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| ==New language formation == | ==New language formation == | ||
| {{seealso|Creole languages|Mixed languages}} | |||
| Relexification is a form of ] in which a ], a ] or a ] takes the great majority of its lexicon from a ] or ] while its grammar either comes from the ] or ], or, according to ] theories, arises from universal principles of simplification and grammaticalisation. ], ], and ] are mixed languages which arose through relexification.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bakker|1997}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Muysken|1981}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Wittmann|1994}}</ref> | Relexification is a form of ] in which a ], a ] or a ] takes the great majority of its lexicon from a ] or ] while its grammar either comes from the ] or ], or, according to ] theories, arises from universal principles of simplification and grammaticalisation. ], ], and ] are mixed languages which arose through relexification.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bakker|1997}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Muysken|1981}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Wittmann|1994}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 14:40, 4 January 2009
Relexification is a term in linguistics used to describe the mechanism of language change by which one language replaces much or all of its lexicon, including basic vocabulary, with that of another language, without drastic change to its grammar. It is principally used to describe pidgins and creoles, which have similar grammars but dissimilar lexicons, and mixed languages. Relexification is not synonymous with lexical borrowing, which describes the situation where a language merely supplements its basic vocabulary with words from another language.
The language from which the lexicon is derived is called the "lexifier".
New language formation
Relexification is a form of language interference in which a pidgin, a creole or a mixed language takes the great majority of its lexicon from a superstrate or target language while its grammar either comes from the substrate or source language, or, according to universalist theories, arises from universal principles of simplification and grammaticalisation. Michif, Media Lengua, and Karipúna are mixed languages which arose through relexification.
Relexification in creole genesis is highly disputed. The hypothesis that all creole languages derive their grammar from the mediaeval Mediterranean Lingua Franca was widely held at the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s before losing its audience. The same is true for the claim that Haitian creole was created when Fon speaking African slaves first relexified their language to French, based on "deep structure" similarities between the two languages. Wittmann (1994), Wittmann & Fournier (1996), Singler (1996), and DeGraff (2002) have shown convincingly that common underlying properties of syntax established in the comparative framework of generative grammar reflect the fundamental unity of the workings of principles and parameters of Universal Grammar, not the workings of relexification processes.
Second language acquisition
Spontaneous second language acquisition (and the genesis of pidgins) involves the gradual relexification of the native language or source language with target language vocabulary. After relexification is completed, native language structures alternate with structures acquired from the target language.
Conlangs and jargon
In the context of constructed languages, jargons, and argots, the term is applied to the process of creating a language by substituting new vocabulary into the grammar of an existing language, often one's native language.
While this practice is most often associated with novice constructed language designers, it may also be done as an initial stage towards creating a more sophisticated language. A language thus created is known as a relex. For instance, Lojban began as a relex of Loglan, but the languages' grammars have diverged since then. The same process is at work in the genesis of jargons and argots. Examples of this are:
- Caló is a jargon used by Gitanos (Spanish Gypsies), that mixes a Spanish grammar with Romany vocabulary.
- A literary example of relexification is the comical quasi-Latin used by a character in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:
- Ego credo ut vita pauperum est simpliciter atrox, simpliciter sanguinarius atrox, in Liverpoolio.
- I believe that the life of the poor is simply atrocious, simply bloody atrocious, in Liverpool.
References
- P.H. Matthews. 2007. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Second edition. Oxford.
Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco. 2007. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. University of Utah Press.
David Crystal. 2003. A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics. Fifth edition. Blackwell. - Wardhaugh (2002:76)
- Bakker (1997), Muysken (1981), Wittmann (1994)
- Bickerton & Odo (1976)
- Wittmann (1989, 1994), Brightman (1995).
- Section on the term "relex" in the Conlang Wikibook
- Joyce (1916:245)
Bibliography
- Bakker, Peter (1997), A Language of Our Own, New York: Oxford University Press
- Bickerton, Derek; Odo, Carol (1976), General phonology and pidgin syntax, Change and variation in Hawaiian English, vol. 1, University of Hawaii
- Brightman, Robert (1995), "Forget Culture: Replacement, Transcendence, Relexification," Cultural Anthropology 10:4.509-546
- Danchev, Andrei (1997), "The Middle English creolization hypothesis revisited", in Fisiak, Jacek (ed.), Studies in Middle English linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 79–108, ISBN 3110152428
{{citation}}: External link in|title= - DeGraff, Michel (2002), "Relexification: A reevaluation", Linguistic Anthropology, 44 (4): 321-414
{{citation}}: External link in|title= - Joyce, James (1916), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, New York: The Modern Library
- Muysken, Pieter (1981), "Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification", in Highfield, Arnold; Valdman, Albert (eds.), Historicity and variation in creole studies, Ann Arbor: Karoma, pp. 52–78
- Singler, John Victor (1996), "Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of Haitian Creole and the Relexification Hypothesis", Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 11: 185–230
- Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002), "Pidgins and Creoles", An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (fourth ed.), Blackwell Publishing, pp. 57–86
- Wittmann, Henri (1989), "Relexification et argogenèse," Communication, 1er Colloque international d’argotologie, Université de Besançon, Oct. 13-1, 1989
- Wittmann, Henri (1994), "Relexification et créologenèse", Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists, 15 (4), Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval: 335–38
{{citation}}: External link in|title= - Wittmann, Henri; Fournier, Robert (1996), "Contraintes sur la relexification: les limites imposées dans un cadre théorique minimaliste", in Fournier, Robert (ed.), Mélanges linguistiques, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 245-80.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapter=
Further reading
- Arends, Jacques, Pieter Muysken & Norval Smith. 1995. Pidgins and Creoles: an introduction. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
- Sebba, Mark. 1997. Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press.
- Speer, Rob & Catherine Havasi (2004), Meeting the Computer Halfway: Language Processing in the Artificial Language Lojban, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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