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| ], dictator of ] from 1933-1945, called for a ''Drang nach Osten'' to acquire territory for German colonists at the expense of eastern European nations ('']''). The term by then had gained enough currency to appear in foreign newspapers without explanation.<ref>Carlson, 233.</ref> His eastern campaigns during ] were initially successful with the conquests of Poland and much of ] by the ]; ] was designed to eliminate the native Slavic peoples from these lands and replace them with Germans. As for settlements actually established during the war, the settlers were not colonists from the ], but in the main part East European Germans resettled from Soviet "spheres of interest" according to the ]. However, the ] began to reverse the German conquests by 1943, and Nazi Germany was defeated by the ] in 1945. | ], dictator of ] from 1933-1945, called for a ''Drang nach Osten'' to acquire territory for German colonists at the expense of eastern European nations ('']''). The term by then had gained enough currency to appear in foreign newspapers without explanation.<ref>Carlson, 233.</ref> His eastern campaigns during ] were initially successful with the conquests of Poland and much of ] by the ]; ] was designed to eliminate the native Slavic peoples from these lands and replace them with Germans. As for settlements actually established during the war, the settlers were not colonists from the ], but in the main part East European Germans resettled from Soviet "spheres of interest" according to the ]. However, the ] began to reverse the German conquests by 1943, and Nazi Germany was defeated by the ] in 1945. | ||
| ==Reversal of Drang nach Osten== | |||
| ==Annihilation of German East European settlements and settlement policies== | |||
| {{main|Former eastern territories of Germany|German exodus from Eastern Europe}} | {{main|Former eastern territories of Germany|German exodus from Eastern Europe}} | ||
| Not only was the ''Drang nach Osten'' reversed, but the domination of German arrivals over native non-German population due to | |||
| the ''Ostsiedlung'' was ended as well. The ] east of the ] in 1945-48 on the basis of decisions of the ] restored pre-Germanisation status. ] were split between ], ], and ] and its local Polish and Lithuanian populations increased with settlers of the respective ethnicity. The Oder-Neisse line has been gradually accepted to be the eastern German boundary by all post-war German states (] and ] as well as reunited ]), dropping all plans of (re-)expansion into or (re-)settlement of territories beyond this line. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 22:32, 10 June 2008
- "Drang nach Osten" is also a game in the "Europa" wargame series.
Drang nach Osten (German for "Drive towards the East") was a term used by 19th century intellectuals, and later by Nazi propaganda, to explain Germany's desire for land and influence in Eastern Europe (see Lebensraum). In some instances, Drang nach Osten refers to the medieval German eastern colonization itself.
Background
Main articles: History of German settlement in Eastern Europe, Ostsiedlung, and PrussiaDrang nach Osten is connected with the medieval German Ostsiedlung. This "east colonization" referred to the expansion of German culture, language, states, and settlement into eastern European regions inhabited by Slavs and Balts.
Population growth during the High Middle Ages stimulated movement of peoples from the Rhenish, Flemish, and Saxon territories of the Holy Roman Empire eastwards into the less-populated Baltic region and Poland. These movements were supported by the German nobility, the Slavic kings and dukes, and the medieval Church. The majority of this settlement took place at the expense of Polabian Slavs and pagan Balts (see Northern Crusades).
The future state of Prussia, named for the conquered Old Prussians, had its roots largely in these movements. As the Middle Ages came to a close, the Teutonic Knights, who had been invited to northern Poland by Konrad of Masovia, had assimilated and forcibly converted much of the southern Baltic coastlands.
After the Partitions of Poland by the Kingdom of Prussia, Austria, and the Russian Empire in the late 18th century, Prussia gained much of western Poland. The Prussians, and later the Germans, engaged in a policy of Germanization in Polish territories. Russia and Sweden eventually conquered the lands taken by the Livonian Order in Estonia and Livonia.
Drang nach Osten
With the development of romantic nationalism in the 19th century, Polish and Russian intellectuals began referring to the German Ostsiedlung as a Drang nach Osten, or drive to the east. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary attempted to expand their power eastward; Germany by gaining influence in the declining Ottoman Empire (the Eastern Question) and Austria-Hungary through the acquisition of territory in the Balkans (such as Bosnia and Herzegovina). Alongside the Kulturkampf policies directed against Catholics, Imperial Germany tried to colonize its eastern (mostly-Catholic) Polish-inhabitated territories with Germans.
Halford John Mackinder's The Geographical Pivot of History pointed out the strategic position of Eastern Europe. German nationalists pointed to the historic and contemporary movements towards Eastern Europe as proof of German "vitality", while critics claimed it was another example of German imperialistic tendencies which contributed to the outbreak of World War I (see also Geopolitik).
First World War
During the First World War Germany planned to annex about 30,000 km² from Congress Poland for German colonisation. Most of the Polish population of those territories (about 2,000,000 people) was to be expelled into a greatly reduced Polish puppet state. The remaining population was to be used as agricultural labour for German colonists.
Ostflucht
Despite Drang nach Osten policies, population movement took place in the opposite direction also, as people from rural low-developed areas in the East were attracted by the prospering industrial areas of Western Germany. This phenomenon became known by the German term Ostflucht, literally the flight from the East.
Post-World War I era
The war ended with the Treaty of Versailles, by which most or parts of the Imperial German provinces of Posen, West Prussia, and Upper Silesia were given to reconstituted Poland; the West Prussian city of Danzig became the Free City of Danzig. Poland at this stage was in an expansionist nationalist phase under Marshal Józef Piłsudski, and, according to some writers, used the opportunity for a first wave of assimilation and expulsion of German populations, thus reversing the trend of German eastward expansionism.
Drang nach Osten and Lebensraum policies of Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945, called for a Drang nach Osten to acquire territory for German colonists at the expense of eastern European nations (Lebensraum). The term by then had gained enough currency to appear in foreign newspapers without explanation. His eastern campaigns during World War II were initially successful with the conquests of Poland and much of European Russia by the Wehrmacht; Generalplan Ost was designed to eliminate the native Slavic peoples from these lands and replace them with Germans. As for settlements actually established during the war, the settlers were not colonists from the Altreich, but in the main part East European Germans resettled from Soviet "spheres of interest" according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. However, the Soviet Union began to reverse the German conquests by 1943, and Nazi Germany was defeated by the Allies in 1945.
Reversal of Drang nach Osten
Main articles: Former eastern territories of Germany and German exodus from Eastern EuropeNot only was the Drang nach Osten reversed, but the domination of German arrivals over native non-German population due to the Ostsiedlung was ended as well. The massive expulsion of German populations east of the Oder-Neisse line in 1945-48 on the basis of decisions of the Potsdam Conference restored pre-Germanisation status. Germanised territories were split between Poland, Russia, and Lithuania and its local Polish and Lithuanian populations increased with settlers of the respective ethnicity. The Oder-Neisse line has been gradually accepted to be the eastern German boundary by all post-war German states (East and West Germany as well as reunited Germany), dropping all plans of (re-)expansion into or (re-)settlement of territories beyond this line.
References
- Inline
- General
- Carlson, Harold G. (1937). "Loan-Words from German". American Speech. 12 (3): 232–234.
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