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Revision as of 08:06, 24 December 2008 editXenovatis (talk | contribs)5,245 edits created stub  Revision as of 08:08, 24 December 2008 edit undoXenovatis (talk | contribs)5,245 edits →Genetic origins: deboldNext edit →
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===Genetic origins=== ===Genetic origins===


Modern studies have constructed Greek ] trees revealing a strong degree of homogeneity between Greeks from different geographical locations.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Kondopoulou |first= Helena |coauthors= et al |year= 1999 |month= February|title= Genetic studies in 5 Greek population samples using 12 highly polymorphic DNA loci |journal=Human Biology |volume=71 |issue= |pages= |id= 1|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199902/ai_n8845695/pg_2?tag=artBody;col1 |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Median networks revealed that most of the Greek haplotypes are clustered to the five known ] and that a number of ] are shared among Greeks and other European and Near Eastern populations.<ref name=Kouvatsi/> Within the loci studied, the genetic composition of the Greeks indicates a significantly low level of heterogeneity compared with other European populations.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genetic studies in 5 Greek population samples using 12 highly polymorphic DNA loci |journal=Human Biology |month=February | year=1999 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199902/ai_n8845695}}</ref><ref name=Kouvatsi>{{cite journal |title=Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Greeks |journal=Human Biology |volume=Vol. 73 |issue=No. 6. |month=December | year=2001 |pages=855–869|url=http://www.citeulike.org/user/Archaeogenetics/article/511923 |doi=10.1353/hub.2001.0085 |author=Kouvatsi, Anastasia |format=<sup></sup>}}</ref> The levels of the ], associated by some with Slavic migrations, have been found to be less than 12% in the general Greek population (by way of comparison the relevant percentage for Syria is 10%, and Poland 60%.<ref name=R1/> Pericic actually links the spread of R1a primarily to ancient migratory movements from the Ukrainian refugiuum after the ], as well as by the hypothesized movement of Indo-Europeans from the Ponto-Caspian steppe.<ref name=Pericic>{{citation |author=Pericic et al. |year=2005 |title=High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations | periodical=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1964–75 |pmid=15944443 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution}}</ref> Slavic migrations might have ''enhanced'' the frequency of R1a in the Balkans.<ref name=Pericic/> However, the latter is under the assumption that the Slavic migrations were sufficiently large, numerically-speaking. Rosser et. al., amongst others, however, suggested that language is not the primary force driving genetic differences in Europeans).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosser|coauthors=et. al. |year=2000 |month=December|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clincal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=67|issue=6|pages=1526-1543l}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last= Sharma |first= S. |coauthors= et. al. |year=2007 |month=October |title= The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers |publisher= The American Society of Human Genetics 57th Annual Meeting}}</ref><ref name=R1>{{cite journal |last=Semino |first=et al. |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf |title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic ''Homo sapiens sapiens'' in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective |journal=Science |volume=290 |pages=1155–59 |year=2000 |pmid=11073453 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155|format=PDF}}</ref> Modern studies have constructed Greek ] trees revealing a strong degree of homogeneity between Greeks from different geographical locations.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Kondopoulou |first= Helena |coauthors= et al |year= 1999 |month= February|title= Genetic studies in 5 Greek population samples using 12 highly polymorphic DNA loci |journal=Human Biology |volume=71 |issue= |pages= |id= 1|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199902/ai_n8845695/pg_2?tag=artBody;col1 |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Median networks revealed that most of the Greek haplotypes are clustered to the five known ] and that a number of ] are shared among Greeks and other European and Near Eastern populations.<ref name=Kouvatsi/> Within the loci studied, the genetic composition of the Greeks indicates a significantly low level of heterogeneity compared with other European populations.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genetic studies in 5 Greek population samples using 12 highly polymorphic DNA loci |journal=Human Biology |month=February | year=1999 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199902/ai_n8845695}}</ref><ref name=Kouvatsi>{{cite journal |title=Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Greeks |journal=Human Biology |volume=Vol. 73 |issue=No. 6. |month=December | year=2001 |pages=855–869|url=http://www.citeulike.org/user/Archaeogenetics/article/511923 |doi=10.1353/hub.2001.0085 |author=Kouvatsi, Anastasia |format=<sup></sup>}}</ref> The levels of the ], associated by some with Slavic migrations, have been found to be less than 12% in the general Greek population (by way of comparison the relevant percentage for Syria is 10%, and Poland 60%.<ref name=R1/> Pericic actually links the spread of R1a primarily to ancient migratory movements from the Ukrainian refugiuum after the ], as well as by the hypothesized movement of Indo-Europeans from the Ponto-Caspian steppe.<ref name=Pericic>{{citation |author=Pericic et al. |year=2005 |title=High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations | periodical=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1964–75 |pmid=15944443 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution}}</ref> Slavic migrations might have ''enhanced'' the frequency of R1a in the Balkans.<ref name=Pericic/> However, the latter is under the assumption that the Slavic migrations were sufficiently large, numerically-speaking. Rosser et. al., amongst others, however, suggested that language is not the primary force driving genetic differences in Europeans).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosser|coauthors=et. al. |year=2000 |month=December|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clincal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=67|issue=6|pages=1526-1543l}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last= Sharma |first= S. |coauthors= et. al. |year=2007 |month=October |title= The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers |publisher= The American Society of Human Genetics 57th Annual Meeting}}</ref><ref name=R1>{{cite journal |last=Semino |first=et al. |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf |title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective |journal=Science |volume=290 |pages=1155–59 |year=2000 |pmid=11073453 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155|format=PDF}}</ref>


A 7%–22% contribution of Y chromosomes by Greeks to ] was estimated by admixture analysis in the same study.<ref name=DNA1>{{cite journal |last= Semino |first= Ornella |coauthors= Costas Triantaphylidis et al. |year=2004 |month=May |title= Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics'' |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1023-1034 | url= http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181965|accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> Other studies also point out the significant frequency drop of the R1a marker over the short geographic distance between Greece and its Slavic northern neighbours (since ]).<ref>{{cite journal |last= Rootsi |first= Siiri |coauthors= et al. |year= 2004|month= |title= Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics|volume= 75|issue= |pages= 128–137|id= |url= http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Rootsi2004.pdf |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Modern scholars and scientists have supported the notion that there is a racial connection to the ancient Greeks. ], Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, have found evidence of a genetic connection between the ancient and modern Greeks.<ref>{{cite book |title= The History and Geography of Human Genes|last= Cavalli-Sforza |first= L.L |coauthors= P. Menozzi and A. Piazza |year= 1994|publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn=0691087504 |page=}}</ref> A 7%–22% contribution of Y chromosomes by Greeks to ] was estimated by admixture analysis in the same study.<ref name=DNA1>{{cite journal |last= Semino |first= Ornella |coauthors= Costas Triantaphylidis et al. |year=2004 |month=May |title= Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics'' |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1023-1034 | url= http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181965|accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> Other studies also point out the significant frequency drop of the R1a marker over the short geographic distance between Greece and its Slavic northern neighbours (since ]).<ref>{{cite journal |last= Rootsi |first= Siiri |coauthors= et al. |year= 2004|month= |title= Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics|volume= 75|issue= |pages= 128–137|id= |url= http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Rootsi2004.pdf |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Modern scholars and scientists have supported the notion that there is a racial connection to the ancient Greeks. ], Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, have found evidence of a genetic connection between the ancient and modern Greeks.<ref>{{cite book |title= The History and Geography of Human Genes|last= Cavalli-Sforza |first= L.L |coauthors= P. Menozzi and A. Piazza |year= 1994|publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn=0691087504 |page=}}</ref>

Revision as of 08:08, 24 December 2008

While there have been many attempts since the time of Isocrates to link territory, religion and language with Greek identiy the situation has never been quite that simple.

History

Modern and ancient

Genetic origins

Modern studies have constructed Greek genetic trees revealing a strong degree of homogeneity between Greeks from different geographical locations. Median networks revealed that most of the Greek haplotypes are clustered to the five known haplogroups and that a number of haplotypes are shared among Greeks and other European and Near Eastern populations. Within the loci studied, the genetic composition of the Greeks indicates a significantly low level of heterogeneity compared with other European populations. The levels of the R1a1 haplotype, associated by some with Slavic migrations, have been found to be less than 12% in the general Greek population (by way of comparison the relevant percentage for Syria is 10%, and Poland 60%. Pericic actually links the spread of R1a primarily to ancient migratory movements from the Ukrainian refugiuum after the LGM, as well as by the hypothesized movement of Indo-Europeans from the Ponto-Caspian steppe. Slavic migrations might have enhanced the frequency of R1a in the Balkans. However, the latter is under the assumption that the Slavic migrations were sufficiently large, numerically-speaking. Rosser et. al., amongst others, however, suggested that language is not the primary force driving genetic differences in Europeans).

A 7%–22% contribution of Y chromosomes by Greeks to Southern Italy was estimated by admixture analysis in the same study. Other studies also point out the significant frequency drop of the R1a marker over the short geographic distance between Greece and its Slavic northern neighbours (since prehistoric times). Modern scholars and scientists have supported the notion that there is a racial connection to the ancient Greeks. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, have found evidence of a genetic connection between the ancient and modern Greeks.

See also

Notes and citations

  1. Broome, Benjamin J. (1996). Exploring the Greek Mosaic: A Guide to Intercultural Communication in Greece (The Interact Series). Yarmouth, Me: Intercultural Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 1-877864-39-0.
  2. Kondopoulou, Helena (1999). "Genetic studies in 5 Greek population samples using 12 highly polymorphic DNA loci". Human Biology. 71. 1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Kouvatsi, Anastasia (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Greeks" (). Human Biology. Vol. 73 (No. 6.): 855–869. doi:10.1353/hub.2001.0085. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); External link in |format= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. "Genetic studies in 5 Greek population samples using 12 highly polymorphic DNA loci". Human Biology. 1999. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Semino; et al. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" (PDF). Science. 290: 1155–59. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  6. ^ Pericic; et al. (2005), "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22 (10): 1964–75, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185, PMID 15944443 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); More than one of |periodical= and |journal= specified (help)
  7. Rosser (2000). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clincal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526-1543l. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. Sharma, S. (2007), The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers, The American Society of Human Genetics 57th Annual Meeting {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. Semino, Ornella (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. Rootsi, Siiri (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 75: 128–137. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691087504. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

References

External links

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