likud party and the Alignment led by Shimon Peres. As part of the agreement, Peres held the post of Prime Minister until September 1986, when Shamir took over.

As he prepared to reclaim the office of prime minister, which he had held previously from October 1983 to September 1984, Shamir's hard-line image appeared to moderate. However Shamir remained reluctant to change the status quo in Israel's relations with its Arab neighbors, and blocked Peres's initiative to promote a regional peace conference as agreed in 1987 with King Hussein of Jordan in what has become known as the London Agreement. Re-elected in 1988, Shamir and Peres formed a new coalition government until "the dirty trick" of 1990, when the Alignment left the government, leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing coalition.

During the Gulf War, Iraq fired Scud missiles at Israel, many of which struck population centers. Iraq hoped to provoke Israeli retaliation and thus alienate Arab members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq. Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq, but recalled the jets and decided not to retaliate after the United States urged restraint, claiming that Israeli attacks would jeopardize the delicate Arab-Western coalition.

During his term, Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between Israel and several dozen African, Asian and other countries. He continued his efforts, begun in the late 1960s, to bring Soviet Jewish refugees to Israel. In May 1991, as the Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing, Shamir ordered the airlifting of fourteen thousand Ethiopian Jews, known as Operation Solomon. Shamir was dedicated to bringing Jews from all over the world to Israel and said he expected even American Jewish youth to realize that "man does not live by bread alone" but to "learn and understand Jewish history, the Bible... and reach the only conclusion: to come on aliya to Israel."

Relations with the US were strained in the period after the war over the Madrid peace talks, which Shamir opposed. As a result, US President George H.W. Bush was reluctant to approve loan guarantees to help absorb immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Finally, Shamir gave in and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks. His narrow, right-wing government collapsed as a result over the participation of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, and new elections were called.

Electoral defeat and retirement

Shamir was defeated by Yitzhak Rabin's Labour in the 1992 election. He stepped down from the Likud leadership in March 1993, but remained a member of the Knesset until the 1996 election. For some time, Shamir was a critic of his Likud successor, Benjamin Netanyahu, as being too indecisive in dealing with the Arabs. Shamir went so far as to resign from the Likud in 1998 and endorse the right-wing splinter movement led by Benny Begin, Herut – The National Movement, that later joined the National Union during the 1999 election. After Netanyahu was defeated, Shamir returned to the Likud fold and supported Ariel Sharon in the 2001 election. Subsequently, in his late eighties, Shamir ceased making public comments.

Illness and death

In 2004, Shamir's health declined, with the progression of his Alzheimer's disease, and he was moved to a nursing home. The government turned down a request by the family to finance his stay at the facility.

Shamir died on June 30, 2012, at a nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent the last few years as a result of the Alzheimer's disease he had suffered since the mid-1990s. He was given a state funeral, which took place on July 2 at Mount Herzl, Jerusalem, and was buried beside his wife, Shulamit, who died the previous year. As his body was lying in state Speaker of the Knesset Reuven Rivlin laid a wreath on his coffin and said:

You’re cast stone, Isaac, unbreakable. Bearing on your shoulders the burden of this nation the past and the future. Remembering in your heart the ashes of the crematoria and the hope of redemption. Nothing could distract you out of your way. Iron tools and weapons of destruction could not touch you, could not threaten you. Flattery, bribery, and double talk — were never on your tongue, were not part of your language. Only one small weakness relentlessly gnawed at you. Only one small weakness managed to breaking through the solid rock to carve the stones, and build from them the foundations to establish the kingdom of Israel. It was love: Your love of this persecuted people; your love of the homeland of our fathers, of the land of eternity; your love of your children, your home; your love of your Shulamit... Sir, commander of Israel’s Freedom Fighters, my man, Speaker of the Israeli Knesset, my honored Prime Minister of Israel and an eternal soldier. On my behalf, on behalf of your friends and subordinates; on behalf of the congregation of Israel, on behalf of anonymous soldiers, in the service of the country and in the underground; in the name of the State of Israel, we bow our heads to you. You were dedicated to the people all your life, and now ‘from duty be released only by death.’ In a few hours we’ll say our goodbyes, when you’ll be interred in the ground of Jerusalem, the ground of this good land, for which you have lived and fought.

Reactions

Israeli President Shimon Peres said that "Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Israel, before and after its inception. He was a great patriot and his enormous contribution will be forever etched in our chronicles. He was loyal to his beliefs and he served his country with the utmost dedication for decades. May he rest in peace." Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office issued a statement upon hearing of his death that read: " led Israel with a deep loyalty to the nation. expresses his deep pain over the announcement of the departure of Yitzhak Shamir. He was part of a marvelous generation which created the state of Israel and struggled for the Jewish people." This was despite previous feuds between the two once-Likud members. He was also mourned in the Knesset.

Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir "contributed greatly to the foundation of the state, which he served his entire life with loyalty and unwavering dedication. He set an example in each position that he held. I had the privilege to be personally acquainted with Shamir, and I will always remember him and his great contribution to the state;" while Defense Minister Ehud Barak said: "His whole life, Shamir was as stable as granite and maintained focus without compromises. He always strived to ensure Israel's freedom. His devotion knew no bounds always sought what's right for the people of Israel and for the country's security."

Leader of the Opposition and Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamir's family saying that "he was a determined prime minister who dedicated his life to the state. He followed his ideological path honestly and humbly, as a leader should. The citizens of Israel will always remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf War. He showed restraint and saved Israel from undue entanglement in the Iraq War. This decision proved to be a brave and wise act of leadership."

His daughter Gilada Diamant said: " belonged to a different generation of leaders, people with values and beliefs. I hope that we have more people like him in the future. His political doing has undoubtedly left its mark on the State of Israel. Dad was an amazing man, a family man in the fullest sense of the word, a man who dedicated himself to the State of Israel but never forgot his family, not even for a moment. He was a special man."

Awards and recognition

In 2001, Shamir received the Israel Prize, for his lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel.

In 2005, he was voted the 29th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website Ynet to determine whom the general public considered the 200 greatest Israelis.

Published works

He wrote Sikumo shel davar, a book which was published in English by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, as Summing Up: An autobiography (1994).

See also

• List of Israel Prize recipients

References

1. http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=175
2. ^ "Former Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir dies at 96", Ha’aretz, IL.
3. Bregman, Ahron (2003), A History of Israel, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 205.
4. Books, CA: Google.
5. "Article 6", Treaty of Riga, 1921.
6. "When Shamir revealed how his Parents and Sisters were killed in the Holocaust", The Times of Israel.
7. ^ Yitzhak Shamir 1915–2012: a modest man, an uninspiring leader and a genuine Zealot.
8. Nowak-Jezioranski 2001.
9. Nowak-Jezioranski 2001, p. 1: ‘To conclude from the 1941 pogroms that the Holocaust was the common work of Poles and Germans is a libel. All who feel themselves to be Polish have the responsibility to defend themselves against such slander. The majority of Polish society might be charged with having an attitude of indifference to the extermination of the Jews — if not for the fact that the entire civilized world reacted to the fact of genocide with indifference and passivity. The difference is that Poles were eyewitnesses, defenseless witnesses living in constant fear for their lives and the lives of their families.’
10. "Statistics", Righteous, UL: Yad va’Shem.
11. "Righteous", Holocaust, Jewish virtual library.
12. Golan 2011, p. 143.
13. "The eulogizer: Shamir Abutbul Sundlun Pearle", Heritage FL, 2011-8-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help).
14. "Yitzhak Shamir celebrated his 85th birthday", Jewish post.
15. Israel national news.
16. Mearsheimer, John J; Walt, Stephen M (2007), The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, p. 102.
17. A Dictionary of World History, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press, 2000 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |conyribution= ignored (help).
18. Ben-Tor, Nechemia, The Lehi Lexicon (in Hebrew), p. 61.
19. Golan 2011, p. 94.
20. Shindler, Colin (2001), The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream, IB Tauris, p. 177.
21. O'Neill, Joseph (2009), Blood-Dark Track: A Family History, Harper Perennial, p. 216.
22. Okun, Shlomo (ed.), The Kenyan Exiles (in Hebrew), pp. XXI–XXIV.
23. Golan 2011, pp. 122, 144–45.
24. Shomron, David (2008), "We Saw Him As the Head of Lehi", Ahimeir, Itzhak Shamir: As Solid As a Rock (in Hebrew), Yediot Aharonot and the Jabotinsky Institute, p. 103.
25. Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie (2011), Jewish Terrorism in Israel, Columbia University Press, p. 28.
26. Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1995), The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 324.
27. Melman, Yossi (March 24, 2004). "Targeted killings: A retro fashion very much in vogue". Haaretz.
28. Golan 2011, p. 147.
29. Golan 2011, pp. 219, 223.
30. Ynet, IL.
31. "Israeli media says former Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir has died at the age of 96". The Washington Post. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
32. Somfalvi, Attila (30 June 2012). "Former PM Yitzhak Shamir dies at 96". Ynetnews. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
33. ^ Ynet News, IL.
34. ^ Middle east, Al Jazeera, 2012-6-30 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help).
35. "Yitzhak Shamir, former Prime Minister of Israel, dies at 96", The New York Times, 2012-7-1 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help).
36. Rivlin, Reuven, Knesset, IL.
37. Spokesman, IL.
38. Shamir, Eban; Ben-Porat, Garner (2001), "Israel Prize", The Jewish Week {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help).
39. "Ytzchak Shamir", Israel Prize (recipient’s CV) (in Hebrew), IL: Ministry of Education.
40. "Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipient", Israel Prize (in Hebrew), IL: Ministry of Education.
41. גיא בניוביץ' (June 20, 1995). "הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור". Ynet (in Hebrew). IL. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
42. 1994 ISBN 0-297-81337-4

Further reading

• Brinkley, Joel (August 21, 1988). "The stubborn strength of Yitzhak Shamir". New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
• Benvenisti, Meron (1995), "The Last Revisionist Zionist", Foreign Affairs {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help).
• Nowak-Jezioranski, Jan (January 26, 2001), "A Need for Compensation", Rzeczpospolita.
• Golan, Zev (November 1, 2011), Stern: The Man and His Gang, Yair Publications, ISBN 978-965-91724-0-5.

External links

• Yitzhak Shamir on the Knesset website
• Yithak Shamir (documents), Israel: State Arcives.

v t e Prime ministers of Israel
Ben-Gurion (1948–1953) Sharett (1953–1955) Ben-Gurion (1955–1963) Eshkol (1963–1969) Allon (acting, 1969) Meir (1969–1974) Rabin (1974–1977) Begin (1977–1983) Shamir (1983–1984) Peres (1984–1986) Shamir (1986–1992) Rabin (1992–1995) Peres (1995–1996) Netanyahu (1996–1999) Barak (1999–2001) Sharon (2001–2006) Olmert (2006–2009) Netanyahu (2009–2021) Bennett (2021–2022) Lapid (2022) Netanyahu (2022–present)

v t e Defense ministers of Israel
Ben-Gurion (1948–54) Lavon (1954–55) Ben-Gurion (1955–63) Eshkol (1963–67) Dayan (1967–74) Peres (1974–77) Weizman (1977–80) Begin (1980–81) Sharon (1981–83) Arens (1983–84) Rabin (1984–90) Shamir (1990) Arens (1990–92) Rabin (1992–95) Peres (1995–96) Mordechai (1996–99) Arens (1999) Barak (1999–2001) Ben-Eliezer (2001–02) Mofaz (2002–06) Peretz (2006–07) Barak (2007–13) Ya'alon (2013–16) Lieberman (2016–18) Netanyahu (2018–19) Bennett (2019–20) Gantz (2020–22) Gallant (2022–24) Katz (2024–)

v t e Environmental protection ministers of Israel
Milo (1988–90) Edri (1990) Shamir (1990–92) Namir (1992) Sarid (1992–96) Eitan (1996–99) Itzik (1999–2001) Hanegbi (2001–03) Naot (2003–04) Shalgi (2004) Simhon (2005) Ezra (2006–09) Erdan (2009–13) Peretz (2013–14) Gabbay (2015–16) Kahlon (2016) Elkin (2016–20) Gamliel (2020–21) Zandberg (2021–22) Silman (2022–)

v t e Finance ministers of Israel
Kaplan (1948–52) Eshkol (1952–63) Sapir (1963–68) Sherf (1968–69) Sapir (1969–74) Rabinovitz (1974–77) Erlich (1977–79) Hurvitz (1979–81) Aridor (1981–83) Cohen-Orgad (1983–84) Moda'i (1984–86) Nissim (1986–88) Peres (1988–90) Shamir (1990) Moda'i (1990–92) Shochat (1992–96) Meridor (1996–97) Netanyahu (1997) Ne'eman (1997–98) Netanyahu (1998–99) Sheetrit (1999) Shochat (1999–2001) Shalom (2001–03) Netanyahu (2003–05) Olmert (2005–06) Hirschson (2006–07) Bar-On (2007–09) Steinitz (2009–13) Lapid (2013–14) Kahlon (2015–20) Katz (2020–21) Lieberman (2021–22) Smotrich (2022–)

v t e Foreign affairs ministers of Israel
Sharett (1948–56) Meir (1956–66) Eban (1966–74) Allon (1974–77) Dayan (1977–79) Shamir (1980–86) Peres (1986–88) Arens (1988–90) Levy (1990–92) Peres (1992–95) Barak (1995–96) Levy (1996–98) Sharon (1998–99) Levy (1999–2000) Ben-Ami (2000–01) Peres (2001–02) Netanyahu (2002–03) Shalom (2003–06) Livni (2006–09) Lieberman (2009–12) Netanyahu (2012–13) Lieberman (2013–15) Netanyahu (2015–19) Katz (2019–20) Ashkenazi (2020–21) Lapid (2021–22) Cohen (2022–24) Katz (2024) Sa'ar (2024–)

v t e Interior ministers of Israel
Gruenbaum (1948–49) Shapira (1949–52) Rokach (1952–55) Shapira (1955) Bar-Yehuda (1955–59) Shapira (1959–70) Meir (1970) Burg (1970–74) Hillel (1974) Burg (1974–76) Hillel (1977) Burg (1977–84) Peres (1984) Peretz (1984–87) Shamir (1987–88) Deri (1988–93) Rabin (1993) Deri (1993) Rabin (1993–95) Baram (1995) Libai (1995) Barak (1995) Ramon (1995–96) Suissa (1996–99) Sharansky (1999–2000) Ramon (2000–01) Yishai (2001–02) Sharon (2002) Yishai (2002–03) Poraz (2003–04) Pines-Paz (2005) Sharon (2004–06) Bar-On (2006–07) Sheetrit (2007–09) Yishai (2009–13) Sa'ar (2013–14) Erdan (2014–15) Shalom (2015) Netanyahu (2015–16) Deri (2016–21) Shaked (2021–22) Deri (2022–23) Arbel (2023–)

v t e Ministers of welfare and social affairs
Levin (1948–52) Shapira (1952–58) Naftali (1959) Burg (1959–70) Hasani (1970–74) Shem-Tov (1974) Hasani (1974–75) Rabin (1975) Burg (1975) Hammer (1975–76) Baram (1977) Begin (1977) Katz (1977–81) Abuhatzira (1981–82) Uzan (1982–84) Katsav (1984–88) Shamir (1988–90) Milo (1990) Shamir (1990–92) Rabin (1992) Namir (1992–96) Yishai (1996–2000) Ra'anan Cohen (2000–01) Benizri (2001–02) Sharon (2002) Benizri (2002–03) Orlev (2003–04) Olmert (2006–07) Herzog (2007–11) Kahlon (2011–13) Meir Cohen (2013–14) Katz (2015–19) Akunis (2020) Shmuli (2020–21) Gantz (2021) Meir Cohen (2021–22) Margi (2022–)

v t e Speakers of the Knesset
Sprinzak (1949–59) Nir (1959) Luz (1959–69) Barkat (1969–72) Yeshayahu (1972–77) Shamir (1977–80) Berman (1980–81) Savidor (1981–84) Hillel (1984–88) Shilansky (1988–92) Weiss (1992–96) Tichon (1996–99) Burg (1999–2003) Rivlin (2003–06) Itzik (2006–09) Rivlin (2009–13) Edelstein (2013–20) Gantz (2020) Levin (2020–21) Levy (2021–22) Levin (2022) Ohana (2022–)

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