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=== Origins=== === Origins===

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right;"
|-
⚫ ! colspan = "5" |African settlement in Brazil, from 1500 to 1855<sup>(])</sup>
|-
|Period||1500-1700||1701-1760||1761-1829||1830-1855
|-align="right"
|align="left"|Quantity|||510.000||958.000||1.720.000||618.000
|}

] or the Dance of War'' by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835.]] ] or the Dance of War'' by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835.]]
The Africans brought to Brazil belonged to two major groups: the ] people and the ] people. The first, generally of high stature and more diverse ], were sent in large scale to ]. (They mostly belong to the Ga, Adangbe, ], ], ], ], ], ], and other ]n groups native to ], ], ], and ].) The Bantus, natives of ], ], and ], were sent in large scale to ], ], and the northeastern zona da mata. In 1960s (when ] ruled as dictator), there were blacks coming from Portuguese African possessions (now ]), especially ] and ], to Brazil as refugees, and in recent decades, from other African countries and PALOP as contract workers and permanent residents. The Africans brought to Brazil belonged to two major groups: the ] people and the ] people. The first, generally of high stature and more diverse ], were sent in large scale to ]. (They mostly belong to the Ga, Adangbe, ], ], ], ], ], ], and other ]n groups native to ], ], ], and ].) The Bantus, natives of ], ], and ], were sent in large scale to ], ], and the northeastern zona da mata. In 1960s (when ] ruled as dictator), there were blacks coming from Portuguese African possessions (now ]), especially ] and ], to Brazil as refugees, and in recent decades, from other African countries and PALOP as contract workers and permanent residents.

<table width="790" border= "1" align="center" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0>
<TR colspan = "2" align="middle">
⚫ <TD colspan="6">'''African settlement in Brazil, from 1500 to 1855'''<BR>Source: (])</TD>
</Tr>
<TR colspan = "2" align="middle">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD colspan="6"><center>'''Period'''</center></TD>
</TR>
<TR align="middle">
<TD>'''Group'''</TD>
<TD>1500-1700</TD>
<TD>1701-1760</TD>
<TD>1761-1829</TD>
<TD>1830-1855</TD>
</TR>
<TR align="middle">
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">Africans</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">510,000</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">958,000</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">1,720,000</TD>
<TD bgcolor="#ffffff">618,000</TD>
</TR>
</table>


===Genetic studies=== ===Genetic studies===
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The study, made by the ], analysed the ], which is present in all human beings and which is passed down with only minor mutations through the ] line. The other is the ], present only in ]s, which is passed down with only minor mutations through the male line. Both can show from what part of the world a relatively recent ancestor of a person came from. The study, made by the ], analysed the ], which is present in all human beings and which is passed down with only minor mutations through the ] line. The other is the ], present only in ]s, which is passed down with only minor mutations through the male line. Both can show from what part of the world a relatively recent ancestor of a person came from.


Analyzing these Afro-Brazilians' chromosome Y, which comes from ] ancestors, it was concluded that half (50%) of them had an ancestor who came from ], 48% who came from ] and 1.6% who was a ]. Analyzing their ], which comes from ] ancestors, 85% of them had an ancestor who came from ], 12.5% who was Native American and only 2.5% from ]<ref name="afrobras"></ref>. Analysing these Afro-Brazilians' Y chromosome, which comes from ] ancestors, it was concluded that half (50%) of them had an ancestor who came from ], 48% who came from ] and 1.6% who was a ]. Analysing their ], which comes from ] ancestors, 85% of them had an ancestor who came from ], 12.5% who was Native American and only 2.5% from ].<ref></ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="float: left;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Racial miscegenation among afro-brazilians<ref name="afrobras"/><br>(Rounded values)
|-
!Origin ||Side ||align="center"|Perc.(%)
|-
|rowspan="2"| ] ||Maternal (DNAmt) ||align="right"| 85%
|-
| Paternal (Chromosome Y)||align="right"| 48%
|-
|rowspan="2"| ] ||Maternal (DNAmt) ||align="right"| 2,5%
|-
| Paternal (Chromosome Y)||align="right"| 50%
|-
|rowspan="2" |] ||Maternal (DNAmt) ||align="right"|12,5%
|-
| Paternal (Chromosome Y)||align="right"| 1,6%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right;"
! colspan="3" |Racial miscegenation among Brazilian white people<ref name="scielo"></ref><br>(Rounded values)
|-
! align="left"|Origem ||align="left"|Side ||align="center"|Porc.(%)
|-
|rowspan="2" align="left"|] ||align="left"|Maternal (DNAmt) ||align="right"|29%
|-
| align="left"|Paternal (Chromosome Y)||align="right"| 2%
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left"| ] ||align="left"|Maternal (DNAmt) ||align="right"| 38%
|-
| align="left"|Paternal (Chromosome Y)||align="right"| 98%
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left"|] ||align="left"|Maternal (DNAmt) ||align="right"|33%
|-
| align="left"|Paternal (Chromosome Y)||align="right"| 0%
|}
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>

Another study showed that Brazilian white population is also result of centuries of intense miscegenation. Although Brazilian white population has almost ever (98%) an European ancestor on paternal side, 62% has a non-European ancestor on the maternal side. Surprisingly, most of them descent from ] (33%) than from a ]n female ancestor, although the difference is small.

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left;"
|-
! colspan="4" |Brazilian white population with 10%<br>or more of ] genes<ref name="scielo"/>
|-
!Region!!Perc.(%)
|-
|] - North, North-east<br>and South-east regions||align="right"|75%
|-
|] - South||align="right"|49%
|-
|]||align="right"|11%
|}


The explanation for a higher level of European ancestry in Black Brazilians' paternal ancestry and a higher level of African ancestry in their maternal ancestry is that, for much of Brazil's History, there were many more ] males than females. For that reason, the ] relationships between White males and ] or ] females were common.<ref></ref> The explanation for a higher level of European ancestry in Black Brazilians' paternal ancestry and a higher level of African ancestry in their maternal ancestry is that, for much of Brazil's History, there were many more ] males than females. For that reason, the ] relationships between White males and ] or ] females were common.<ref></ref>
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*] - ] City Mayor (1997-2000) *] - ] City Mayor (1997-2000)
*] - ] State Governor (1983-1987;1991-1994) *] - ] State Governor (1983-1987;1991-1994)
*]<ref name="Beattie"></ref><ref name="açucareira"> (visited Aug. 8, 2008)</ref><ref name="HerançadaEscravidão"> (visited Aug 9, 2008)</ref><ref name="GrandesDamas"> (visited Aug 9, 2008)</ref><ref name="freire">FREYRE, Gilberto. Foot-ball mulato, ''in'' Diário de Pernambuco, 17-6-1938 ''apud'' </ref>, seventh president of Brazil (1909-1910)


=== Supreme Court Justices === === Supreme Court Justices ===
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Image:Joaquim_Barbosa.jpg|] Image:Joaquim_Barbosa.jpg|]
Image:Machado_assis.jpg|] Image:Machado_assis.jpg|]
Image:Nilo Peçanha 02.jpg|]
Image:Cruz_e_Sousa.jpg|] Image:Cruz_e_Sousa.jpg|]
Image:Milton Santos.jpg|] Image:Milton Santos.jpg|]

Revision as of 00:25, 25 August 2008

Ethnic group
Afro-Brazilian
Afro-Brasileiro
Regions with significant populations
Brazil
Languages
Portuguese
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (majorly Roman Catholic)
Related ethnic groups
African American, Afro-Arab, Afro-Chilean, Afro-Argentine, Afro-Cuban, Afro-Ecuadorian, Afro-German, Afro-Irish, Afro-Latin American, Afro-Mexican, Afro-Peruvian, Afro-Trinidadian, Black British, Afro-Caribbean, Black Canadian, Black French, Black People, Afro-European, Afro-Turk ,African Australian, Afro-Jamaicans, Afro-Costa Rican, Afro-Uruguayan.

Afro-Brazilian is the term used to racially categorise Brazilian citizens who are black or part-black.

Brazil has the largest population of black origin outside of Africa with 6.9% classyfing themselves as black (negro) and 42.6% as brown (pardo), a broad classification that encompasses Brazilians of mixed race ancestry, mulattos, and assimilated indigenous people ("caboclos"), making the total of 49.5%. The largest concentration of Afro-Brazilians is in the state of Bahia where over 80% of the people are descendants of Africans.

The vast majority of Brazilians have some African ancestry (86%, according to a genetic study). However, because the intensive mixing with Europeans and Native Indians, Brazilians with African ancestors may or may not show any trace of black physiognomy.

History

Main article: History of Brazil
Painting by Jean Baptiste Debret 1835.

Brazil obtained 37% of all African slaves traded, and more than 3 million slaves were sent to this one country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native Tupi people deteriorated. During the colonial epoch, slavery was a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, especially in mining and sugar cane production.

The Clapham Sect, a group of Victorian Evangelical politicians, campaigned during most of the 19th century for England to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that British colonies in the West Indies were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was using 16 pounds of sugar a year by the 1800s. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades. Slavery was legally ended May 13 by the Lei Áurea ("Golden Law") of 1888.

Origins

Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835.

The Africans brought to Brazil belonged to two major groups: the Sudan people and the Bantu people. The first, generally of high stature and more diverse culture, were sent in large scale to Bahia. (They mostly belong to the Ga, Adangbe, Yoruba, Igbo, Fon, Ashanti, Ewe, Mandinka, and other West African groups native to Ghana, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and Nigeria.) The Bantus, natives of Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mozambique, were sent in large scale to Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and the northeastern zona da mata. In 1960s (when António de Oliveira Salazar ruled as dictator), there were blacks coming from Portuguese African possessions (now PALOP), especially Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, to Brazil as refugees, and in recent decades, from other African countries and PALOP as contract workers and permanent residents.

African settlement in Brazil, from 1500 to 1855
Source: (IBGE)
 
Period
Group 1500-1700 1701-1760 1761-1829 1830-1855
Africans 510,000 958,000 1,720,000 618,000

Genetic studies

A recent genetic study of Afro-Brazilians made for BBC Brasil analysed the DNA of self-reported Blacks from São Paulo.

Many African-Brazilians have European and Amerindian admixture.

The study, made by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, analysed the mitochondrial DNA, which is present in all human beings and which is passed down with only minor mutations through the female line. The other is the Y-chromosome, present only in males, which is passed down with only minor mutations through the male line. Both can show from what part of the world a relatively recent ancestor of a person came from.

Analysing these Afro-Brazilians' Y chromosome, which comes from male ancestors, it was concluded that half (50%) of them had an ancestor who came from Europe, 48% who came from Africa and 1.6% who was a Native American. Analysing their mitochondrial DNA, which comes from female ancestors, 85% of them had an ancestor who came from Africa, 12.5% who was Native American and only 2.5% from Europe.

The explanation for a higher level of European ancestry in Black Brazilians' paternal ancestry and a higher level of African ancestry in their maternal ancestry is that, for much of Brazil's History, there were many more White males than females. For that reason, the inter-racial relationships between White males and Black or Amerindian females were common.

The genetic resource concluded that 45% of Brazilians, or 77 million have 90% or over African genes. Over 75% of Caucasians from North, Northeast and Southeast Brazil have over 10% African genes. Even in Southern Brazil, with its strong European immigration, this number reaches 49%. In the United States, only 11% of Caucasians have over 10% African genes.

It is possible to conclude that 86% of Brazilians have at least 10% of their genes coming from African slaves.

Religion

Afro-Brazilian girls during a Candomblé ceremony.
Yemaja.
Main articles: Religion in Brazil and African diasporic religions

Most Afro-Brazilians are Christians, mainly Catholics. African religions such as Candomblé have millions of followers, mainly Afro-Brazilians. They are concentrated mainly in large urban centers in the Northeast, such as Salvador de Bahia, Recife, or Rio de Janeiro in the Southeast. The capitals of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul have fewer practitioners, mainly immigrants from the Northeast. In addition to Candomblé which is the survival of West African religion, there is also Umbanda which blends Kardecist Spiritism beliefs with African beliefs. Candomblé, Batuque, Xango and Tambor de Mina were originally brought by black slaves shipped from Africa to Brazil.

These black slaves would summon their gods, called Orixas, Vodous or Inkices with chants and dances they had brought from Africa. These religions have been persecuted, largely because they are believed to have both good and evil powers. However, the Brazilian government has legalized them. In current practice, Umbanda followers leave offerings of food, candles and flowers in public places for the spirits. The Candomblé terreiros are more hidden from general view, except in famous festivals such as Iemanjá Festival and the Waters of Oxalá in the Northeast.

From Bahia northwards there is also different practices such as Catimbo, Jurema with heavy indigenous elements. All over the country, but mainly in the Amazon rainforest, there are many Indians still practicing their original traditions

List of Afro Brazilian religions

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Brazil

The cuisine created by the Afro-Brazilians has a wide variety of foods.

Feijoada

Within the State of Bahia the predominate cuisine is Afro-Bahian, which evolved from plantation cooks improvising on African, American-Indian, and traditional Portuguese dishes using locally available ingredients.

Typical dishes include Vatapá and Moqueca, both with seafood and palm oil.

Palm Oil (Portuguese: Azeite de Dendê) is a heavy tropical oil extracted from the African oil palm growing in Northern Brazil. One of the basic ingredients in Bahian or Afro-Brazilian cuisine, it adds a wonderful flavor and bright orange color to foods. There is no equivalent substitute, but it is available in markets specializing in Brazilian imports.

Feijoada is the national dish of Brazil (for over 300 years). It is basically a mixture of black beans, pork and farofa (lighly roasted coarse cassava manioc flour). It started as a Portuguese dish that the African slaves built upon, made out of cheap ingredients: pork ears, feet and tail, beans and manioc flour. It has been adopted by all the other cultural regions, and there are hundreds of ways to make it.

Capoeira

Capoeira
Main article: Capoeira

Capoeira is a martial art developed initially by African slaves came especially from countries as Angola or Mozambique in Brazil, starting in the colonial period. It is marked by deft, tricky movements often played on the ground or completely inverted. It also has a strong acrobatic component in some versions and is always played with music.

Recently, the art has been popularized by the addition of Capoeira performed in various computer games and movies, and Capoeira music has featured in modern pop music (see Capoeira in popular culture).

See also: Capoeira music; Capoeira toques

Music

Olodum in Bahia
Tambors and Xequerês
Main article: Music of Brazil

The music created by Afro-Brazilians is a mixture of Portuguese, indigenous, and African music, making a wide variety of styles.

Brazil is well known for the rhythmic liveliness of its music as in its Samba dance music. This is largely because Brazilian slave owners allowed their slaves to continue their heritage of playing drums (unlike U.S. slave owners who feared use of the drum for communications).

Afro-Brazilian music genres

Afro Brazilian instruments (basic percursion)

Famous Afro-Brazilians

In sports

Football (soccer)

Pelé

Capoeira

Other sports

Actors

Music

Chico César

Politics

Supreme Court Justices

Writers

Arts

Science and Technology

Religion

Famous Afro-Brazilians

See also

Other groups

References

  1. ^ "PNAD" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  2. Newint.org
  3. Estados@
  4. Edward Eric Telles (2004). "Racial Classification". Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–84. ISBN 0691118663.
  5. David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel (2002). Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0521004276.
  6. ^ Estudos Avançados - Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas?
  7. BBCBrasil.com | Notícias | Raízes Afro-brasileiras
  8. Afrobras - DNA do negro
  9. A mestiçagem é sinônimo de democracia racial?
  10. Enfim, um negro chega lá; VEJA Magazine, May 14, 2003

Further reading

  • Ankerl, Guy Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. 2000, Geneva. INUPRESS, ISBN 2881550045. Pp.187-210.

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