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|popplace=]:<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; Entire country; highest numbers found in ] and ] |popplace=]:<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; Entire country; highest numbers found in ] and ]
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|rels=Predominantly<br>] |rels=Predominantly<br>] · ] · ] minority
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According to the 2006 census, '''White Brazilians''' make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or around 93 million people. ] are present in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are found in the ] and ] parts of the country. White Brazilians are all people who are full or mainly descended of ]an and other White immigrants. According to the 2006 census, '''White Brazilians''' make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or around 93 million people. ] are present in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are found in the ] and ] parts of the country. White Brazilians are all people who are full or mainly descended of ]an and other White immigrants.


Brazil has the largest White population in the ], and the third largest in the ], after the United States and Russia. The majority of White Brazilians are of Portuguese descent, with significant minorities of Italian and German descent. Brazil has the largest White population in the ], and the third largest in the ], after the United States and Russia. The majority of White Brazilians are of Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, and German descent.


==History== ==History==
Brazil received more ]ans in its colonial era than did the ]. Between 1500 and 1760, 700,000 Europeans settled in Brazil, compared to 530,000 in the United States.<ref name=autogenerated1></ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/History_of_Immigration_to_the_United_States#Population_in_1790</ref> Brazil received more ]an ]s in its colonial era than did the ]. Between 1500 and 1760, 700,000 Europeans settled in Brazil, compared to 530,000 in the United States.<ref name=autogenerated1></ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/History_of_Immigration_to_the_United_States#Population_in_1790</ref>


European immigration to Brazil only began after the country's independence in 1922. Before that, the country was settled almost exclusively by ], who brought African slaves<ref>http://www.afroasia.ufba.br/pdf/31_3_aspectos.PDF</ref>, and through miscigenation and ethnic cleansing practically exterminated the original native inhabitants<ref>http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/encontro2008/docspdf/ABEP2008_1953.pdf</ref>. In the 17th century, ]<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=dzI8C0Vka7IC&pg=PA18&dq=slaves+dutch+brazil+colony+new+holland&sig=TxUCyWRGsyPxFZpctOJRtkeGedE</ref> and ]<ref>GAFFAREL, Paul Louis Jacques. Histoire du Bresil français au seizième siècle. Paris: Maison Neuve, 1878.</ref> conquered parts of the country and established colonies. The Dutch domination in ] lasted 24 years. Many European ]s arrived in that period. However, in 1654, Portugal reconquered the region and most Dutchs were expelled. After independence, immigrants started arriving from Europe, initially from Germany, and later from Italy and Poland. The hegemony of the Portuguese ethnicity in the White population of Brazil, however, has never been actually challenged.<ref></ref> One important fact about the European immigration in Brazil is that it was, for three centuries, dominated exclusively by ]. In the 17th century, ] and ] settlers created colonies in the country. The Dutch presence in ] lasted 24 years. Many European ]s arrived in that period. However, in 1654, the Dutch were expelled. The hegemony of the Portuguese ethnicity in the White population of Brazil lasted until the 19th century.<ref></ref>


Colonists during the colonial period were overwhelmingly Portuguese, including ].<ref>Anita Novinsky, ''Raízes ocultas do Brasil'', O Globo Newspaper, 09.24.2006</ref> According to some estimates, 45% of colonial Portuguese settlers in Brazil came from ], 20% from the ], 16% from ] and 19% from other parts. In all Brazil's History, most immigrants came from ].<ref>[http://www.trentu.ca/admin/publications/psr/sample/1012.pdf Ensaio sobre a imigração portuguesa e os padrões de Most of the immigrants were ethnically Portuguese, but some of the first settlers were, actually, ].<ref>Anita Novinsky, ''Raízes ocultas do Brasil'', O Globo Newspaper, 09.24.2006</ref> According to some estimates, 45% of colonial Portuguese settlers in Brazil came from ], 20% from the ], 16% from ] and 19% from other parts. In all Brazil's History, most immigrants came from ].<ref>[http://www.trentu.ca/admin/publications/psr/sample/1012.pdf Ensaio sobre a imigração portuguesa e os padrões de
miscigenação no Brasil (séculos XIX e XX) - 2002 - Portugueses<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> miscigenação no Brasil (séculos XIX e XX) - 2002 - Portugueses<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
], known as the most ] city in ].]] ], known as the most ] city in ].]]
Another characteristic of the Portuguese colonization is that it was done mostly by ]s. The lack of European women was a problem faced during much of Brazil's colonization. The Portuguese Crown even sent ] women for marriage with the settlers, but a large part of the settlers was involved in relationships with indigenous women and with their ]n ]s. However, not all Portuguese colonists were in ] relationships: at the end of the 16th century, Whites made up half of Brazil's population. It is remarkable that most Portuguese settlers arrived in Brazil in the 18th century: 600,000 in a period of only 60 years. The exploitation of ] in the region of ] has been a crucial factor in the arrival of this contingent of immigrants.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Another characteristic of the Portuguese colonization is that it was done mostly by ]s. The lack of European women was a problem faced during much of Brazil's colonization. The Portuguese Crown even sent ] women for marriage with the settlers, but a large part of the settlers was involved in relationships with indigenous women and with their ]n ]s. However, not all Portuguese colonists were in ] relationships: at the end of the 16th century, Whites made up half of Brazil's population. It is remarkable that most Portuguese settlers arrived in Brazil in the 18th century: 600,000 in a period of only 60 years. The exploitation of ] in the region of ] has been a crucial factor in the arrival of this contingent of immigrants.<ref name=autogenerated1 />


The exclusivity of the Portuguese ethnicity among White Brazilians only ended in 1824, when Brazil attracted ] families to occupy inhospitable regions. It is important to note that before, in 1818, ] settlers were attracted to the region of ], in ]. The presence of German immigrants had great importance for the occupation of ]. They founded rural communities that later became prosperous cities, as was the case of ], ] and ].<ref></ref> The hegemony of the white Portuguese ethnicity had its end only in 1824, when Brazil attracted ] families to occupy inhospitable regions. It is important to note that before, in 1818, ] settlers were attracted to the region of ], in ]. The presence of German immigrants had great importance for the occupation of ]. They founded rural communities that later became prosperous cities, as was the case of ], ] and ].<ref></ref>


The end of the slave trade (1850) and the abolition of slavery (1888) were crucial to the entry of millions of Europeans to Brazil. The production of ], the main product of Brazil at the time, began to suffer a shortage of workers. The Brazilian Government then opened its doors to immigrants. From 1875, the ] began to enter Brazil in huge numbers. From 1884 to 1933, 1.4 million Italians immigrated to Brazil, 70% of whom settled in ]. Brazil is, nowadays, the country with the largest Italian population outside of ] itself: 25 million Brazilians are of Italian descent.<ref></ref><ref></ref> The end of the slave trade (1850) and the abolition of slavery (1888) were crucial to the entry of millions of Europeans to Brazil. The production of ], the main product of Brazil at the time, began to suffer a shortage of workers. The Brazilian Government then opened its doors to immigrants. From 1875, the ] began to enter Brazil in huge numbers. From 1884 to 1933, 1.4 million Italians immigrated to Brazil, 70% of whom settled in ]. Brazil is, nowadays, the country with the largest Italian population outside of ] itself: 25 million Brazilians are of Italian descent.<ref></ref><ref></ref>


The period of the great European immigration in Brazil, between 1880 and 1930, brought to the country more than 5 million ]. A majority were Italians and Portuguese, followed by ], Germans, ],<ref></ref> and ]. It is notable that most of this more recent wave of immigrants from Europe settled ] and ]. The period of the great European immigration in Brazil, between 1880 and 1930, brought to the country more than 5 million ]. A majority were Italians and Portuguese, followed by ], Germans, ],<ref></ref> and ]. It is notable that most of this more recent wave of immigrants from Europe settled ] and ].

Another important contingent of White Brazilians is originated from non-European Whites that settled in the country during that period: immigrants from the Middle East, especially Syria and Lebanon (who are often called "Turcos" (Turks) in popular Portuguese, because at their arrival they used Ottoman passports).
<ref><ref>Insert footnote text here</ref></ref>


==Regions of settlement== ==Regions of settlement==
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{{main|Portuguese Brazilian}} {{main|Portuguese Brazilian}}
] ]s waiting for a ship to leave for Brazil (early 20th century).]] ] ]s waiting for a ship to leave for Brazil (early 20th century).]]
Most Brazilians are full or partly of Portuguese ancestry. They started arriving in 1500 as colonists. After independence, Portuguese immigration to Brazil was started, reaching its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many Brazilians are full or partly of Portuguese ancestry. They started arriving in 1500, the immigration grew in the 18th century and the boom occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Brazilians make a sharp distinction between Portuguese immigrants and their descendants, and the much larger population that originated from colonial settling of the country. The latter are definitely not considered "Portuguese Brazilian".


====Spaniards==== ====Spaniards====
{{main|Spanish Brazilian}} {{main|Spanish Brazilian}}
] came in large numbers to Brazil, starting in the late 19th century. Most of them were attracted to work in the coffee plantations in the State of ]. Today, there is an estimated 15 million Brazilians of direct Spanish descent <ref>http://www.mae.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Brasil/Nota+pais/</ref>. ] came in large numbers to Brazil, starting in the late 19th century. Most of them were attracted to work in the coffee plantations in the State of ]. Today, there is an estimated 15 million Brazilians of direct Spanish descent <ref>http://www.mae.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Brasil/Nota+pais/</ref>.

As in the case of the Portuguese, descendants of Spanish colonists in areas that were conquered from Spain by Portugal (especially Rio Grande do Sul) are not considered "Spanish Brazilian", but as part of the main Brazilian populace.


====Italians==== ====Italians====
{{main|Italian Brazilian}} {{main|Italian Brazilian}}
] going to Brazil by ] (1910).]] ] going to Brazil by ] (1910).]]
] started arriving in Brazil in 1875. First they settled in rural communities across Southern Brazil. In the early 20th century, they were mostly employed in the ] plantations in the Southeast. 25 million Brazilians are of Italian origin, the largest numbers outside of ] itself. ] started arriving in Brazil in 1875. First they settled in rural communities across Southern Brazil. In the early 20th century, they mostly settled in the ] plantations in the Southeast. 25 million Brazilians are of Italian origin, the largest numbers outside of ] itself.


====Germans==== ====Germans====
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====Arabs==== ====Arabs====
{{main|Arab Brazilian}} {{main|Arab Brazilian}}
Besides the Europeans, many Brazilians descend from Caucasoid ], mostly ]s and ]. The Arab Brazilian population is estimated at about 10 million people. The Brazilian population of Lebanese origin is about 7 million people while Lebanon has a population of over 4 million people. Besides the Europeans, many Brazilians descend from Caucasoid ], mostly ]s and ]. The Arab Brazilian population is estimated at about 10 million people. The Lebanese population in Brazil is about 7 million people while Lebanon has a population of over 4 million people.


====Jews==== ====Jews====
{{main|History of the Jews in Brazil}} {{main|History of the Jews in Brazil}}
The history of the Jews in Brazil is relatively long and complex as it stretches over many centuries. ]s settled early in Brazil, especially during the Dutch rule of the Northeast, setting up the first synagogue in the Americas, in Recife, as early as 1636. Nowadays Brazil has about 295,000 Jews, but most of them are Ashkenazi Jews, descendants of immigrants from ], ], ] and ], and the smaller Sephardic community is mostly composed of immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East. The history of the Jews in Brazil is relatively long and complex as it stretches over many centuries. ]s settled early in Brazil, especially when it was under Dutch rule, setting up the first synagogue in the Americas, in Recife as early as 1636. Nowadays Brazil has 295,000 Jews, most of them are Ashkenazi Jews, descendants of immigrants from ], ], ] and ].


==Demography== ==Demography==
] proportion.}} {{legend|#ff9900|{{ndash}} States with high or strong ] proportion.}}]] ] proportion.}} {{legend|#ff9900|{{ndash}} States with high or strong ] proportion.}}]]
===By Brazilian states=== ===By Brazilian states===
The Brazilian states with the highest percentages of Whites are the three located in the ]: ], ] and ]. These states, along with ], received a considerable number of ], ], and ] immigrants. The Brazilian states with the highest percentages of Whites are the three located in the ]: ], ] and ]. These states, along with ], were settled mainly by ], ], ] and ] immigrants. The other states in the list are those whose population is mainly of Portuguese ancestry.


*1) ]: 87.1% White *1) ]: 87.1% White
Line 119: Line 111:
*8) ]: 43.6% *8) ]: 43.6%


The Brazilian states with the lowest percentages of Whites are those located in the ] and ] regions of Brazil. The North has a stronger ] influence to the population's ethnic composition, while Bahia has a strong presence of descendants of former ] slaves. The Brazilian states with the lowest percentages of Whites are those located in the ] and ] regions of Brazil. Both had a stronger ] and ] influence to the population's ethnic composition.


*1) ]: 19.9% White *1) ]: 19.9% White
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:Source: ] 2000 <ref></ref> :Source: ] 2000 <ref></ref>


===By Population===
*1) ]: 28,814,000 Whites
*2) ]: 9,019,164
*3) ]: 8,973,928
*4) ]: 8,513,778
*5) ]: 7,620,000
*6) ]: 5,215,000
*7) ]: 3,151,000
*8) ]: 2,883,000
*9) ]: 2,864,000


===By cities and towns===


In a list of the 144 Brazilian towns with the highest percentages of White people, all the cities were located in two states: ] or ]. Another fact is that all these towns are settled predominantly by Brazilians of ] and ] descent. It is important to note that, in the late 19th century, many German and Italian ]s created small communities across ]. These communities were settled, in many cases, exclusivily by European immigrants and their descendants.<ref>http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-5491(196104)34%3A2%3C60%3AICISB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G</ref>


The Brazilian towns with the largest percentages of Whites are:<ref name=autogenerated2></ref>

*1) ] (]): 100% White
*2) Leoberto Leal (]: 99.82%
*3) Pedras Grandes (]): 99.81%
*4) ] (]): 99.77%
*5) ] (]): 99.69%
*6) Cunhataí (]): 99.67%
*7) São Martinho (]): 99.64%
*8) ] (]): 99.62%

The Brazilian towns with the lowest percentages of Whites are located in Northern and Northeastern Brazil. Some of the towns are ]s, others are ] (rural areas settled by descendants of escaped ]n ]s).<ref name=autogenerated2 />

*1) ] (]): 0.71% White
*2) Santo Inácio do Piauí (]): 2.25%
*3) ] (]): 2.33%
*4) ] (]): 2.35%
*5) ] (]): 2.97%
*6) ] (]): 3.01%
*7) ] (]): 3.15%
*8) Serrano do Maranhão (]): 3.30%


==Immigration== ==Immigration==
{| class="wikitable" border= "1" align="center" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 {| class="wikitable" border= "1" align="center" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
!colspan="11"|Population movent towards Brazil, by ]s, periods from 1500 to 1933<ref>Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (]</ref> !colspan="11"|Immigration to Brazil, by ]s, periods from 1500 to 1933<ref>Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (]</ref>
|- |-
!Ethnic group || 1500-1700 || 1701-1760 || 1761-1829||1830-1855 || 1856-1883 || 1884-1893 || 1894-1903 || 1904-1913 || 1914-1923 || 1924-1933 !Ethnic group || 1500-1700 || 1701-1760 || 1761-1829||1830-1855 || 1856-1883 || 1884-1893 || 1894-1903 || 1904-1913 || 1914-1923 || 1924-1933
Line 155: Line 180:
|Others || - || - || - || - || - || 66,524 || 42,820 || 109,222 || 51,493 || 164,586 |Others || - || - || - || - || - || 66,524 || 42,820 || 109,222 || 51,493 || 164,586
|} |}

Evidently, the two collums to the left do not refer to "immigrants", but to either Portuguese colonists or African slaves.


==Genetic researches== ==Genetic researches==

Revision as of 19:30, 15 January 2009

Ethnic group
White Brazilian
Brasileiro Branco

European immigrants in Brazil
Regions with significant populations
Brazil:
   Entire country; highest numbers found in southern and southeastern Brazil
Languages
Predominantly
Portuguese
Religion
Predominantly
Roman Catholic · Protestant · Jewish minority
Related ethnic groups
Portuguese, Italians, Germans, Spaniards, Ukrainians, Poles, Lebanese,
White Americans, Jews

According to the 2006 census, White Brazilians make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or around 93 million people. Whites are present in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are found in the South and Southeastern parts of the country. White Brazilians are all people who are full or mainly descended of European and other White immigrants.

Brazil has the largest White population in the Southern Hemisphere, and the third largest in the World, after the United States and Russia. The majority of White Brazilians are of Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, and German descent.

History

Brazil received more European immigrants in its colonial era than did the United States of America. Between 1500 and 1760, 700,000 Europeans settled in Brazil, compared to 530,000 in the United States.

One important fact about the European immigration in Brazil is that it was, for three centuries, dominated exclusively by Portuguese. In the 17th century, Dutch and French settlers created colonies in the country. The Dutch presence in Northeast Brazil lasted 24 years. Many European Jews arrived in that period. However, in 1654, the Dutch were expelled. The hegemony of the Portuguese ethnicity in the White population of Brazil lasted until the 19th century.

Most of the immigrants were ethnically Portuguese, but some of the first settlers were, actually, Portuguese Jews. According to some estimates, 45% of colonial Portuguese settlers in Brazil came from Minho, 20% from the Azores Islands, 16% from Lisbon and 19% from other parts. In all Brazil's History, most immigrants came from Northern Portugal.

File:Pomerodee.jpg
Pomerode, known as the most German city in Brazil.

Another characteristic of the Portuguese colonization is that it was done mostly by males. The lack of European women was a problem faced during much of Brazil's colonization. The Portuguese Crown even sent orphaned women for marriage with the settlers, but a large part of the settlers was involved in relationships with indigenous women and with their African slaves. However, not all Portuguese colonists were in interracial relationships: at the end of the 16th century, Whites made up half of Brazil's population. It is remarkable that most Portuguese settlers arrived in Brazil in the 18th century: 600,000 in a period of only 60 years. The exploitation of gold in the region of Minas Gerais has been a crucial factor in the arrival of this contingent of immigrants.

The hegemony of the white Portuguese ethnicity had its end only in 1824, when Brazil attracted German families to occupy inhospitable regions. It is important to note that before, in 1818, Swiss settlers were attracted to the region of Nova Friburgo, in Rio de Janeiro. The presence of German immigrants had great importance for the occupation of Southern Brazil. They founded rural communities that later became prosperous cities, as was the case of São Leopoldo, Joinville and Blumenau.

The end of the slave trade (1850) and the abolition of slavery (1888) were crucial to the entry of millions of Europeans to Brazil. The production of coffee, the main product of Brazil at the time, began to suffer a shortage of workers. The Brazilian Government then opened its doors to immigrants. From 1875, the Italians began to enter Brazil in huge numbers. From 1884 to 1933, 1.4 million Italians immigrated to Brazil, 70% of whom settled in São Paulo. Brazil is, nowadays, the country with the largest Italian population outside of Italy itself: 25 million Brazilians are of Italian descent.

The period of the great European immigration in Brazil, between 1880 and 1930, brought to the country more than 5 million Europeans. A majority were Italians and Portuguese, followed by Spaniards, Germans, Poles, and Ukrainians. It is notable that most of this more recent wave of immigrants from Europe settled Southern and Southeastern Brazil.

Regions of settlement

European immigration to Brazil by State
State Percentage
São Paulo 55.3%
Rio de Janeiro 12.4%
Minas Gerais 7.6%
Rio Grande do Sul 7.3%
Paraná 4.5%
Santa Catarina 3.0%
Pernambuco 2.2%
Other states 7.7%

Most European immigrants entered Brazil for the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais received most of the Portuguese settlers since the 16th century. São Paulo received most of the Italians and other immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the impact of the European immigration was larger in Southern Brazil. This region received a smaller number of immigrants, but since it had a low population, the arrival of the Europeans was greater to its demography. Pernambuco was also an important place to the arrival of Portuguese immigrants. In the rest of Brazil, most Europeans and their descendants arrived from other states and had a smaller impact in the population's ethnicity.

Portuguese

Main article: Portuguese Brazilian
Portuguese kids waiting for a ship to leave for Brazil (early 20th century).

Many Brazilians are full or partly of Portuguese ancestry. They started arriving in 1500, the immigration grew in the 18th century and the boom occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Spaniards

Main article: Spanish Brazilian

Spaniards came in large numbers to Brazil, starting in the late 19th century. Most of them were attracted to work in the coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo. Today, there is an estimated 15 million Brazilians of direct Spanish descent .

Italians

Main article: Italian Brazilian
Italians going to Brazil by ship (1910).

Italians started arriving in Brazil in 1875. First they settled in rural communities across Southern Brazil. In the early 20th century, they mostly settled in the coffee plantations in the Southeast. 25 million Brazilians are of Italian origin, the largest numbers outside of Italy itself.

Germans

Main article: German-Brazilian
Germans in Southern Brazil (1903).

The first Germans arrived in Brazil in 1824. They were the first non-Portuguese immigrants to settle in the country. Most of them established themselves in rural communities across Southern Brazil, such as São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo, Blumenau and Pomerode. In states of the south, such as Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, they may represent as much as 35% of the population.

Poles

Main article: Polish Brazilian

Poles came in significant numbers to Brazil after 1870. Most of them settled in the State of Paraná, working as small farmers.

Polish house in Paraná.

Ukrainians

Main article: Ukrainians of Brazil

Ukrainians came to Brazil primary between 1895 and the Second World War, settling mostly in Parana (state) and working as small farmers. They currently number approximately 400,000.

Brazilians of Ukrainian descent celebrating Easter in Curitiba.

Arabs

Main article: Arab Brazilian

Besides the Europeans, many Brazilians descend from Caucasoid Arabs, mostly Syrians and Lebanese people. The Arab Brazilian population is estimated at about 10 million people. The Lebanese population in Brazil is about 7 million people while Lebanon has a population of over 4 million people.

Jews

Main article: History of the Jews in Brazil

The history of the Jews in Brazil is relatively long and complex as it stretches over many centuries. Jews settled early in Brazil, especially when it was under Dutch rule, setting up the first synagogue in the Americas, in Recife as early as 1636. Nowadays Brazil has 295,000 Jews, most of them are Ashkenazi Jews, descendants of immigrants from Germany, Poland, Russia and Ukraine.

Demography

  – States with high or strong White proportion.   – States with high or strong Pardo proportion.

By Brazilian states

The Brazilian states with the highest percentages of Whites are the three located in the South of the country: Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná. These states, along with São Paulo, were settled mainly by German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants. The other states in the list are those whose population is mainly of Portuguese ancestry.

The Brazilian states with the lowest percentages of Whites are those located in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. Both had a stronger African and Amerindian influence to the population's ethnic composition.

Source: IBGE 2000

By Population

By cities and towns

In a list of the 144 Brazilian towns with the highest percentages of White people, all the cities were located in two states: Rio Grande do Sul or Santa Catarina. Another fact is that all these towns are settled predominantly by Brazilians of German and Italian descent. It is important to note that, in the late 19th century, many German and Italian immigrants created small communities across Southern Brazil. These communities were settled, in many cases, exclusivily by European immigrants and their descendants.

The Brazilian towns with the largest percentages of Whites are:

The Brazilian towns with the lowest percentages of Whites are located in Northern and Northeastern Brazil. Some of the towns are Indian reservations, others are Quilombos (rural areas settled by descendants of escaped African slaves).

Immigration

Immigration to Brazil, by Ethnic groups, periods from 1500 to 1933
Ethnic group 1500-1700 1701-1760 1761-1829 1830-1855 1856-1883 1884-1893 1894-1903 1904-1913 1914-1923 1924-1933
Africans 510,000 958,000 1,720,000 618,000 - - - - - -
Portuguese 100,000 600,000 26,000 16,737 116,000 170,621 155,542 384,672 201,252 233,650
Italians - - - - 100,000 510,533 537,784 196,521 86,320 70,177
Spaniards - - - - - 113,116 102,142 224,672 94,779 52,405
Germans - - 5,003 2,008 30,000 22,778 6,698 33,859 29,339 61,723
Japanese - - - - - - - 11,868 20,398 110,191
Syrians and Lebanese - - - - - 96 7,124 45,803 20,400 20,400
Others - - - - - 66,524 42,820 109,222 51,493 164,586

Genetic researches

The genes can reveal from what part of the world the oldest ancestors of the paternal and maternal line of a person came from. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is present in all human beings and passed down through the maternal line, i.e. the mother of the mother of the mother etc. The Y chromosome is present only in males and passed down through the paternal line, i.e., the father of father of father etc. The mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome suffer only minor mutations through centuries, thus can be used to establish the paternal line in males (because only males have the Y chromosome) and the maternal line in both males and females.

A genetic research carried out in a sample of white Brazilian people revealed that almost all (98%) Brazilian males Y Chromosome originated in Europe. However, in the maternal line, there would be a 39% European, 33% Native American and 28% Sub-Saharan African contribution to the total mtDNA pool..

The same genetic research concluded that over 75% of caucasians from North, Northeast and Southeast Brazil would have over 10% Sub-Saharan African genes. Even Southern Brazil, that received a large group of European immigration, 49% of the Caucasian population would have over 10% Sub-Saharan African genes. According to this study, in all United States 11% of Caucasians would have over 10% African genes. Some researchers have found that the average European American type has approximately 10% to 12% non-White genetic material.

Another genetic research, however, suggested that the white Brazilian population is not genetically homogenous, as its genomic ancestry varies in different regions. Samples of white males from Rio Grande do Sul has showed a huge difference between whites of different localities of Brazil. In a sample from the town of Veranópolis, heavily settled by people of Italian descent, the results from the maternal and paternal sides stated almost complete European ancestry. On the other hand, a sample from another region of Rio Grande do Sul has showed significant fractions of Native American (36%) and African (16%) mtDNA haplogroups. The scholars reported that the Brazilian populations are remarkably heterogeneous, as some samples of white Brazilians indicated a complete European ancestry, while others indicated high degree of both Amerindian and African admixture, mainly on the maternal side.

Another study carried out in one thousand individuals from Porto Alegre city, Southern Brazil, and 760 from Natal city, Northeastern Brazil, found huge differences between the Whites of these two parts of Brazil. The Whites of Porto Alegre had only 8% of African alleles. On the other hand, the Whites of Natal had 58% White, 25% Black, and 17% Indian admixture. This study found that both persons identified as White or Mixed in Natal have similar admixture, while persons identified as White in Porto Alegre have an overwhelming majority of European ancestry. Again, this study also suggested the differences of admixture found in White Brazilians of different regions.

One more research carried out in whites of Northeastern Brazilian origin living in São Paulo found 70% European, 18% African and 12% Amerindian admixture.

See also

Footnotes

  1. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
  2. ^ IBGE teen
  3. http://en.wikipedia.org/History_of_Immigration_to_the_United_States#Population_in_1790
  4. Morro Digital- telecentro no Morro da Conceição - 1654 - Expulsão dos Holandeses
  5. Anita Novinsky, Raízes ocultas do Brasil, O Globo Newspaper, 09.24.2006
  6. [http://www.trentu.ca/admin/publications/psr/sample/1012.pdf Ensaio sobre a imigração portuguesa e os padrões de miscigenação no Brasil (séculos XIX e XX) - 2002 - Portugueses]
  7. imigracao II
  8. Imigração no Brasil
  9. Câmara Ítalo-Brasileira de Comércio e Indústria
  10. Especiais - Agência Brasil
  11. Minimanual Compacto de Geografia do Brasil, Editora Rideel. 2003
  12. http://www.mae.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Brasil/Nota+pais/
  13. Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA
  14. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-5491(196104)34%3A2%3C60%3AICISB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G
  15. ^ Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA
  16. Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE
  17. Os Genes de Cabral
  18. DNAPrint Genomics Website
  19. The polymorphism of the serotonin-2A receptor T102C is associated with age
  20. Blood polymorphisms and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations
  21. Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians
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