| Revision as of 10:34, 18 December 2011 editYobot (talk | contribs)Bots4,733,870 edits WP:CHECKWIKI error 61 fixes + general fixes using AWB (7879)← Previous edit | Revision as of 14:08, 3 January 2012 edit undoGun Powder Ma (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers16,796 edits It is just called university by the sources cited. In fact, none of the sources makes a comprehensive case arguing why a Muslim mosque school should have been a Christian universityNext edit → | ||
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| |caption = Interior of the Al Karaouine Mosque and university | |caption = Interior of the Al Karaouine Mosque and university | ||
| |motto = | |motto = | ||
| |established = 1947<ref name="Shillington 2005, 1025"/> (university) | |||
| ⚫ | | |
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| <br>859<ref name=oxford/><ref name="founding"/>(madrasa) | |||
| |type = current: ]<br /> | |type = current: ]<br /> | ||
| former: General knowledge | former: General knowledge | ||
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| |footnotes = | |footnotes = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''University of Al-Karaouine''' or '''Al-Qarawiyyin''' ({{Lang-ar|جامعة القرويين}}) (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin, Kairouyine, Kairaouine, Qairawiyin, Qaraouyine, Quaraouiyine, Quarawin, and Qaraouiyn) is a ] located in ], ] which was founded in 859.<ref name=EB/><ref name="Najm">Joseph, S, and Najmabadi, A. '' Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space''. Brill, 2003, p. 314.</ref><ref name="Swart">Swartley, Keith. ''Encountering the World of Islam''. Authentic, 2005, p. 74.</ref><ref name="Kettani">Kettani, M. Ali. ''Engineering Education in the Arab World''. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.</ref> It has been (and still is) one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the ]. | |||
| ⚫ | The '''University of Al-Karaouine''' or '''Al-Qarawiyyin''' ({{Lang-ar|جامعة القرويين}}) (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin, Kairouyine, Kairaouine, Qairawiyin, Qaraouyine, Quaraouiyine, Quarawin, and Qaraouiyn) is a ] located in ], ] which was established in 1947.<ref name="Shillington 2005, 1025"/> Its origins date back to 859, when it was founded as a mosque school or ].<ref name=oxford>The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. "</ref><ref name="founding">{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |authorlink=John L. Esposito |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year=2003 |month= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |language= |isbn=0-1951-2559-2 |oclc= |doi= |id= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote=|page=328 }}</ref> The madrasa has been (and still is) one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | The Al-Karaouine played a leading role in the cultural and academic relations between the ] and ] in the ]. The cartographer ] (d. 1166), whose maps aided ] in the ] is said to have lived in Fes for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at Al Karaouine. The |
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| ⚫ | The Al-Karaouine played a leading role in the cultural and academic relations between the ] and ] in the ]. The cartographer ] (d. 1166), whose maps aided ] in the ] is said to have lived in Fes for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at Al Karaouine. The madrasa has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim and Jewish worlds. Among these are ] (d. 1321), ] (d. 1336), ] (d. 1015), a leading theorist of the ] school of ], ], a renowned traveler and writer, and ]. | ||
| ⚫ | The Al Karaouine institution is |
||
| ⚫ | The Al Karaouine institution is called by the ]<ref>''The Guinness Book Of Records'', Published 1998, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2, P.242</ref>, the ]<ref></ref> and some authors<ref name=oxford /><ref name="founding" /><ref name="Oneil" /><ref name="Najm" /><ref name="Swart" /><ref name="Kettani" /><ref>''Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World'', Publisher: Marshall Cavendish, 2010 p.161</ref><ref>''Hidden Giants'', 2nd Edition, by Sethanne Howard, Publisher: Lulu.com 2008 p.60</ref><ref>''Civilization: The West and the Rest'' by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - ISBN 9781846142734</ref><ref>''The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer'' by Mike Molesworth & Richard Scullion, Publisher: Taylor & Francis 2010 p.26</ref><ref>''Frommer's Morocco'' by Darren Humphrys, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons 2010 p.223</ref>. However, this claim on precedence appears to confound the distinct nature of madrasas and ] which followed very different historical trajectories until the former were expanded to the later in ],<ref>George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", ''Studia Islamica'', No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): {{quote|Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.}}</ref><ref>] has an entry on "madrasa" but notably lacks one for a Muslim "university" (Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 21/03/2010)</ref> and fails to take into account that the Islamic ] certificate deviated in concept and procedure from the medieval ] out of which ] evolved.<ref name="Makdisi Scholasticism">{{citation|last=Makdisi|first=George|title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=109|issue=2|date=April-June 1989|pages=175–182 (176)}}</ref><ref>Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010</ref><ref>Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010</ref> | ||
| In 1947, it was reorganized to become a |
In 1947, it was reorganized to become a university.<ref name="Shillington 2005, 1025"/>. Before it was known simply as "Al-Qarawiyin". | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| === The medieval |
=== The medieval madrasa === | ||
| The Al-Karaouine is part of a ], founded in 859 by ]a, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed Al-Fihri. The Al-Fihri family had migrated from ] (hence the name of the mosque), ] to ] in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance on the construction of a ] suitable for her community.<ref>see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447.</ref> | The Al-Karaouine is part of a ], founded in 859 by ]a, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed Al-Fihri. The Al-Fihri family had migrated from ] (hence the name of the mosque), ] to ] in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance on the construction of a ] suitable for her community.<ref>see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447.</ref> | ||
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| Al-Karaouine gained the patronage of politically powerful ]s. It compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the ] Sultan ] in 1349. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the famous '']'' of ] written on gazelle ], the ''Sirat Ibn Ishaq'', a copy of the Qur'an given by Sultan ] in 1602, and the original copy of ]'s book ''Al-'Ibar''.<ref name="muslimheritage.com">see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447,</ref> Among the subjects taught, alongside the ] and ] (Islamic jurisprudence), are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | Al-Karaouine gained the patronage of politically powerful ]s. It compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the ] Sultan ] in 1349. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the famous '']'' of ] written on gazelle ], the ''Sirat Ibn Ishaq'', a copy of the Qur'an given by Sultan ] in 1602, and the original copy of ]'s book ''Al-'Ibar''.<ref name="muslimheritage.com">see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447,</ref> Among the subjects taught, alongside the ] and ] (Islamic jurisprudence), are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | ||
| Al-Karaouine played, in medieval times, a leading role in the cultural exchange and transfer of knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. Pioneer scholars such as ] (]), (1135–1204),<ref>Kenneth Seeskin, ''The Cambridge companion to Maimonides'', Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 18, He is said to have received "formal medical training while residing in Fez."</ref> ] (d.1166 AD), ] (1165-1240 AD), ] (1332-1395 AD), ], ] (Alpetragius), ], and ] were all connected with the |
Al-Karaouine played, in medieval times, a leading role in the cultural exchange and transfer of knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. Pioneer scholars such as ] (]), (1135–1204),<ref>Kenneth Seeskin, ''The Cambridge companion to Maimonides'', Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 18, He is said to have received "formal medical training while residing in Fez."</ref> ] (d.1166 AD), ] (1165-1240 AD), ] (1332-1395 AD), ], ] (Alpetragius), ], and ] were all connected with the madrasah either as students or lecturers. Among Christian scholars visiting Al-Karaouine were the ] ] and the ] ].<ref name="muslimheritage.com"/> | ||
| === The modern university === | === The modern university === | ||
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| 'جامعة القرويين Jāmi`at al-Qarawīīn | |
 Interior of the Al Karaouine Mosque and university | |
| Type | current: Islamic former: General knowledge |
|---|---|
| Established | 1947 (university)
859(madrasa) |
| Affiliation | Sunni |
| Location | Fes, Morocco |
| Campus | Urban |
The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (Template:Lang-ar) (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin, Kairouyine, Kairaouine, Qairawiyin, Qaraouyine, Quaraouiyine, Quarawin, and Qaraouiyn) is a university located in Fes, Morocco which was established in 1947. Its origins date back to 859, when it was founded as a mosque school or madrasa. The madrasa has been (and still is) one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the Muslim world.
The Al-Karaouine played a leading role in the cultural and academic relations between the Islamic world and Europe in the middle ages. The cartographer Mohammed al-Idrisi (d. 1166), whose maps aided European exploration in the Renaissance is said to have lived in Fes for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at Al Karaouine. The madrasa has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim and Jewish worlds. Among these are Ibn Rushayd al-Sabti (d. 1321), Mohammed Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi (d. 1336), Abu Imran al-Fasi (d. 1015), a leading theorist of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, Leo Africanus, a renowned traveler and writer, and Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon.
The Al Karaouine institution is called by the Guinness book, the UNESCO and some authors. However, this claim on precedence appears to confound the distinct nature of madrasas and medieval universities which followed very different historical trajectories until the former were expanded to the later in modern times, and fails to take into account that the Islamic Ijazah certificate deviated in concept and procedure from the medieval doctorate out of which modern university degrees evolved.
In 1947, it was reorganized to become a university.. Before it was known simply as "Al-Qarawiyin".
History
The medieval madrasa
The Al-Karaouine is part of a mosque, founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihria, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed Al-Fihri. The Al-Fihri family had migrated from Kairouan (hence the name of the mosque), Tunisia to Fes in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance on the construction of a mosque suitable for her community.
In addition to a place for worship, the mosque soon developed into a place for religious instruction and political discussion, gradually extending its education to a broad range of subjects, particularly the natural sciences.
Al-Karaouine gained the patronage of politically powerful sultans. It compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the Marinid Sultan Abu Inan Faris in 1349. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the famous Al-Muwatta of Malik written on gazelle parchment, the Sirat Ibn Ishaq, a copy of the Qur'an given by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur in 1602, and the original copy of Ibn Khaldun's book Al-'Ibar. Among the subjects taught, alongside the Qur'an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), are grammar, rhetoric, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, history, geography and music.
Al-Karaouine played, in medieval times, a leading role in the cultural exchange and transfer of knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. Pioneer scholars such as Ibn Maimun (Maimonides), (1135–1204), Al-Idrissi (d.1166 AD), Ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 AD), Ibn al-Khatib, Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius), Ibn Hirzihim, and Al-Wazzan were all connected with the madrasah either as students or lecturers. Among Christian scholars visiting Al-Karaouine were the Belgian Nicolas Cleynaerts and the Dutchman Golius.
The modern university
 | This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Al-Karaouine became a modern university in 1947, by granting academic degrees.
In 1975, the General Studies were transferred to the newly founded Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University ; Al-Karaouine kept the islamic and theological courses of studies.
Architecture of the mosque
Successive dynasties expanded the Al Karaouine mosque until it became the largest in North Africa, with a capacity of more than 20,000 worshipers. Compared with the great mosques of Isfahan or Istanbul, the design is austere. The columns and arches are plain white; the floors are covered in reed mats, not lush carpets. Yet the seemingly endless forest of arches creates a sense of infinite majesty and intimate privacy, while the simplicity of the design complements the finely decorated niches, pulpit and outer courtyard, with its superb tiles, plasterwork, woodcarvings and paintings.
The present form of the mosque is the result of a long historical evolution over the course of more than 1,000 years. Originally the mosque was about 30 meters long with a courtyard and four transverse aisles. The first expansion was undertaken in 956, by Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, Abd-ar-Rahman III. The prayer hall was extended and the minaret was relocated, taking on a square form that served as a model for countless North African minarets. At this time it became a tradition that other mosques of Fes would make the call to prayer only after they heard Al Karaouine. In the minaret of the Al-Karaouine mosque there is a special room, the Dar al-Muwaqqit, where the times of prayer are established.
The most extensive reconstruction was carried out in 1135 under the patronage of the Almoravid ruler sultan Ali Ibn Yusuf who ordered the extension of the mosque from 18 to 21 aisles, expanding the structure to more than 3,000 square meters. The mosque acquired its present appearance at this time, featuring horseshoe arches and ijmiz frames decorated with beautiful geometrical and floral Andalusian art, bordered with Kufic calligraphy.
In the 16th century, the Saadis restored the mosque, adding two patios to the northern and southern ends of the courtyard.
Famous alumni
Allal al-Fassi
Leo Africanus
Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi
Ibn Khaldun
See also
- Dar al-Muwaqqit (the 'clock-house' of Al-Karaouine)
- List of universities in Morocco
- List of oldest universities in continuous operation
- Education in Morocco
External links
- ISESCO: Fez 2007
- UNIVERSITE QUARAOUIYINE - Fes (french)
- Voice of America Article (Urdu)
References and notes
- ^ Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005, ISBN 1579582451, p.1025
- ^ The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. "
- ^ Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 0-1951-2559-2.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|origmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) - The Guinness Book Of Records, Published 1998, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2, P.242
- Cite error: The named reference
Oneilwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Cite error: The named reference
Najmwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Cite error: The named reference
Swartwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Cite error: The named reference
Kettaniwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World, Publisher: Marshall Cavendish, 2010 p.161
- Hidden Giants, 2nd Edition, by Sethanne Howard, Publisher: Lulu.com 2008 p.60
- Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - ISBN 9781846142734
- The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer by Mike Molesworth & Richard Scullion, Publisher: Taylor & Francis 2010 p.26
- Frommer's Morocco by Darren Humphrys, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons 2010 p.223
- George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264):
Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.
- Encyclopedia of Islam has an entry on "madrasa" but notably lacks one for a Muslim "university" (Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 21/03/2010)
- Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109 (2): 175–182 (176)
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010
- Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010
- see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447.
- ^ see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447,
- Kenneth Seeskin, The Cambridge companion to Maimonides, Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 18, He is said to have received "formal medical training while residing in Fez."
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